Introduction to work study

What is Work-Study?

Work-study investigates the work done in an organization and it aims to find the most effective

Way of using industrial resources like man, material, machinery, money, etc. Every company

Wants to achieve the best qualities of the product at the minimum possible time.

The time needed to manufacture an item depends upon the manufacturing procedure. Method

Study, one phase of work-study aims to find the best possible manufacturing procedure which

Needed less time and does not cause any fatigue for the workers. This is achieved by removing

The unnecessary motion in a certain procedure or applying the best-suited sequence of operation

In the process.

Definition of Work-Study

“Work Study is a generic term for those techniques particularly Method Study

And Work Measurement which are used in the examination of human work in all

Its contexts and which lead systematically to the investigation of all the

Factors which affect the efficiency of the situation being reviewed, in order
To seek improvement.”

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Importance of Work-Study

From the ancient days principle of work-study is employed to explore improvements in the

Working method, and plant layout, etc. Of course, at that time industries were simple and

Systematic procedures were not there.

At the present time, industries are a lot more complicated and levels of competition are very

High. It naturally demands a more effective and scientific approach to achieve more productivity

Within the same resources. So the importance of work-study is huge nowadays.

Work study finds application in various sectors like, or Application of Work-study

1. Different industries like production, research and development, etc.

2. Sales, marketing,

3. Warehouse, store, office, hospital, etc design,

4. Construction.
Benefits of work Study

1. Work-study improved the production flow and make it uniform so that production can be

Completed in the minimum possible time.

2. Efficient utilization of men, materials, and machinery reduces manufacturing costs and

Makes the process more efficient.

3. The process takes less time, so fast and accurate delivery dates can be achievable.

4. Better relation between employee and employers.

5. Work-study helps to provide a better working environment, less fatigue for the workers

And job satisfaction will be there.

6. Higher wages of workers, reduce health hazard.

7. Better product quality.

What is Method Study?

Method study is a systematic method of analyzing the manufacturing procedure of doing a job

Including human movements involved in it. In other words, it is the process of analyzing the
Methods and finding the best possible method which involves minimum time, not make fatigue

To the workers and increase productivity. That’s why it is also termed as work simplification.

Method study is generally done by eliminating all unnecessary motions involve in a certain

Manufacturing procedure or by changing the sequence of operation or change the whole process.

Method Study procedure

1. Select the work which deserves to work-study and define the objective we need to

Achieve. Generally objective is to reduce the manufacturing cost, reduce bottlenecks or

Reduce fatigue of the worker with the aim of increase the efficiency.

2. Record all the relevant data which are essential for the method in chart form to obtain a

More clear picture of the respective methods. Process of recording can be easily done

With the help of the following aids-

O Process and multiple activity charts (Outline process chart, Flow Process chart,

Two-handed process chart)

O Making Diagrams, (Flow diagram, string diagram, calligraphy and

Cronocyclegraph diagram)

O Motion and Memomotion studies, (Simo Chart)

O Making Models.

3. Examine all the recorded data in sequence. During the Critical examination process

Number of question can be asked, like –

O Purpose of the event,

O Who does it? ,

O The place where it is done? ,

O How?

O When the event is done?

O How differently we can be done? Etc.

4. Develop the best method of doing the event from the Critical Examination and record

The method. But we have to keep in mind that Developed method should be practical,

Safe, economical and effective at the same time.

5. Install the finally developed method or improve the method. The installation process
Involves three phases, Planning, Arranging and Implementing. During the planningand arranging phase
programme of installation, making time table, the necessary

Arrangement of resources, equipment, tools are made. In the implementation or actual

Installation phase, the developed method is introduced as the standard practice.

6. Maintain the new method, and ensure the proper functioning of the installed method by

Periodic inspection and verification. The aim of check and verification is to ensure if the

Method is being practised the same or it has deviated from the authorized one. Take the

Views of workers, supervisors it helps to explore further improvements.

What is Work Measurement in Work-Study?

Work Measurement may be defined as the application of different techniques to measure and

Establish the required time to complete a job by the qualified worker at an adequate level of

Performance. The time required to complete a job is determined by the number of observations.

After Method study completed Work measurement has taken place and will find the time

Allowed to complete the job by that procedure.

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What Do You Mean By Scientific Management?Scientific Management is another special sense of an

approach to management in which it undertakes the responsibility for deciding the proper standards
and all the methods of work which gives close supervision on the workers.In simpler words, Scientific
Management is the art of knowing accurately ‘what is to be done’ and ‘how this will be done’. Under
this approach, the scientific techniques are applied in the recruitment, at the time of selection, and in
training the workers and are also used in tackling various industrial problems. Also, we will know about
the man behind these techniques in our next section and will be introduced to his scientific
techniques.FW TaylorF.W. Taylor led to the emergence of the concept of ‘Scientific Management’.
Frederick Winslow Taylor’s philosophy of scientific approach was developed and was popularized by his
associates like Frank Gilbreth, H.C. Gantt, H. Emerson, and H.S. Person.Taylor’s thinking on management
is the subject-matter of the two books – Shop Management and the Principles of Scientific Management
that were published in 1903 and 1911 respectively. For the efforts of Taylor, Scientific Management
became popular in the U.S.A. at the beginning of the twentieth century.“Scientific Management means
knowing exactly what you want men to do and seeing that they do it in the best and the cheapest way”.
—F.W. Taylor.Techniques of Scientific Management by FW TaylorTaylor has led down various
techniques of Scientific Management which were as follows:1. Work-Study 2. Standardization of Tools
and Equipments3. Scientific Task Setting 4. Scientific Setting of Wage Rates 5. Scientific Selection and
Training 6. Functional Foremanship 7. Differential Piece-Rate Plan.We will discuss all seven techniques in
good detail. 1. Work-Study:Work-study implies an organized based study. This objectifies, systematizes,
the efficiency of various operations in an enterprise. All around, this technique analyses the whole
system.These techniques are also used in the examination of human work in all its context and which
lead systematically to the investigation of all the factors.2. Standardization of Tools and
Equipment:Taylor standardized tools and couplings, the cost system, and several other items. Thus,
efforts are made to provide a standardized working environment with methods of production to the
workers. Standardization techniques help to reduce the spoilage and wastage of the materials, improve
the quality of work and thereby reduce the cost of production. This technique is also effective for
improving fatigue among the workers.3. Scientific Task Setting:This is essential to set a standard task
which an average worker will do during a working day. Taylor called it a fair day’s work. He put together
the need for fixing a fair day’s work as this will prevent the workers from doing work that is much below
their capacity. 4. Scientific Setting of Wage Rates:Wage rates should be fixed in such a way that the
average worker is induced to attain a standard output that is leveled up more than his level. Taylor thus
suggested that the differential piece – wage system should be introduced. 5. Scientific Selection and
Training:The management is required to design the scientific selection procedure so that the right men
are selected for the right jobs. The first step in this scientific selection is determining the jobs for which
the workers are required. After this, the employees are appropriately qualified, trained, experienced
and the level of efficiency for the post is then determined. The employees are selected according to the
predetermined standards in an impartial way.6. Functional Foremanship:Taylor specified in this
technique that specialization is to be introduced in a factory. He advocated ‘functional foremanship’ for
this purpose. A functional foremanship is a form of an organization that involves supervision of a worker
by several specialist foramen. Example – matters relating to the speed of work and repairs of machinery
are to be supervised by the speed boss and the repair boss respectively in this case.7. Differential Piece-
Rate Plan:This plan as suggested by Taylor is to attract highly efficient workers. In this plan, there are
two-piece work rates, the one which is lower and the other is higher.(Image will be uploaded
soon)Foremanship with a Purpose:A factory administration system that allows for the presence of many
foremen in independent, functional roles is known as functional foremanship. Traditionally, factories
had only one manager to oversee operations. For manufacturing workers, this manager or foreman was
their only point of contact. Frederick Winslow Taylor, the eminent engineer who revolutionized
Scientific Management at the turn of the century, uncovered a major flaw in this method. When he
compiled a list of all the qualities that a good supervisor must possess, he realized that no one individual
could possibly possess all of them. As a result, the concept of working foremanship was
conceived.Workplace Standardization and Simplicity:What is the Definition of
Standardization?Standardization refers to the process of setting standards for any industrial activity,
such as the way things are done, the amount of time they take, the raw materials they use, the
machinery they use, the products they make, the processes they go through, and the situations they go
through. These examples serve as guidelines that must be followed throughout the process.What Are
Management Principles? Related Reading: What Are Management Principles?What is the Definition of
Simplification?Simplification refers to the removal of non-essential kinds, sizes, and measurements,
whereas standardization refers to the creation of new types rather than existing ones. The goal of
simplification is to eliminate a variety of products that are redundant. Machines, tools, and labor costs
are reduced as a result. It entails keeping inventory under control, making full use of commodities, and
increasing turnover.Study Method:The goal of the research is to discover one vigorous method of
accomplishing the job. The job can be done in a variety of ways. There are a number of variables to
consider when determining the optimum path. Every endeavor, from obtaining raw materials to
presenting the final product to the user, is part of method research. Using the technique research,
Taylor came up with the concept of the assembly line.Motion Analysis:Motion analysis is the study of
actions such as placing objects, lifting, changing positions and sitting that occur when doing a routine
task. Random motions are encouraged to be reduced so that the job can be completed in less
time.Study of Time:It reduces the amount of time it takes to execute a specific task. For each step of the
task, time-keeping devices are used. Various readings are used to determine the standard time for the
full task. The duration of the time study will be determined by the task’s frequency and volume, as well
as the process’s cycle time and time measurement costs.Fatigue Research:If a person does not relax
while working, he or she will get emotionally and physically exhausted. Rest periods will aid in the
recovery of vitality and the ability to work at the same level again. As a result, the potency will be
increased. The goal of fatigue research is to determine the amount and frequency of rest intervals
required to complete a task.

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WORK MEASUREMENT
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 ERGONOMICS
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