INTEXTEXERCISE: 1

Mothematics
6. Domain of definition of
TO
the
function )= f)-sin '2)+ 6 for real value xis
domain ofthe
1. The (3) R
(a) R
() R
(c) R, log,(x+3)
of f ) '+3r+2
domain of de'nition
2. Find the
() 1. -2}
(a) (3. a) 7. IfAcontains 10elements than total
number of
() i.)
1.2} ( )(o, o)
of the function
defined from A to A is
(a) 10 (b) 210 funciems
3. The domain (c) 1010 (d) 210 -1
fw=v-rt4+tv4-x is
(6) [4.4] 8. If then f(x)= then f(- 1) =
(a) [4.] |x
(d) [0, 1] (a) 1 (b) -2
() 0.4)
(c) 0 (d) 2
= sin [log,(x/2)] is
4. The domainof the function fx) 9. The equation x-12x +35 =[x]+[-x] has
(a) [1. 4] (b) [- 4, 1] xl dentoes largest integer less than or equal to ri(where
(d) None of these (a) No solution (b) 4 solutions
(c) -1,4]
(c) 3solutions (d) 2 solutions
5. The domain ofthe function fx)= log,.(r'-1) is
(a) (-3,-1) (1,*) 10. The maximum value of the function
(6) [-3,-1) v[1, *) fr)= is
x-2|x|+2'
(c) (-3, -2)U(-2,-1)U(1, o) 1
(a) 4 (b)
(d) [-3. -2)U(-2,-1)U[1, o] (c) 1 (d) 2
Answer Key
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c)

lustration 13
Findthe range of fx) =
x+x+1
x+x-1 Y4
Solution:
r t x + 1 and x +x- 1have no
+x-1
common factor; y = x+x+1
x +x-1 y2
’ yx t yx-y=x'+ xt1
- (y-1)x(y-l) x-y- l =0 Solution:
Ify = 1, then the above equation reduces to -2 Then range of above sectionally continuous
=0.
Which is not true.Further if y 1, then (y -1) function is [y,, y,] ',.y)UC
X-y-1=0 is a quadratic and has real roots if (yx+-1)
- 1-4
(y-1)(-y- 1)>0 i.e. if ys-3/5 or y> llustration 15
the range is but y l Thus
(-,-3/5] o(1,0) -4
(ii) Graphical Method: The Find the range of) =
set of
of a
function is the range. y-coordinates
of the graph
Illustration 14 4

Letgraph of
the range of function = fx) is as given
y
function. below. Find
2
 Functions
Solution: 6. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS
=Xt2;x#2 6.1. One-one function (injection)
-2 A function f: 4 ’ Bis said to be a one-one function or an
offr) would be. Thus the range of ) is injection, if different elements of Ahave different images in
.. graph
R- (4}. Further if ) happens to be continuous in its B. Thus,f:A >B is one-one. ath’fa) +f(b) for all a,
|
domainthenrange o f )is |min f(), max. f(n). However beA fa) =Ah)>a= h for all a, h e A.
for sectionally continuous functions, range will be union
of(min fa). max. fr)] over all those intervals where f(x) e.g. Let f: 1 B andg:X Ybe two functions
is continuous, as shown by following example. represented by the following diagrarns.
A

y a

Range a,

b
Clearly, f: A’ Bis a one-one function. But g :X’ Yis
not one-one function because two distinct elernents x, and x,
Domain have the same image under function g.
Method to check the injectivity of afunction
(ii)Using monotonocity:
Step I: Take two arbitrary elements x, y (say) in the
Many ofthe functions are monotonic increasing or monotonic domain of f.
decreasing. In case of monotonic continuous functions the
minimum and maximum values lie at end points of domain Step II: Put fx) =fy).
Some of the common function which are increasing or Step III: Solve fr) =fy). If f) =f) gives x =y
decreasing in the interval where they are continuous is as only, then f: A ’ B is a one-one function
(or an injection). Otherwise not.
under.
Monotonic increasing Monotonic decreasing If function is given in the form of ordered pairs and if
two ordered pairs do not have same second element then
log, x, a >1 log, x, 0<a<l function is one-one.
ex
If the graph of the function y = f(x) is given and each lin
e

sin x COS- r parallel to x-axis cuts the given curve at maximum one

tanx cotx point then function is one-one. e.g.

sec-x cosec-x
(0, 1)
For monotonic increasing functions in [a, b]
ºX X'

() f'() >0 (i)range is [a), fAb)] f(x) = ax+ b

|f(*) = ax (0 < a <

for monotonic decreasing functions in [a, b]

(ii) Number of one-one functions (injections):
() f)s0 (ii) range is (b),fa)]
If Aand B are finite sets having m and n eleme
llustration 16 respectively, then number of one-one functions from 4 to
"P, if n m
Find the range of function y= In (2x-x). m

0 , ifn<m
Solution:
6.2. Many-one function
() Step 1: We have 2x-x e (-0, 1]
A function f A ’ B is said to be a many-one function if
Step 2: Let t= 2x-x or more elements of set Ahave the same image in B.
For In t to be defined accepted values are (0, 1|
Thås, f: A’ B is a many-one function if there exist x
Now, using monotonocity of In , Asuch that x *y butf(r) =fy).
In (2x) e (-o, 0]
. range is ( o, 0] Ans.
In other words,f. A’ Bis a many-one function if it
a one-oOne function.

8.11
 Mathematics c.g. The following arrow-diagram shows into function
A B B
f f
a. b, X
a. b
a
b, X y
X b
a bA
X.
b,
a.
pairs
the form of set of ordered
) If function is given in atleast two ordered pairs are () Method to find ontoor into function
and the second clement of (a) If range co-domain, then fx) is onto and if range is a
many-0nc.
same then function is proper subset of the co-domain, then fx) is into
given and the line parallel
J lf the graph of = )is than one point then
to -aNIS cuts the curve at more (b) Solve f(x) y by taking x as a function ofy ie.. d
function is many-one. (say).
(c) Now if g(v) is defined for each y e co-domain and zv
edomain for y e co-domain, then fx) is onto and if
any one of the above requirements is not fulfilled. then
X' xX fx) is into.
X f(x) =
Y 6.5. One-one onto function (bijection)
J Ifthe domain of the function is in one quadrant then the A functionf: A’ B is a bijection if it is one-one as well as
trigonometrical functions are always one-one. onto.
A
J If trigonometrical function changes its sign in two a.
f
b.
consecutive quadrants then it is one-one but if it does b
b
notchange the sign then it is many-one.
f: (0, p)., fr) = sinx f:(0, T),f<) = sin x a b

Y
one-one In other words,a function f: A’ B is a bijection if
many-one
() It isone-one i.e.,fx) =f)’x=y for all x, yeA.
+ Tr/2
X+ ’X (ii) Itis onto i.e., for all y e B, there exists x e Asuch that
fx) =y.
X +X
Clearly, f is a bijection since it is both injective as well
as surjective.
O In three consecutive quadrants trigonometrical Number of one-one onto function (bijection): If .4 and
functions are always many-one.
B are finite sets and f A ’ B is a bijection, then 4 and 3
6.3. Onto function (surjection) have the same number of elements. If 4 has n elements. then
the number of bijection from Ato B is the total number ot
Afunctionf: A’ Bis onto if each element of Bhas its pre arrangements of nitems taken all at a time i.e. n!
image in A. Therefore, if f ) e 4, ye B then function
is onto. In other words, Range of f= Co-domain of f. Most Valuable Points
e.g. The following arrow-diagram shows onto function.
O Any function, which is entirely increasing or decreasng
Y
a
in the whole of a domain, is one-one.
OAny continuous function fx), which bhas at least one
X.
y.

local maximum or local minimum, is many One.

’ 3

llustration 17
() Number of ontofunction
IfAand B are two sets having(surjection): Letf': R - R be a function detined by )=t vr
mand nelements respectively
such that 1<n<m then number of onto , then fis
functions from A to (a) injective (6) surjective
Bis (-1)r "C. (c) bijective (d) None of these
r=l
Solution:
6.4. Intofunction We have, fu) =x+ r ' =x+ |x|
A function f: 4 ’ B is an into = 0and
element in Bhaving no pre-image function if there exists an Clearly,fisnot one-one as f(-1)= f(-2)
fx)>0 xER
In other words, f:A’B is an
inA. -l #- 2. Also, fis not onto as
onto function. into function if it is not an .. range off= (0, oo) R Ans.
(d)
 lastrotion18 Functions

+3r+a
Let ) where f: R R. Find the value
1'++1
parameter * so that the given function is one-0ne.
of
Solution
(d) Ax) [r|. Graphically. Which shows Ar)is many -one.
1'+3i+a
as the straight line parallel to r-axis meets at more than
one point. Here. range x) 10, ; which shows
w'++X21+3)-(r+3r+ a\2x+) into as range c co-domain Hence, many-one- int
(1++1)

21+2r(l-a) +(3-a)
(+x+1)

Let. gr) =-2.

2+ 2x (1 - a) +(3- a)
m) will be negative if 4(1 - a)' + 8 (3-a)<0 (e) f) = sin 2 Graphically: Which shows fr) is one
lta-2a +6- 2a <0 ’ (a-2)2+3 <0 one and onto as range co-domain. Therefore. fa) is
which is not poss1ble. Therefore function is not bijective.
Y
monotonic. Hence, no value of a is possible.

Mlustrotion 19
Let A= fx:-1Sx s 1} = Bbe a mapping f: A’ B.
For each of the following functions from Ato B, find
whether it is surjective or bijective. llustration 20
(a) fx) = (6) fx) = xx () Find whether f(x) =x+ os x is one-one.
(c) fr) =r (a) fx) = x] (e) fr) = sin () Identify whether the function
Solution:
fx) =-+3x 2x+4 forf: R’ R is ONTO
or INTO
(a) fr) = lx Graphically; Which shows many one, as the (ii) f) =-2r+3; [0, 3]’4. Find whether
straight line is parallel to x-axis and cuts at two points. f*) is injective or not. Also find the set 4, if
Here range for fx) e [0, 1]. Which is clearly subset of fx) is surjective.
co-domain i.e., [0, 1]c1,1]. Thus, into. Solution:
Hence, function is many-one-into (i) The domain of fx) is R. f' (x) =1- sin x.
.. Neither injective nor surjective ..f (x) 0xe complete domain and equality holds
at discrete points only
.fx) is strictly increasing on R. Hence fx) is one-one.
(i) As range = codomain, therefore given function is
ONTO
+1X
(ii)f(r) =2(r-1);0sr<3
-ve; 0sx<l
(b) fx) =xx= 0sx<l
,Graphically, The
+ve ; l<r<3
graph shows fx) is one-one,as the straight line parallel ..f ) is non monotonic. Hence it is not injective.
to X-axis cuts only at one point. Here, range Forf)to be surjective, Ashould be equal to its range.
JX) e (-1, 1].Thus, range = co-domain Hence, onto. By graph range is [2, 6]
Therefore, fx) is one-one onto or (Bijective). A= [2, 6].
f(x)

1
3

-1 2

() j) = x, Graphically; Graph shows fx) is one-one X

onto (i.e. Bijective) Jas explained in above example]

 Mathematics
INTEXT EXERCISE:2)
1. Function f: N N, A)- 2r+3 is (a) (0, ) (b) (1, )
(a) One-one onto (b) One-one into (d) [1, o)
(c) Manv-one onto (d) Many-0ne into
7. For rcal values ofx,range of the function y =
2. The function R
: Rdefined by x) -(r-1)(-2)
(1 3)is
1S
2-sin3x
(a) One-one but not onto
() Onto but not one-one
(a)SySI3 (h) syl
(c) Both one-one and onto
(c) (d)
(d) Neither one-one nor onto

3. Find number of surjection fromAtoBwhere A- {1,2, 8. If x) = acos (bx + c) t d, then range of a) is

3,4. 5}. B= (a, b} (a) [d+ a, d + 2a]
(a) 13 (b) 14
(c) 15
(b) [a- d, a + d)
(d) 16
(c) [d + a, a - d|
4. If A = fa, b., c} then total number of one-one onto
functions which can be defined from A to A is (d) [d- a, d + a]
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 9 (d) 6
9. The
is
range of f()=sec cos'x-<Ikn
5. Iff. R’ R then fx)=| is (a) [1.V2]
(a) One-one but not onto
(b) [1, o)
(b) Onto but not one-one (c) -N2,-1]u[1. V2] () (-o, 1)u[l,*)
(c) One-one and onto
(d) None of these 10. Range of the function fr)e+x+2 xeR
is x+x+1
(a) (1, 0)
0. The range o f r is (b) (1, 11/7)
(c) (1, 7/3] (d) (1,7/5]
1. (b) 2. (b) Answer Key
3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (c)
7.
HOM0GENEO US FUNCTIONS 8. BOUNDED FUNCTION
Afunction is said to be
of variables when each of homogeneous with respect to any set A function said to be bounded if
lfx)< where Mis a M,
its terms is of the
same degree with finite quantity.
respect to those variables. llustration 22
For examples 5x Which of the following function is implicit
+3y-xy is homogeneous in xand y. function?
Symbolically if, f\tx,
function of degree n. ty)=f,y) then f(x, y) is homogeneous (a) y= x +e+5
(b) y=x?
VI-cos
lustration 21 (c) xy- sin(x +y) =0 (d)
x logr
Which of the following function is not Solution:
Sin.x
(a) x+8x'y +7 y (b) y² +x+ Sxy homogeneous? It isclear that in (c) yis not
clearly expressed in x.
Ans. (c)
(C)+y
Solution:
(d) 2x-y+1
2y-x+I 9. COMPOSITE OF UNIFORMLY AND NON
UNIFORMLY DEFINED FUNCTION
It is clear that Let f: A ’ B and g: B ’C be two functions. Then the
(d) does not have
term. Ans. (d) the same
degree in each function gof: A- Cdefined by (gof) (*) *gW)) treAis
called the composite of the two functions
fand g.
Diagramatically >g (f(x)

8.14
 fynctions

mage of eveV LE A under the function gof is vrRange of fng

Thusthe
/-mage of 1 fng (r) lgtr} AIr'
-mageol is (2. )
the defincdonlv
is if tiE 4 . )is an element (iiyr)- r . r - r
Notethat gof
donmainnof 'g'sothat we can take its g-image. Hence in Domain of fis [0, n). range offis [0, r)
the
of must be asubset of the domain of'g
the range of Domain of gis R. range of g is | 1. r)
Prpertie of
composite functions: For gof(x)
composite of functions is not coMmutative the domain of g.
(a)In1general Since range of fis a subset of
gir-g/ir)
..domain of gof is[0. ) and
(h) The composite
o of functions is associative i.e. iff. g. h Range of gof is (-1. ).
are
orethrec functions such that folgoh) and (fog)oh For fogtx)
defined. then fo(goh) =(fogloh. subset of the domain off
Since range of gis not a
if
(o) The
composite of two bijections is a bijection i.e. i.e. (-1, o) [0,o)
defined,
such that gof is whole of the domain ofg.
fand g are two bijections .fog is not defined on
of
then gof is also a
bijection. Domain of fog is freR, the domain
lustration23 gig)e[0, o), the domain off.
function and g be the (reR:0<glx) <o}
Iffbe the greatest integer Thus the domain of fog is D=
{xeR:xs-lorx 21}
sfuncion, then(ga-(8)- i.e. D={xeR:0Sr-1}=
modulus
=(-0,-1]u[1, o)
(a) 1
(b) -1
-flgr)} -f-1) = Vr-IIts range is [0, ).
(d) 4 fog (r)
(c) 2
Solution: lustration 25

Let f(x) = ; R*R

and g(r)=sin-x: -1, 1]
Given (gof) -tas) Find domain and range
offogx).

Solution:
of g(r) :
Ans.(a)
Domain offr): (0, o). Range
Illustration 24 which are accepted by x) are
wherever is possible for the values in range of g(r)
Describe fog and gof 0<sinrs
0<rsI
<glr)s
foliowing functions:
1+ xE (0, 1]
(i)fx)= r+3 ,gr) = Hence domain offog(r) is f

(i)fr) =v,gx)=-1.
(0, /2]
(0, 1] (e
Range
Solution: Domain
range off is (0, 0).
(i) Domain offis (-3, o),
1
sin X
Domain ofg is R, range of gis [1, 0). Therefore Domain : (0, 1)
For gofx) of g, Range : ( ,e].
domain
Since range of f is a subset of
.domain of gof is (-3, ) Ilustration 26
{equal to the domain off}
= +(rt3) =xt4.
80/(r) =g)} =g(r+3)
and
Let A)-,
Range of gofis [1, ).
For fog(*) of/, find (fog).
Since rangeof gis a subset of domain B)= +2, 2%xs3
:.domain of fog is R
(equal to the domain of g}
 ||x-| 0sr<3 1-x 0Sx<|
Mathematics x-5| 35xs4
Solution:
Here, gr)becones
|2-x-1Srs3
|5-x 3SI<4
glr) =4-
|2x()+1. I<g)s2 Itis
|4-(2-x) -1sx<2 2+x
drawthe graph.
means we
should gr)<2: -l4-(r-2) 2<rs3 |6-x
the variable
that
g)s1tE|1, I]and 1 < |-g) 0Sgr)<|
clearthat
2'+1. I<Isv2. :fog (x) = g)-I ISgr)<3
tae(l. 2]A)) 5-g(x) 3sg(r)s4
(1-2+x) 0s2tx<1 and -1<re)
2+x-1 1s2+x<3 and -Isre)
5-(2+x) 3S2+XS4 and -1sre
1-6+x 0<6-x<l and 2<x<3
6-x-1 1s6-x<3 and 2<x<3
5-6+x 3<6-x<4 and 2sr<3
0 1 2 3 -2<x<-1 and -1Sx<2
1 -1-x
1+x -1Sx<l and -1Sx<2
Mustration 27 1<xs2 and -1sx<2
h(r) =gx), where fx) 3-x
Findthe domain and range of x-5 -6s-x<-5 and 2<x<3
|x. -2<x<-1
and g(r) = 5-x -5<-x<-3 and 2<xs3
lx+1. -l<xs2 -3<-xs-2 and 2<x<3
x-1
[x], -7Sr<0 J] denotes the greatest integer
-1-x -2<x<-1 and -lsx<2
sin x, 0<x<n
1+x -1<x<I and -1Sx<2
function.
3-x 1sxs2 and -1sx<2
Solution: X-5 5<xs6 and 2sx<3
-Sf()<0
f)], 3<x<5 and 2Sxs3
h(a) = gè) = 5-x
sin(f(), 0sf() S t X-1 2<x<3 and 2<x<3
From graph offx), we get
|l+x -1sx<l
-2sxs-1
hx) = 3 =3-x 1sx<2 Alternate method for finding
|sinx +1), -l<xs2
+ Domain of h(x) is -2,2]
x-1 2sxs3
and Range of h() is (-2, 1} U
[sin 3, 1]. gr) =
(2+x -1sx<2 graph ofg(r) is
f(x)=n
|6-x 2srs3
g(x)
+3 41

-2 1

-1 2

f(x)= |l-g(r) 0sg(r)<l

fog(r) = s)-1 Isg()<3
llustrotion 28 3sg()s4
Composition
If
of piecewise defined
functions: 2+x-1 -ISr<l
fix) =|k-3|- 2| 0<xs4 |I-g() for no value
-lsx<1 =5-(2+x) 1sr<h
gx) =4-|2 -x -1l Sx<3 s(x)-1 (5-(6-1) 2srs3
then find fog(x) and draw
rough sketch of fog(x). 5-g() 1<xs3
Solution:
Ae) =||x-3|-2|
x+1 -1sx<l
= 3-X 1<x<2
0<xs4
x-1 2<x<3
 Functions

INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
f) I and g:R
1. lf/:R’R. R. gx)
then (go ())equals 6. If f) then (/tAni|equals
(a) 2 1 (6) (21 I
(a) r (h)

2. If/:RR. A)(4 |) and g: R>R, g(x) -?+ (c)

1. then fog 3)is cqual to

(a) 121 (b) 144 7. Suppose that gr)- |+r and gr)- 3+2vr + r.
then f(0) is
(d) 11 (a) |+ 2r2 (b) 2 r'
(d) 2 x
i Ad=sin'x+ sin'(x+)+ cosxcosr+7)and (c) I+x

là=1.then (gof\x) is cqualto 8. Let gr) = 1+x-x] and fx) =0. I=0then for
(a) 1 (b) -1
allx, f(gr))is equal to
(c) 2 (d) - 2
(a) x (b) 1
4. Ifg) =tx-2 and 2 (gof)(x)= 2x'-Sx+2, then (c) fr) (d) gr)
fx) isequal to 2x+1
9. If f(x) = 3r-then (fof) (2) is equal to
(a) 2r-3 (b) 2x +3
(c) 2r² + 3x + 1 (d) 2r?- 3x1 (a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 2
5. equalto =
If f() 8.)= then (fog) () is
10. Iff:R’Rand g:R’Rare given byfx) =|x& gx)
- [x] for each xe R, then (x eR:gf«)) sfgx))} =
(a) (b) (a) Zu(-o, 0)
(b) (-o, 0)
(c) Z
(c) y (d)
Ni+y' (d) R
Answer Key
3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (a)
1. (b) 2. (a)
and every odd function is symmetric about the
10. ODD AND EVEN FUNCTIONS
origin.
Ifa function is such that whenever 'x is in its domain x' is
(iv) Every function which has - in it's domair
also in its domain and it satisfies
whenever 'r' is in it's domain, can be expressed as
)=f) it is an even function the sum of an even and an odd function
-x)=f) it is an odd function.
C.g. fr)= f() +f(-),f()-f(-)
Properties 2
(i) Afunction may neither be odd nor even. EVEN ODD

(i) Inverse of an even function is not defined, as it is (v) The only function which is defined on the entir
many-one function. number line and even and odd at the same time i
(u) Every even function is symmetric about the y-axis r) =0

Ax) x)-gr) ). g(r) (gof) (r) (fog) (r)

gx) x) +gx)
odd odd Oven even odd odd
odd odd
even even even even even
even even even

odd neither odd nor even neither odd nor even odd odd even even
even

neither odd nor even neither odd nor even odd odd even even
even odd

8.17
 Mathematics
lustration 29 llustration 31
Which of the following functions is (are)even, odd Show that log+) is an oddfunction.
or neither:
() A)sin x Solution:

Let Ay - log().
(in A) log Then -r) -log - r n )
( ) A)- sin
= log [(V-r't)
r'+1+X
Solution
= log -- log(x+vr'+i)--f)
(Of-1)=( sin-)=- sinx= f). Vx'+1+x
Hence )is odd. or fx) +f-)=0 Hence fr) isan odd function
f)= VI+(-)+(-)--(-)+(-r)? llustration 32
Show that a ta is an even function.
=v1-+-++r =x).Hence fx) is odd. Solution:
Let )=a t ax
Then -x) = a* t at) = axt a= x).
Hence fx) is odd Hencef )is an even function.
(i){-x) = sin(-x)- cos(-x) =-sin x- cos x.
Hence f) is neither even nor odd. 11. PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
e+e-) A function fx) is called periodic with a period Tif there exists
e+e* a real number T>0such that for each x in the domain of fthe
(v)f-x) = =fr).
2 2
numbers x- Tand x + T are also in the domain of f and x)
Hence fx) is even.
= fx+ T) for all x in the domain of fx). Graph of a periodic
ustration 30 function with period Tis repeated after every interval ofI.
Identify the given functions as odd, even or neither:
e.g. The function sin x and cos x both are periodic over 2r
and tan xis periodic over I.
() fx) = e-1 +*+1
2 The least positive period is called the principal or
fundamental period of f (r) or simply the period of the
(ii) fx +y) =fx) +f) for all x, y e R. function.
Solution: Note: Inverse of a periodic function does not exist.
(ijfx) = e-1-++1
2
Properties of periodicfunctions:
Cleariy domain off) is R~(0}. We have, (a) Iffr) has a period T, then and

have a period T:. f(r)

-X -e'x X-+]=(e-1+1)x
+]=
f)p'-J 2 |-e 2 (e'-1) 2
+1
(6) It) has a period T, then f(ar + b)has a pernod |a
+]=
e'-] 2
+
2
+1 =x) (c) Every constant function defined for all real x, IS
always periodic, with no fundamental period.
Hence )is an even function. (d) IfA*) has a period T, and g() also has a period /;
(iifx +y) =f) t fy) for all x, y eR
then period of f) t g )or fr) . g) or g(*)
Replacing x, y by zero, we get (0) =2/(0)
’ 0 ) =0
L.C.M. of T, and T, provided their L.C.M. exists.
However, that L.C.M. (if exists) need not to b
Replacing y by -x, we get x) +-x)=0)=0 fundamental period., If L.C.M. does not exists then
’f)=f-x). Hence f(x) is an odd function. fx) tg(x) orfr). g) or is nonperiodic.
g(x)
 L.C.M. of - LCM(a, p. ) Functions
eg. sin x has the
m
H.CE (b,q. m) Solution:
period n.
penod n. cos | also has the (i) Period of e l-
.
period of sinr2t
sin xl + cOs N also LCM. of rational and an
irrational number does iot
has a period , But the exist
not periodic
fundamental periodof sin x lcos x is
(i)Period of sin itx 21t
e) lf g is a 2/2
funetion such that gof is defined on the V2
domain of fand fis periodic 21t
neriodic with T as oneof its with T, then gof is also
periods.
Period of cos
V3 - 2/3
lustrotion 33 :L.C.M. of two different kinds of irrational number does
not exist. .. not periodic.
Find period of the following
functions: (iii) Period of sin 2
() Ar) = sin cos V3
= 2V3
(i) f)= x} + sinx, where .} Period of cos 2T =4/3
partfunction denotes fractional 2V3 n/2/3
(ii) fx)= cos x. cos 3x :L.C.M. of twosimilar
irrational number exist.
() fx) = sin 3x :.Periodic with period = 4/3 Ans.
cOS tan
.3 Illustration 35
Solution:
Find the periods (if periodic) of the
(i) Period of sin where [.] denotes the greatest integerfoilowing functions,
is 4 while period of cos is 6. function
3 () fx) = en(sin x) + tan x
Hence period of sin + cos is 12 (i) f) =x- [x- b], b eR
cosec(3x-5)
3
L.C.M. of 4 and 6 is 12} sin x+ cos x
(ii) Period of (iii) fr)=
sinx=2 Isin x+|cosx
Period of x =1but L.C.M. of 2r and 1 is not (iv) fx) = tan
possible
as their ratio is (v) S)= cos(sin x) + cos(cos x)
irrational number
..it is aperiodic
(ii) fx)= cos x. cos 3x (v) fr) = (1+ sin x)l+ sec)
(1+ cos x)(l+ cosec )
period of fx) is L.C.M. of 2T, 2T 2T
3 (vii) fx) = eicus EucOS .euNuE
but 2r may or may not be fundamental
periodic, but
fundamental period = 27 where ne N. Solution:
(i) N)- sin ) tan'
ience crOSS-checking for n = 1,2, 3, .. we findn to be cosec 3r-î)
Period of n 2n, tan' =I
Tundamental period f(n tx) =(- cos x) cos 3x) =*).
27 27 I cOSec (3-5)
(ivPenod of a) is L.C.M. of 3/2 1/3 2/3 .. Period 2n
-LC.M. of 4
3 61, 2 = 12n

.. Period 1
llustration
Find
34
the periods (if perivdic)of the following
Where |.1 denotes the greatest inleger fuuctious,
fuaciou
(i) fxy=e ltsin x (ii) fx) -
sil
(ii fx) = sin t cos
2/5 as ils erioxt
 (1+ sin x) (l+sec x)
(vi) )= (1+ cosx)(l+ cosec x)
x
[x +7]= tan
Mathematics
x]tan (1+sin x)(1+ cos x) sin x
(i) fr)= tan cosx(1 + sin x)(1 +
cosx)
’ x ) tan x
Hence ) has period .
.: T=2 Trl+tlcos 2 rl+. .+lcos nT
.:Period=2 (vii) )=
erHxtlcos
thenfx +
)-) Period ofx - [x|=I
periodic
(v) Letfx)is Period of \cos tx=1
cos(cos(r+ ))
cossin(r+ )+
+ cos(cos x) Period of |cos 2t x =)
= cOS(sin a)
T)
cos(sin ) + cos(cos
Ifx =0 then 1
Period of cos n t X|= n
= c0s (0) + cos
(1)=cos cocos sin period =1
So period off(r) willbe L.C.M. of all
On comparing T=
INTEXT EXERCISE: 4

1. The period of the function 6. The period of f(x) =sin n cos

>2is
fa)=2cos-n) is (b) 4n(n- 1)
(a) 2rtn(n - 1)
(a) 6T (b) 4n (d) None of these
(c) 2n(n-1)
(c) 2n (d) t
7. Which of the following is an even function
2. The function

TX TX (a) x (6) tan r

fx)= sin+2cos 3 - tan
4
is periodic with period
(a) 6 (b) 3 a -aX a+1
(c) (d)
(c) 4 (d) 12 2 a'-1
3. The period of (sin 2x is
(a) (b) 8. Let f(x) = r +15, then the graph ofthe tunc
(c) T =fis symmetrical about
(d) 2
(a) The x-axis (6) The y-axis
4. If fx) is an odd periodic function with period 2,
then (c) The origin (d) The line x=y
f4) equals
(a) 0 (b) 2 9. The function f(x) =log(+yx+) is
(c) 4 (d) -4 (a) Aneven function (b) Anodd functte
5. Letf: R - R, be defined as (C) Periodic function (d None of these
x)=e" t cosx, then f
10. Which of the tunetion
following IS an even
(a) one-one and onto
(b) many-one and onto (a) f()4+1
(C) one-one and into (6) f)=
(d) many-one and ito
(e) fu) 4-a sin
() x) = le
Ake
le
1. (a)
2. (d) 3. (b)
Answer Key
4. (a)
5. (d) 6. (c) 9. (b)
7. (a) 8. (a)

8.20
 Functions
12 INVERSE OF AFUNCTION e.g. let us draw the graph of y= sinx. We know that y
Let y=x) : A ’ Bbe a one-one and onto function. i.c.
bijection,then there will always exist bijective function x x)= sinx is invertible if f: 2'2-1, I|
g):B’Asuch that if (p. q) is an elementtoff. (g. p) will be
anelemernt of':gand the functions f(x) and g(x) are said to be
inverse of each other. g(r) is also denoted byf(r) andfx) theinverse mappingwouldbef',(-1.1|’ 22
is denoted by g' )
(1,/2)
Note:
y=sin x
(i) The inverse of a bijection is unique.
(ii) Inverse of an even function is not defined. (r/2,1)
Properties of Inverse Function
(a) The graphs of f and g are the mirror images of each -T/2 -1
other in the line y =x. For example, fx) = a and g(r) 1 T/2
=log, x are inverse of each other, and their graphs
are mirror images of each other on the line y =x as (0,-1)
shown below. (-u/2, 1)

(-1- zl/2)
(0, 1)|
(0, 1) f(x) =a, 0<a< 1 llustration 37
. . . . .

(1, 0)
=
X
1,0) Letf: R-R be defined byfr) =(e'-e2. Is fr)
invertible ? If so, find its inverse.
y

g(X) = log, x, 0 <a<1

Solution:
Let us check for invertibility of Ax):
(b) Normally points of intersection offandf- lie on the (a) One-One:
straight line y = x. However it must be noted that fx) Let x,x, ER and x,<x,
and f ( )may intersect otherwise also. e.g. fx) = ’ e<e (Because base e>l) ...()
l/x.
Also
(C) In general fogx) and gofx) are not equal. But iff e<e (Because base e> l) ...(ii)
and g are inverse of each other, then gof=fog. fog(r)
(i) + (i) ’ e +e <e'+e
and gof(x)can be equal even iffand g are not inverse
of each other. e.g. f(x) =x+ 1, g) =x+ 2.

However, if fog(x) =gofx) =x, then g(x) =f)

-e-e)e) »Ax)<fx)
i.e. fis one-one.
(a) Iff and g are two bijections f: A ’ B, g: B ’ C, (b)Onto: As x tends to larger and larger values so does
then the inverse of gof existsand (go) =fog. fr) and when x ’o, f(x)’ o, Similarly as x ’ - ,
(e) If fr) and gx) are inverse function of each other, fx)’-oo i.e. oo <fr)< oo SO long as E
( , o)
then f"(gx) = Hence the range off is same as the set R.
g') Therefore fr) is onto. Since fr) is both one-one and
U) The inverse of abijection is unique.
onto, f(r) is invertible.
8) Iff:4’B is a bijection andg:B->A isthe inverse (c) To findf : Let/ be the inverse tunction of f, then
o1 J, then fog =1, and gof =L, where I, and I, are by rule of identity for)
ldentity functions on the sets A and B respectively. lf
Jof = 1, then fis inverse of itself. Ans. ()
The inverse of a bijection is also a bijection.
’ ' ) _ 2rt4r+4
Drawing the graph of y=f') from the known graph of
y=fx) ’0rtvl+r?
For drawing the graph ofy=f-'x) we have to first ofallfind
theinterval in which the function is bijective (invertible). Then
Since 0, hence negative sign is ruled out and

takethe reflection ofy:=)(withintheinvertible region) about Hence e' ')=+ l+?

the line y=: x. The reflected part would give us the graph of
Taking logarithm, we have f-(x) = In(x+1+x²)
y=f(r).
 Solution: frty)=r) Mustration MISCELLANEOUS Ifx,y 13.
If 39
Given Solution: Find Il ustMatrathioematics
n 38
n=l
Hence,
f(n)=
Xf(n)(5n) :.=5+(1-1)5
’ f)((-1
=’f)=fl)+ ’
)5 + + ’=fi-l)
.+1)A)Here, Xf(n) the (d) (c) (b) (a)
n= f)
J)={-(4-1)} m
)=fI-2)
A)2(5) + f) frty)=fx)fxty) fay) f) are
function
IM m =
51 =f-3) )=-2) =A- fr
+y) and independent =V: )- the
1) =fx) also +fy) f) =fx).f) =fx).fy) =fr) 64
inverse
).r=.Is/ys4
m

+ + +f)
Sm(m+1) 3(5) + 5
5} +fy)
prove +fv)’fx)=k,
satisfies Hence y>16 1sysl6 r<l of
2 +((-1)5 +5 , =f)=, fr)variables, 64 SIS4 the
5[1+2+3+...tm]
= f-(x)
put ;
that
/x) Rand
f)=aorfr)
ye
t he
=kthen:
64 J'<l Let
function
...(1) x
=t-1,y isfunctional Inx =N;1sxs >4
f(1)
odd neRorf) where
x ) )=
=
5m(m+|)
= function.
1
5,
then rule, isk =0
a =0 l6 8/4r:lsxs4
2 find constant.

Case Solution: two Illustration 40

area

s(x)
of =-(2'+r-2V2]=
required
2v2lk-r
S(r) =
the
. ar(ABEFDA) Case
I:
A D

AEF)=x2x=
ar(A
when
There

I: are areasquare
thediagonal
thisadjacent
ABCD Thus,
2,/(n)
0)
’putting
fx-x)
(-x)Also
0)
=0
+0)
Now
0
putting

|2V2*-x'
s(V2-)N=2at -s
when m
E\ at is =x) =0)
= two BD
ata
xwith a
V2xp function
= x x
different = sides. square /x) = x
Sm(m+l)=
=
ar(ABCD) = APS /N2 A +
A-r) r(y)+for
=0,y=
A0) +
B E
x=
at AP> atdistance
Express
and a 2
s(r) 04, *(* 0A,situations vertex,
of -x) in in
)

- i.e., side the

1 is i.., at the
as ar(A PE= x the x I. gven
xs =2, asarea from given
Ans. fol ows: CFE) x>F function a the linne
A
PF=pa. when of
nnin fur
but the verteparal
ye
 Functions

INTEXT EXERCISE: 5
Ris given by A)- 3r S. then f ) 3. If the function be such that fr) x xl. where (v]
denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to y. then
(a) Is given
by flr) is

b (a) (b) x] r
(h) Isgiven
Docs noi exist because is not one-one (c) Not defined (d) None of these
Docs not exist because f is not onto 4. If f: [1, o) ’ [l. o) is defined as r) - 2r l) then
detined by Ax) = 3x- 4then f ) is f ) is equal to
2. letfr) be rlr-)
(a) 31+ 4
(b) 1+1+ slog, )
(6) -4
(c) -/1+4log, x) (d) Not defined
+4) 5. Which of the following function is invertible
(a) fr) = 2r (b) Ax) =-x
(d) (c) fx) = (d) None of these

Answer Key
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d)