THEME 5: MENSURATIO

@19) PERIMETER AND AREA OF 2-D SHAPE

4
19.1 REVISION OF PERIMETER 12 Cm

In Class VI, have learnt about the

we
perimeter of a polygo
The perimeter is the distance around a
polygon. 6 cm
The perimeter of the polygon shown on the right is
(12 + 4 + 4+ 12 + 6) cm, i.e., 38 cm. 12 cm
For the perimeter ot a rectangle and of a square, we have the formulac. Fig. 19.1

It L and B denote the length and breadth of a rectangle, its perimeter P 15 given by:
P 2(L + B) L

Fig. 19. 2

In case of square, the

a
perimeter P is given by:
P 4L

Fig. 19. 3
19.2 CIRCUMFERENCE (PERIMETER) OF A CIRCLE
A circle is a set of all points in a
plane which are at a given distance from Chord
a certain
given point of the plane, which is called the centre of the circle.
The distance is called the radius of the circle. Radius
Centre
A line segment drawn from one
point on the circle to another is called
a chord.
The diameter of a circle is a chord that
passes through the centre of Fig. 19.4
the circle and it is equal to twice the radius of the
circle.
Diameter (d) radius ()
=
2 x

The length of a circle is called its circumference. The

ratio of the circumference ()
diameter (d) is the same for every circle, i.e., C to
is a constant.

The value of this constant lies between 3.1 and 3.2.

This
T (read as "pi").
number is represented by the sy

A line segment connecting the The

end points of a semicircular arc
approximate value of t he circumference of
22
is a diameter. istaken as or 3.14. circle is r times its diamete

Since, =

d
CTtd

C= Tt(2r) = 21tr
Or
Fig. 19.5
 of 2-D Shapes
Perimeter
and Area
183
A Dortion of a circle is called an arc. When an arc is half of a circle, it is called a semicircle.
The perimeter ot a semicircular disc of radius r is, obviously, (tr + 2r).
Evanple 1. A wire is in the form of a square of side 27.5 cm. If it is bent in the form of a circle,

what will be its radius? | Use r=

Solution: P'erimeter of the square = 4 x 27.5 cm = 110 cm
Snce the same wire is to be bent in the form of a circle, the circumference of the
circle is same as the perimeter of the square.
Circumference = 110 cm
27Tr = 1100

110 110x7
This gives
2x22
2x22
7
Thus, the radius of the circle is 17.5 cm.
Example 2. The diameter of a scooter wheel is 56 cm. How many revolutions will it make to
cover a distance of 1.76 km?
Solution: Circumference of the wheel = T xd

x 56 cm = 176 cm

Number of revolutions =
1.76 km 176000
= 1,000.
176 cm 176

PRACTICE EXERCISE 19.1

Note: Use n = ifits value is not mentioned in the question.

1. In the following table, one measure of each circle is given. Find the other two measures.
(Take T =3.14)

Radius Diameter Circumference

Acm 24 cm 1S 36th
(a)
21 cm
9 cm

32 cm
628 cm
15.70 cmm

Acycle wheel makes 500 revolutions to cover 220 m. Find the diameter ofthe wheel.
Assuming that the equatorial radius of the earth is 3,132.5 km, find the circumference of the
equator.
t h e perimeter of a semicircular disc of diameter 30.8 cm.
Hint: Perimeter of a semicircle (r + 2)r=
 v a l u e
: 92 S

Pundamen tals of Mathemati

fn
184 Mg men
t'on
The Ahoa
diameter of a wheel is 0.70 m. Find the distance covered by it in nAndrevolutionst
(b) km/h

in (a) m/s and

revolutions,
find its speed
wheel takes 5 minutes to make 500
15 cm
6. Find the perimeter of cach of the following tigures

14 cm

4 cm
20 cm

(C)
(a) (b)
Fig. 19.6
of their Circumterences.
The ratio of the radii of two circles is 8: 15. Find the ratio
is 132 cm and the circumferen
8. Ot the two concentric circles, the circumference of the outercircle
radii.
of the inner circle is 88 cm. Find the difference between their
How much more is the circumnferend
Ihe radii of two circles are77 cm and 91 cm respectively.
of the second circle than the first?
0 . The diameter of a wheel of a cycle is 70 cm. The wheel moves slowly along a road. How farw
it go in 24 complete revolutions?

19.3 AREA OF A RECTANGLE AND A SQUARE

A simple closed curve encloses a region. The measurement of the region enclosed is called the na
ofthefigure. We measure a region bya unit square region and find how many unit squareregr
are contained in the given region.
Suppose a plane region R contains n unit square regions. Then we say:
Area of region R = n sq units.

In Class VI, we have derived formulae for calculating the areas of a rectangle and of a squar
Let us recall them and use them to work out some problems of everyday life.
The area (A) of a rectangle of length 1 units and breadth b' units is given bv
A =(lx b) sq units
For a rectangle of given area (A) and breadth (6),
length () (A b)
=
units
Area is
For a rectangle of given area (A) and length (),
measured in
breadth (b) =
(A -
) units square units.
.The area (A) of a square of side 's units is given by
A =(sx s) sq units
Example 1. The perimeter of a rectan8e is sb cm. it the
length of the rectangle is 12 cm, fi
(a) breadth, and (b) area.

Solution: (a) Here, P 36 cm, and I =

12 cm.
Let b be the breadth of the
cm
rectangle. Then,
P 2( + b)
36 2(12 +
b)
or 18 12 + b, i.e., b= 6
Thus, the breadth is 6 cm
Vr Perimeterand Area of 21D Shapes
185
Ahe (b) Since, A-Ix b, we have
A = (12x 6) sq cm= 72 sq cm
Thus, the area is 72 sq cm.
Evample 2. Find the ratio of the area of a rectangle of length 12 cm and breadth 10 cm to
that of the area of a square of side 1l cm.
Solution: The area of the rectangle = 12 cmx 10 cm

= 120 sq cm
The area of the square = 11x 11 sq cm
= 121 sq cm
Hence, the required ratio is 120 121.
Example 3. Find the area of a square whose perimeter is 80 cm.

Solution: Here, perimeter of the square = 80 cm

1Ce
Side of the square = 80 4 cm = 20 cm

1ce
Thus, Area of the square = 20 x 20 sq cm
= 400 sq cm.

ill Example 4. If the perimeter of a square is doubled, find the ratio of the original area to the
new area.

Solution: Let the original perimeter be P cm. Then, the new perimeter is 2P cm.
P
rea Original side of the square =cm
4
ns
New side of thesquare = 2P cm = c m
4

p
Original area =| s q cm =s qcm, and
re
Dé
New area- ( ) sqcm = Sq cm

p
Thus, Original area : New area
P

16
P-1:4.
4

Example 5. The length and breadth of a rectangular floor are 3.6 m and 2.4 m respectively. How
many square tiles will be needed to cover the floor it the side of the tile is 20 cm?

Solution: The area of the floor = 360 x 240 sq cmn

= 86,400 sq cm

[3.6 m =
360 cm and 2.4 m =
240 cm]
its Area of a tile = 20 x 20 sq cm

= 400 sq cm

Area of the floor

Number of tiles required =

Area of the tile

86400216
400

216 tiles needed to cover the floor.

Thus, are
 m

3cm

4 Cm
4 cm 4 cm

6cm 6 cm

4 cm
X

6cm 6cm

6 cm 6cm

4 cm

3 cm

6
4 cm 4 cm

C
 12cm

9 cm

6 cm 4 cm

2cm 2 cm
 ICS
N
Fundamentals of Mathematirs
188 Ve

19.5 AREA OF PATHS

around (outside or inside) a rectangle, a
square or in :
the
engllar paths are generally found
torm of central paths, as shown below
D
D

A B
B
Path inside the rectangle ABCD Path outside the rectangle ABCLD Central paths inside the
rectangle ABCD

Fig. 19.11

The tormulae for the areas of a rectangle and a square are helpful in determining the area of
path(s) running around, inside or outside, or cutting across at right angles inside a rectangular (or
square) region, say, a field, a garden or a park. Let us study the following examples to know the
applications of these formulae.
Example 1. A school campus is rectangular in shape. Its length and breadth are 50 m and
30 m, respectively. There is a path 2m wide inside the campus all around it.Find
the area of the path in square metres.

Solution: Fig. 19.12 represents the school campus, including the

path inside it. Clearly,
Area of the path =
Area of the rectangle ABCD
Area of the
rectangle EFGH
-

From Fig. 19.12, we have -50 m-

EF 50 m - 2 m -2 m =46 m 2 m
H G
and FG 30 m 2 2 30 m
m
=26
-

m
-

m
. We have E
Area of the path (50= x
30) sq
A B
m- (46 x
26) sq m Fig. 19.12
=
1500 sq m -

1196 sq m =
304 sq m
Hence, the area of the path is 304 sq m.

Example 2. A sheet of
paper measures 30 cm
by 20
A strip 4 cm wide is cm.
cut from it
around. Find the area of the
remaining sheet and also the area of the strip cut a
Solution: Fig. 19.13 represents the sheet of the
ou
EFGH represents the paper. The figure
remaining sheet. The shaded D,
14 CIað
portion represents the cut out
strip. L H
Area of the sheet ABCD =
(30 x 20) sq cmn
=
600 sq cm 4 cm
From Fig. 19.13, we have -30 cm
Fig. 19.13
EF =
30 cm -

4
and
cm -

4 cm =22 cm
FG 20 cm 4 cm -4
-

Area of the sheet EFGH cm =

12 cmn
=
(22 x 12) sq cm
Further, Area of the 264 sq cm =

strip cut out =

Area of the sheet
ABCD
Area of the
sheet EFGH
600 sq cm
264 sq cm =
336 sq cm.
 D

52.5 m o
5
2 cm

3
190
that the dark s h a d e d
portion IJKI (3.53.5
From this figure, w e observe both the paths Fir
i n c l u d e d in
because it has been
has been taken twice, of the paths,
w e need fo to subtraut subtraet this a
s

So, to get the total area two

PQRS. in order a r C a s or
the
the sum
paths of the
from
x 3,5) sq m= 12.25 sq m
.
(a) Thus, the total area of the paths
(302.75
183.75 12.25) sq m
474.25 sq m

m
4,541.25 q m
(86.5 x 52.5) sq
() Area of the garden of the garden
Area ot the four corners of the remanng pOrtion
(4541.25-474.25) sq
m -4,067 sq m
2.50) 10,167.50.
the cost of levelling= (4067
x
Thus,

PRACTICE EXERCISE 19.3

whose side is 45 m. Determine the area

. A path 2 m wide is running around a square field
the path.
20 Determine the
rectangular plot of grass 30 m by
m.
2. A path 1.5 m wide is running around a
metre.
the money needed for paving it at the rate of R 4.00 per square
area ot the path and
the inside of the boundary of a rectangular field 106
m
3. A path 3 m wide is running along
at the rate of R 2.50 per
by 66 m. How much money is needed to cover the path with red sand
Square metre?

4. The central hall of a school is 18 m and 12.5 m wide. A carpet is to be laid on the tloor
long
width from the walls uncovered. Find the area of the carpet and
aso
leaving a strip of 50 cm
of the uncovered portion of the floor.
5. A rectangular field is 32 m by 18 m. Two paths run at right angles through the centre ot te
field. The longer path is 1.5 m wide and the shorter path is 1 m wide. Determine the totalare
of the two paths.
6 . A5 m long and 75 cm wide saree is to be bordered with 6 cm wide lace. Find the cost ot plu
the border at the rate of 0.50 per sq cm.
us
7. A garden is 56 mby 35 m. A strip ot width 2 m is dug all around it on the outer side. Find
cost of digging at the rate ofR 4.20 per sq m.
8 . Find the area of the shaded region in each of the following figures:

8 m 4 m

4m
60 m

12 m- 100 m

(a) (b)
Fig. 19.17
9. A poster of size 12 cm by 8 cm is pasted on a sheet of cardboard such that there is a ntargin

along each side of the poster. Find

width 1.75 cm

margin. of the
(a) the total
area

(b) the cost of the cardboard used at the rate of T 0.80 .per sq Cm
 Area of 2-D Shapes
rimeer and 191
10,
Two roads, each m wile, run at riglht angles through thecentre of a rectangular park 72 m
by 50 m, suh that ech is parallel lo one of the iers of te reetangle Find the area of the
remaining portion of the park. Also, find the csl of gravelliny, thee paths at ?9.%) per sg m

19.6 AREA OF A TRIANGLE

Iet in Fig. 19.18 ABCD be a
rectangle in which A is a diagonal D

From the tigure, it is obvious that

"Area ot triangular region ABC is equal to half the arca of
the rectangular region ABCD."
A
Thus, Fig. 19.18

Area
of right triangle ABC=IArea of rectangle ABCDI
x AB x BC sq units

Let AB (measuring I units) and BC (measuring /, units) be the legs (or the sides) of right A ABC.

Area of right A ABC = x l xl, sq units

(Product of the lengths of its legs)

Now, consider a triangular region ABC as shown in Fig. 19.19.

Draw through the vertex A, a line segment AD perpendicular to
the base BC (measuring b units). AD (measuring h units) is called
altitude of AABC.
From the figure, we find that the altitude AD divides the triangular B D
region ABC into two right triangular regions BDA and ADC. Fig. 19.199
ar (A ABC) = Area of right ABDA + Area of right AADC

x BDx AD + x DC x AD
2

x (BD + DC) x AD =*x BC x AD =xbxh sq units.

Thus, the area of triangle is equal to one-half the length of the base of the triangle multiplied by
the corresponding altitude of the triangle.
Any side of a triangle may be designated as its base.
In Fig. 19.20, if for A ABC we call:

BC as the base, then AD is the corresponding altitude.

CA as the base, then BE is the corresponding altitude.

AB as the base, then CF is the corresponding altitude B
D
Fig. 19.20
ample 1. A plot of land is in the form of a right triangular region. The legs are of lengths
10 m and 6 m. What is its area?
Solutiution: We know that the area ofa right triangular region is given by the formula

A
2
 Fundamen tals of Mathematit
192
Here, 1 = 10 m and I, = 6 m
m.
x 10 x 6 sq m =30 sq
ofthe plot
=
Area

is 30 sq m.
Thus, the area of the plot and the correspond.
whose base is 0 m long
EXample 2. Find the area of a triangular region
altitude is 45 m long
the tormula
is given by
Solution: We know that the area of a triangular region

A =xbxh
Here, b =90 m and h =45 m.

Area ot the triangular region = x 90 x 45 sq m =2,025 sq m

is 2,025 sq m.
Thus, the area of the triangular region
The of is 126 sq If one of its legs is 36 cm long, find the
Example 3. area a right triangle cm.

length of the other leg

Solution: Let x cm be the length of the other leg. We know that the area (A) of a right triangk
1s given by the formula

A=xx
Here, A = 126 sq cm, 1 = 36 cm and I =* cm.

Substituting these values in the above formula, we get

126 =x 36 x
or 18x = 126

X = 126 18 = "

Thus, the length of the other leg is 7 cm.

Example 4. The base of a triangle is 23 m

long and its area is 161 sq m. Find the length or
corresponding altitude.
Solution: Let the length of the corresponding altitude be y m.
Here, A = 161 sq m, b =23 m and h = y m.

Substituting these values in the formula, A =

*x bx h, we get
161 = x 23 x y
2
or 23y 322
y = 14

Thus, the length of the corresponding altitude is 14 m.

Fxample 5. In Fig. 19.21, AB 3 cm, AC = =
5 cm and CD =
2 cm. Find
(a) the area of AABC, and
(b) the length of BN. c m

Solution:. . (a) Area of AABC x =

AB x
CD
A 3 cm B
x
3x2=3 sq cm. Fig. 19.21
Perimeter and Area of 2-D Shapes

193
(b) Area of AABC AC BN

x5 BN 3

BN
12 12 m
5
Example 6. In Fig. 19.22. AB =5 cm, BC
4cm and AC 3 cm. Find
(a) the
AABC, and
area of

(b)the length of CD
Solution: (a) Area ot AABC x BCx AC 3 m

xx3 4 cm

Fig. 19.22
6 sq cm.

Area of AABC x AB x CD

1.
5x CD =6
Thus, CD = X2
2.4 cm.
Example 7. In Fig. 19.23, a triangle has been removed from a
square of side 8 cm. Find
(a) the area of the triangle that has been removed;
(b) the area of the remaining figure. 2.5
cm V3 cm
Solution: (a) Area of the triangle = x 2.5 x 3
8 cm

7.5
2
= 3.75 sq cm. Fig. 19.23
(b) Area of the remaining figure =
Area of square Area of triangle
-

=
(8 8-3.75) sq
x cm
=
(64 -3.75) sq cm
= 60.25 sq cm.

PRACTICE EXERCISE 19.4

Find the area of a triangle whose base is 4.6 cm long and height is 3.8 cm.
2. Find the area of each triangle:
(a) A (b) P

cm
16 Crm
/h cm

20 cm R
Fig. 19.24
 undamentila of Mthemat
194

In the figure, BC 10 cm, A m and the are of AA

is 15 sq cm. Find: ,4
(a) the value of h () te value ol k

Fig. 19.25

4. The figure is made up ot a right ngled tinyle anel a s4 re le '

Find its perimeter and area.

Fig. 19.26

5. In the tigure, AD = 24 nm, DP =7 m and BR 12 m. IfPis directly

above R, find:
a) the area of APCQR and of APSR;
() the area of the shaded region
()the area of the unshaded region.

A R 12 m B

Fig. 19.27
In the figure, AB =
20 cm, BC =21 cm, AD =
10cm and DE 10.5 Find the
=
cm. area of the shade.
region.

21 cm

10C 10.5 cm
B
20 cm-
Fig. 19.28
A
7. In Fig. 19.29, ABCD is a
square and the area of the
16 sq cm. Find the area of the shaded portion.
right triangle AED isS

B
Fig. 19.29
19.7 AREA OF A PARALLELOGRAM

Area of a Parallelogram
ot ABCD be a parallelogram With diagonal AC (See Fig. 19.30). Ohuic
of congruen
ACDA. So, the areasareatheoftriangles
the
ABCABC
and DA are
equal. Hence, the of the arallelos
ABCD is twice
the triangle area
para
 Perimeter and
Area of 2-D Shapes
195
Area of A ABC =
x base x
height
bh
xbxh= 2
sq units
b units
Thus, the area ot the parallelogram ABCD = 2 x bh sq units = bh sq units. Fig. 19.30
2
The area of a parallelogram is the product of the length of the base and the length of the
corresponding altitude.
We can use any side ot a parallelogram as its base. The height of the parallelogram with reference
to the base is the perpendicular distance from the base to the opposite side (See Fig. 19.31).

t - h
b

Fig. 19.31

Using the formula for the area of a rectangle, we can find the area of a parallelogram.
Fig. 19.32(a) shows a parallelogram ABCD with base AB = b and Height DE = h.
D C C D

BA

(b) (c)
(a) Fig. 19.32

We remove the right-angled triangle AADE from the parallelogram ABCD in Fig.19.32(b)
and place it as shown in Fig. 19.32(c).
The shape of the new quadrilateral CDEF is a rectangle.
Here, CF=h and EF = b.

So, its area = b xh sq cm.

This the formula for the area of parallelogram as b x h.

gives
Area of a Rhombus
Let ABCD be a rhombus (See Fig. 19.33) with diagonals AC and BD. Let the lengths of the
dgonals be d, units and d, units. From the figure, it is obvious that
Area of rhombus ABCD =ar (AACD) + ar(AABC)
D C
x AC x DE + x AC x EB
2
x AC x (DE + EB)

x ACx DB
A
Fig. 19.33
xd x dz sq units.
2
 I C n a d

undamentals of Mathemaies
196
thus, the area of the rhombus ABCD i s d d ,sq units, whered, units and d, units are the le
ety
of its two diagonals.
The area of a rhombus is half the product of the lengths of its diagonals.
Remember: The diagonals of a rhombus bisect cach other at right angles.
Example 1. Find the area of the parallelogranm ABCD shown in Fig. 19.54.

Solution: We know that

AItitude 10 cm
ar |gm ABCD) = Base x

35x 10= 350 35 cm

Thus, the area of parallelogram ABCD is 350 sq cm. Fig. 19.34
Example 2. The area of a parallelogram is 60 sq cm and the length of one of its sides is 15
Find the length of the corresponding altitude.
Solution: We know that
A =b x h
Substituting A =60 sq cm, b =15 cm, in (1), we get
60 15 xh
60
h =4
15
Thus, the length of the altitude is 4 cm.
Example 3. In the figure, ABCD is a parallelogram, AB = 8 cm, BC = 6.4 cm and DE = 6 cm
Find:
D
(a) the area of parallelogram, and
(b) the length of BF. 64 0m
cm
Solution: (a) Area of parallelogram =
base x
height E
= 8 x 6 A 8 Cm B
= 48 sq cm Fig. 19.35

(b)If we take AD the base, then BF is the corresponding height

as

Then, ADx BF =48

48
BF = BC =A
6.4
7.5
So, the length of BF is 7.5 cm.
Example 4. In parallelogram ABCD, AB = 2BC. If the length of
the altitude corresponding to AB is 10 cm, what
is the
length of the altitude corresponding to BC?
Solution: Take AB as the base and DM as the altitude.
ar (|| gm ABCD) =AB x 10 A
M
= 10 AB Fig. 19.36

20BC I: AB 2BC]
Now, take BC the base and DN as the
as

ar(|| gm ABCD) = BC x DN
altitude. Then,
From (1) and (2), we have
20 BC = BC x DN
DN 2 0
Thus, the length of the altitude
corresponding to BC is 20 cm.
 mple 5. Find the area of the
197
shaded region in
Solution: Area of the shaded Fig. 19.37.
region D 16 cm N
=

ar(llgm ABCD) ar (Rect. MBND)

-

2 0x 8- 16 x 8 cm
= 160- 128

=
32 M
20 cm-
Thus, the area ot the shaded Fig. 19.37
region is 32 sq cm.
Evample 6. In the figure, ABCD 1s a
parallelogram and AB =6 cm.
If the area of AADE is
th of parallelogram ABCD,
find the length of BE.
Solution: Let the length of BE be
y cm. Let the A 6 cm B
to the base AB be h cm. height from D
Fig. 19.38

Area of AADE = 3 x Area of

4 parallelogram ABCD D

1..,
6+yhx6xh 4 h cm
This gives 6+y = 9
A 6 cm B ycm E
y=3 cm
Fig. 19.39
Example 7. Find the area of the rhombus, whose
Solution: The area A of a
two diagonals are 15 cm and 12 cm long.
rhombus is given by
1
A =xd
2
xda
where d units and d, units are the lengths of the diagonals of the rhombus.
Here, d = 15 cm and d = 12 cm.

A = 15 x12 1b 90
2
Thus, the area of the rhombus is 90 sq cnm.
Examp
ple8. The perimeter of a The lengths of its diagonals are 15 cm and
rhombus is 48 cm.
20 cm. What is the perpendicular distance betvween the sides of the rhombus?
Solution: Since the perimeter of the rhombus is 48 cm, the length of each side is 12 cm.
n.

Perimeter
Side = 4
Area (A) of the rhombus ABCD is given by o 15 cm12cm
A = x d xd
h
/ 2 0cm

20x15 50150 1 )
2 2
12 cm B
of the rhombus ABCLD is 150 sq cm.
Fig. 19.400
Thus, the area

Let h cm perpendicular distance between sides

be the
AB and DC
12xh
Area of the rhombus ABCD = .(2)
 :S
198 Pundame
amentals of Malhematies
From (1) and (2), we have
12 x h 150
150
12.5
12
Thus, the perpendicular distance between the sides of the rhombus is 12.5 cm,

S2PRACTICE EXERCISE 19.5

ind the area of the parallelogram with the following dimensions:
7 Length of base = 6 cm; Length of corresponding altitude - 4 cm
()Length of base =locm; Length of corresponding altitude 12 cm.
Find the length of the altitude of a parallelogram whose area is 2.25 sq m and base i15 2.5 m long
A tield in the form of a parallelogram has base 200 m and altitude 80 m
long. Find the cost of
watering the field at 1 per 100 m.
Find the area of a rhombus whose base and altitude 1.2 and 0.32
are m m
long, respectively.
5. The area of a rhombus is 28 sq If its
m.
perimeter is 28 m, find the length of its altitude.
6. In Fig. 19.41, AE 28 cm, AK =8 and AB CD DE
=
cm = = =
FG =
HI =IJ =
5 cm. Calculate the
total area of the shaded region.
50cm

K J IH

AB CD E
- 28 cm-

Fig. 19.41
7. In Fig. 19.42, PQRS is a
parallelogram in which QR =
10 If ST
the length of PQ.
m. =
8 m and SU =11.2 m, m
S R W 3X+4

8 m 112m-U 10 m

Fig. 19.42
Fig. 19.433
8. In Fig. 19.43, XYZW is a parallelogram. wi =5X + 4 and YZ=x. Find the area of the parallelogra
9. In Fig. 19.44, ABCD is a
parallelogram and AD
=18 cm. The
area of A ABE isth of parallelogram ABCD.
6
Find the length of DE. D
I the area of parallelogram ABCD is 450 sq cm, find the 18 cm

height from B to AD.

Fig. 19.44
Perimeter and
Area of 2-D Shapes
199
D E
10 n Fig. 19.45, ABCD 1S a parallelogram of area 20 sq cm.
() Find the area of rectangle ABEF
(6)If AB = 5 cm, find the length of AF.

A B
Fig. 19.45
19.8 AREA OF A CIRCLE
Consider a circle with centre O and two points A and B on the circle (See
Fig. 19.46). The points A and B are connected by a part of the circle which is an
arc. If A and B are very near, arc AB almost becomes a line segment and OAB
a triangle. The
almost height of this triangle from O to AB is approximately
equal to the radius of the circle. If 7, is the length of the arc AB, then D
A B C
Areaof A OAB = xh xr Fig. 19.46
Let the circle be divided into a large number of such triangles with a common vertex O and the
smallarcs AB, BC, CD,... having lengths I1, l2, l3y
Area of circle = Area of A OAB + Area of A OBC+ Area of A OCD +

1
xxr+xxr+xl5xr+
2 .

(27tr)r =Ttr I:h+h+ Is t .. =21tr

Area of the circle of radius r is tr
Example 1. Find the radius and area of a circle whose circumference is 17.6 m.
Solution: Given, Circumference = 17.6 m

or 2tr = 17.6 m, where r is the radius of the circle.

This gives
17.6 x7
m = 2.8 m
2x 22
Area = Trá

x 2.8 x 2.8 sq m =
24.64 sq m.
Example 2. The area of a circle is 50.24 sq m. Find its diameter and circumference.
(Take t = 3.14)

Solution: The area, A, of a circle is given by

A =ar, where r is the radius of the circle
or 50.24 3.14r2

This gives 50.24 - 16 4x 4

3.14
1.e. r=4 mn
d 2r = 8 m
circumference = Ttd
Thus,
=3.14 x 8 25.12 m.
200 Fundamen tals of Mathemulu
Example 3. The circumference of a circle is 8.8 m. Find the area of the circle.

Solution: Let r be the radius of the circle.

Then 2Itr 8.8
8.87
or 14 m
K
8.8, 1..,
222
Now the area of the circle = r

6.16 sq m
x14 x14
19.9 AREA OF CIRCULAR RING
Ihe
tigure bounded by two circles having the same centre is called a circular
ring. In Fig 1947
the shaded
portion is a circular ring
How can we calculate the area of this
ring?
We get the area of this
ring on subtracting the area of the smaller Circle
from the area of the
bigger circle.
Let the radius of the snmaller
circle be r units and that of the bigger
circle be R units. Then
Area of the circular tR< Fig. 19.47
ring = -

Tr
T(R- )
Example 1. Find the area of a circular ring, whose inner and outer radii are 4 cm and 10 cm
respectively.
Solution: Here, R =10 cm and r = 4 cm.
Area of the circular ring =
Tt(R<-r)
(100 - 16) sq cm

x 84 sq cm =
264 sq cm.
/
Example 2. The diameter of a circular park is 84 m.
it. Find the cost of A7m wide road runs on the outside arournu
constructing
the road at R 25 per sq m.
Solution: Radius of the circular park

42m

Radius of the park including the road

(42 +7) m =49 m
Area of the road

m(49)- T(42)
O 42 m
22
(2401 1764)

x
637= 2,002 sq m Fig. 19.48
Cost of Construction per sq m - R 25
Total cost of construction of the road

(2002 x 25)
50,050
 Pmeter and Area of 2-D Shapes
201
Eamp 3. Four equal circles are described about the tour corners ol asquare so that each
circle touches two of the other circles (See
Fig 19.40). 'ind the area of the shaded
portion it each side ot the
square is 28 m.

Solution: Clearly, radius of cach cirele 28

m

Area ot the
square ABCD/
28 x 28 sq m784 sq nn
Area of each A B
quadrant" of a circle of radius 14 m

Fig. 19.49
1x414
= 154 sq m
Area of 4 quadrants= (4 x 154) sq m =616 sq nm

Hence, area of the shaded

portion
=
Area of the square ABCD- Area of 4 quadrants
(784 -616)
= =
168 sq m.
A quadrant is one-fourth of a' circle.)-
Example 4. Find the area of the shaded portion in Fig. 19.50.
Solution: From the figure, it is obvious that
Area of the shaded
portion
=
Area of the bigger quadrant
Area of the smaller
quadrant 6 cm

8 cm

x8x8 x6x6 Sq em Fig. 19.50

64-36] = 22 sq cm.
28

PRACTICE EXERCISE 19.6

Usei f its value is not mentioned in the question.
Glven T =
3.142, find the area of the circle of radius 10 cm.
2. ind the circumference of a circle whose area is 6.16 sq m.
. nd the diameter ofa circle whose area is 616 sq cm.

CIrcular park of radius 20 m has a 5 m wide road running around it. Find the cost of metalling
e
road at the rate of 18.90 per sq m.

The
ameters of two circles are 8 cm and 12 cm respectively. Find the ratio of the area of the
i f r circle to that of the
larger.
202 ICS
Fundamentals of Authematy
CCalculate the area of the circular ring enclosed by two concentriC Circles off rradii 1
17 cm. cma
7. A silver wire when bent in the tor of a square encloses an arca of 484 sq cm. If the same
Is bent in the tornm of a cirecle, find the area of the circleC.

8. In Fig. 19.51, ABCD represents a flower bed. IfOA - 28 m and

OD = 21 m, find:

(a) the area of the bed, and

(b) the perimeter of the bed.

Find the area of the shaded Fig. 19.51

portion in each of the following figures:

14 CmA CIm 28
cm
CI

14 cm
28 cm
2Cm
c)
cm-

4 cm

cm

(d)
Fig. 19.52
A0. A circular pond of diameter 38 m is surrounded by a grass
the area of the path. path of uniform width 2 m. Calcl
11. The area of a circular
grass lawn is 1,386 sq m. A path of
the outside. If the area of the
path 1,078 sq m, find: uniform width is laid all around
it
is
t
(a) the radius of the grass lawn.
(b) the width of the
The inner and outer path.
Calculate the width of the track. circumterences of a circular track are 462 and 484
m m
respec ively
The area of a circular ring
942.6 sq is
cm and the radius of the larger circle
(a) the area of the smaller circle, and is 20 cm. Calc late
(b) the uniform width of the ring. (Use T
=3.142)
14. The perimeter of a circle 1s +Tt cm.
What is the area
of the
15. The radius of a circle is 14 cm. Find the radius of circle?
the circle
given circle. area is double the 'area f th:

19.10 AREAS OF COMBINED FIGURES

In this section, we shall learn to find the area of
number of irreeular gures that can be divided n
regular figures
like rectangles,
squares
es,
circles, triang
Fig, 19.53, where all measurements are in cm and rhombuses, as shoW
 Ava of 9D Shapes
erweter and 203

M 19 ah

A 24
()

Fig. 19.53
Example 1. Calculate the aren ot eaclh ot the tigures shown in l'iy, 1953
Solution: From Fig 19.53 (). we note th
Area ot ABCDA ar( 1ADMB) ar (ADMC) ..(1)
Now, CM CR MB CB AD
19 cmI0 cm9 cnm
From ADCM, we have

DC=DM+CM
OT DM=DC-CM
=(15) (9)14-4 12 x 12
DM= 12 em
Also, AD = 10 cm and DM = 12 cm.
ar ADMB) = 10 x 12 sq cm = 120 sq cm

and ar(ADMC) = MC x DM

x9 x 12 sq cm

= 54 sq cm

Thus, from (1), we have

Area of figure ABCD =
120 sq cm + 54 sq cm
=

174 sq cm.

From Fig. 19.53 (b), we note that

Area of figure ABCDEFGHA ar( =
ADEH) + ar (ABCD)+ ar(AGEE
.(1)
Now, let us calculate the area of rectangle ADEH.
AD =AB+ BD
= 5 cm +4 cm
= 9 cm
BD- CD- CB']
and AH = 5 cm

ar ( ADEH) = 9 x 5 sq cm= 45 sq cm
 Fundamenlals of Mthematir
204
Further,
ar(AGEF )
ar(A BCD) = (Because in A BC),
base (BD) 4 m an
4 3 sq cm
2 height (15C)3 Cm
= 6 Sq Cm

Thus, from (1), we have

6 cm + 6 sg cm
Area of figure ABCDEFGHA =45 sq cm + sq
57 sq cm.
In Fig. 19.53(C), EC =AB = 24 cm.
radius of the semicircle CDE = 12 cm.
Area of the whole figure = Area of parallelogram ABCE + Area of
semicircle CDE

=
(24 12)+ 22 (12
1584
|288+ 7 sq cm =
514.3 sq cm.

EPRACTICE EXERCISE 19.7

1. Calculate the area of the shaded in
portions Fig. 19.54 and Fig. 19.55.

6 cm G6 cm F

3 cm

4 cm
24 cm D
Fig. 19.54
Fig. 19.55
2. Calculate the area of the figure ABCDEA shown in Fig. 19.56.
AH
A

8 m 40 m
20 m G
10 m
15 m 20 n 35 m
B4- 15 m
3m
FY E
5 m
B
60 m
Fig. 19.56
Fig. 19.57
3. Find the area of the figure ABCDEFGHA shown in
Fig. 19.57
E D
4 Find the area of the figure ABCDEFA shown in
Fig. 19.58
1.5cm_C
cm

A+3 cm->B
Fig. 19.58