QUESTION BANK 1

Name of the Department : Electronics and Communication Engineering

Subject Code & Name : CEC331 & 4G/5G Communication Networks

Year & Semester : III & V

UNIT I EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS NETWORKS

PART-A
1. Define wireless network.

Wireless network is a type of computer network that uses wireless data connections between
network nodes. Instead of relying on physical wires (such as Ethernet cables), wireless networks
transmit data over radio waves. Devices such as computers, smart phones, tablets, printers, and other
peripherals can connect to a wireless network to communicate with each other and access the Internet
or shared resources. Wireless networks are commonly used in homes, businesses, and public spaces
due to their convenience, flexibility, and ease of deployment.

.2. Mention the advantages of wireless networks.

• Mobility and Flexibility

• Ease of Installation
• Scalability
• Reduced Physical Clutter
• Accessibility
• Cost Efficiency

3. Mention the key features of the 1G system.

• Analog Transmission
• Voice-Only Communication
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
• Limited Capacity
• Large, Bulky Phones
• Basic Coverage
• No Security Features
• Limited Network Management

4. What is LTE?

LTE, or Long Term Evolution, is a standard for high-speed wireless communication for
mobile devices and data terminals. It represents a significant advancement over previous generations
of mobile technology (such as 3G) in terms of speed, efficiency, and capacity.

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5. Mention the key features of the 2G system.

• Digital Transmission
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• GSM Standard
• Text Messaging (SMS)
• Data Services
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
• Improved Security
• Better Capacity and Coverage
• International Roaming

6. Mention the key features of the 3G system.

• Higher Data Speeds

• Enhanced Multimedia Support
• Improved Internet Access
• UMTS Standard
• Higher Capacity and Quality of Service

7. Mention the key features of the 4G system.

• High-Speed Data Transfer

• Improved Latency
• All-IP Network Architecture
• Enhanced Multimedia Support
• OFDM and MIMO Technologies
• Seamless Handoff

8. Mention the key features of the 5G system.

Ultra-Fast Data Speeds: 5G offers significantly higher data transfer rates compared to 4G.
Theoretical maximum download speeds can exceed 10 Gbps (10,000 Mbps), with real-world speeds
varying but still far surpassing those of 4G networks.

Low Latency: 5G reduces latency to a few milliseconds, providing near-instantaneous

communication between devices. This is crucial for applications requiring real-time interaction, such
as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and autonomous vehicles.

Enhanced Network Capacity: 5G networks are designed to handle a much larger number of devices
and higher data traffic. This increased capacity helps accommodate the growing number of connected
devices and the increasing demand for data.

Advanced Spectrum Utilization: 5G utilizes a wider range of frequencies, including high-frequency

millimeter waves (24 GHz and above), which provide higher bandwidth and faster speeds. It also
employs techniques such as dynamic spectrum sharing to make efficient use of available spectrum.

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Massive IoT Support: 5G supports a vast number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, with improved
connectivity and efficiency. This includes smart city infrastructure, industrial automation, and 3
connected health devices.

9. List the characteristics of 5G technologies.

• Ultra-High Data Speeds

• Low Latency
• Enhanced Network Capacity
• Advanced Spectrum Utilization
• Massive IoT Support
• Network Slicing
• Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC)
• Improved Energy Efficiency

10. Define RAN.

RAN, or Radio Access Network, is a critical component in telecommunications that enables

wireless communication between user devices and the core network. It encompasses various elements
like base stations (also known as cell towers), antennas, and network controllers that manage the
transmission and reception of radio signals. The primary function of RAN is to provide and manage
the radio connection for voice, data, and multimedia services. This infrastructure is essential for
mobile networks such as 4G LTE, 5G, and earlier generations of cellular technology.

11. What are the functions provided by RAN?

Radio Signal Transmission and Reception: RAN handles the transmission and reception of radio
signals between user devices (like smart phones) and the network infrastructure. This involves
converting digital data into radio signals and vice versa.

Signal Processing: It processes signals to ensure data integrity, including modulation, error
correction, and encoding/decoding of signals.

Resource Management: RAN manages the allocation of radio resources, such as frequency bands
and transmission power, to optimize network performance and efficiency.

Mobility Management: It supports user mobility by handling handovers between base stations as
users move, ensuring seamless connectivity.

Quality of Service (QoS): It ensures that different types of services (like voice, video, and data)
receive appropriate priority and resources, maintaining a high quality of experience for users.

12. Define traditional RAN.

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 Traditional RAN (Radio Access Network) refers to the conventional architecture used in
mobile telecommunications systems, primarily before the advent of more modern and flexible 4
approaches like Virtualized RAN (vRAN) and Open RAN (O-RAN).

13. Define centralized RAN.

Centralized RAN, often referred to as C-RAN (Cloud-RAN or Centralized-RAN), is an

evolved architecture of traditional RAN that centralizes the baseband processing functions in a central
location, while the remote radio units (RRUs) are distributed and deployed closer to the antennas.

14. Define virtualized RAN.

Virtualized RAN (vRAN) is an evolution of the traditional RAN architecture that leverages
virtualization technologies to decouple network functions from proprietary hardware, enabling them
to run on general-purpose, commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware.

15. What are the different types of RAN deployment?

• Traditional RAN
• Centralized RAN
• Virtualized RAN
• Open RAN
• Distributed RAN
• Hybrid RAN

16. What is meant by NG-RAN?

NG-RAN, or Next-Generation Radio Access Network, is the Radio Access Network

architecture specified for 5G networks by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). It represents
the evolution from previous RAN architectures to support the advanced capabilities and requirements
of 5G.

17. List out the functional modules of gNB.

• Central Unit (CU) Functional Modules

• Distributed Unit (DU) Functional Modules

• The Radio unit (RU) Functional Modules

18. Define cell site RAN.

A cell site RAN (Radio Access Network) refers to the deployment of RAN infrastructure
directly at the physical location of cell towers or base stations. It encompasses the equipment and
technology installed at these sites to provide wireless communication services to end-users.

19. Define Split RAN.

Split RAN refers to a network architecture that divides the functions of a traditional base
station into separate units, which can be located in different physical or logical locations. This

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approach allows for greater flexibility, scalability, and efficiency in the deployment and management
of the Radio Access Network (RAN). The concept of Split RAN is particularly relevant in the context 5
of modern network architectures like Centralized RAN (C-RAN) and Virtualized RAN (vRAN).

20. Define NFV.

Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is a network architecture concept that uses

virtualization technologies to manage and deploy network functions as software applications running
on standard, commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware, rather than relying on specialized,
proprietary hardware appliances. NFV aims to increase the flexibility, scalability, and efficiency of
network infrastructure.

21. List the benefits of NFV.

Cost Reduction:

• Lower Capital Expenditure (CapEx): Reduces the need for specialized, proprietary
hardware by using standard commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) servers and storage.
• Lower Operational Expenditure (OpEx): Simplifies network management and reduces
maintenance costs due to the use of virtualization and automation.

Increased Flexibility and Agility:

• Rapid Deployment: Enables faster deployment of new network functions and services by
deploying them as software applications rather than physical hardware.
• Dynamic Scaling: Allows for the scaling of network functions up or down based on demand,
improving resource utilization and efficiency.

Enhanced Network Scalability:

• Elasticity: Facilitates elastic scaling of network resources, allowing the network to adapt to
varying traffic loads and service requirements.
• Service Chaining: Supports dynamic creation and management of service chains, enabling
complex network services to be assembled and managed more easily.

Improved Innovation and Service Differentiation:

• Faster Time-to-Market: Accelerates the introduction of new network services and features
by enabling rapid development and deployment of VNFs.
• Service Customization: Enables more flexible and customizable network services, allowing
operators to offer differentiated services tailored to specific customer needs.

22. What is the role of NFV in 5G networks?

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 In 5G networks, Network Function Virtualization (NFV) plays a critical role in enabling the
advanced capabilities, flexibility, and scalability required to support a wide range of new services and 6
use cases.

23. What is vEPC?

vEPC, or virtualized Evolved Packet Core, is a virtualized implementation of the Evolved

Packet Core (EPC) used in 4G LTE networks. The EPC is a key component of the LTE network
architecture responsible for handling various core network functions, including mobility management,
session management, and data routing.

24. List out the network functions performed by 5G NG-core architecture.

The 5G Next-Generation Core (NG-Core) architecture is designed to support the advanced

capabilities and requirements of 5G networks, including enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-
reliable low-latency communications (URLLC), and massive machine-type communications
(mMTC). The NG-Core architecture consists of several key network functions that handle various
aspects of core network operations.

25. List out the non standalone architecture of VNF.

1.vRAN
2.vEPC

PART-B
1. Elaborate on the need for a 5G network, its characteristics and features in detail.
2. Explain in detail about RAN.
3. Discuss about the network functions of the NG-core with its architecture.
4. Explain the benefits, needs and role of vEPC in 5G networks.
5. Compare and contrast the key parameters of 4G and 5G networks.
6. Discuss about the node functions of the NG-core with necessary diagram.

UNIT-II 5G CONCEPTS AND CHALLENGES

PART-A
1. Mention the Emerging technologies supported by 5G.
• Internet of Things (IoT)
• Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)
• Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC)
• Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR)
• Autonomous Vehicles
• Smart Cities
• Advanced Manufacturing and Logistics

2. What is IMT-2020?
MT-2020 stands for International Mobile Telecommunications for the year

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 2020. It is the designation given by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) to
the global standard for the 5G mobile network technology. IMT-2020 defines the 7
requirements and performance criteria for 5G networks and ensures that they meet
international standards for performance, functionality, and service quality.
3. What is eMBB?
Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) is one of the key use cases and performance
requirements defined for 5G networks. It focuses on significantly improving the broadband
experience for users by providing faster data rates, higher capacity, and enhanced
connectivity.
4. What is Massive machine –type commuications?

Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC) is one of the key use cases

defined for 5G networks, focusing on connecting a large number of devices and sensors
that generate and exchange data. This use case is designed to address the needs of
applications that involve a vast number of connected machines or IoT (Internet of Things)
devices.

5. List out the functions of 5G-NG core.

. 1. Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF)
2. Session Management Function (SMF)
3. User Plane Function (UPF)
4. Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF)
5. Policy Control Function (PCF)
6. What is beam forming?

Beam forming is a signal processing technique used in wireless communication

systems to direct and focus the transmission or reception of radio signals in specific
directions. This technique improves the quality, range, and efficiency of wireless
communication by controlling the directionality of the signal and minimizing interference.

7. What is the core attributes of 5G?

• Flexible
• Agile
• Scalable
• Tunable

8. Define MIMO.
MIMO stands for Multiple Input Multiple Output. It is a wireless communication
technology that uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver ends to improve
the performance and capacity of a wireless communication system. MIMO is a key
technology used in modern wireless networks, including 4G LTE and 5G, to enhance data
rates, coverage, and reliability

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 9. What are the characteristics of cloud-native applications?
Microservices, Containerization, Scalability and Elasticity, Security and Compliance 8
10. What is the significance of massive MIMO?
Enhanced Data Rates, Improved Network Capacity, Enhanced Coverage and Reliability,
Increased Energy Efficiency, Scalability and Flexibility, Reduced Latency.
11. List out the functions of 5G core..
• Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF)
• Session Management Function (SMF)
• User Plane Function (UPF)
• Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF)
• Policy Control Function (PCF)
12. Identify the significant radio access technologies for 5G deployment.

New Radio (NR), Massive MIMO, Beam forming, Carrier Aggregation (CA),
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Network Slicing.
13. What is the significance of massive MIMO?

Massive MIMO is a crucial technology in modern wireless networks, particularly in

5G, due to its ability to significantly enhance data throughput, spectral efficiency,
coverage, and reliability. It supports a higher user density, improves energy efficiency, and
offers scalability and flexibility, making it essential for meeting the demands of
contemporary and future network applications. By leveraging its advanced capabilities,
Massive MIMO helps deliver the high-performance, high-capacity, and reliable
connectivity required for a wide range of use cases and services.
14. Define EPC and its functios.

The Evolved Packet Core (EPC) is a key component of the LTE network
architecture, providing essential functions for data session management, user mobility,
authentication, and connectivity with external networks. Its primary components include
the Serving Gateway (SGW), Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW), Mobility
Management Entity (MME), Home Subscriber Server (HSS), and Policy and Charging
Rules Function (PCRF). Together, these components ensure high-speed data transfer,
efficient session management, secure user access, and effective policy enforcement,
enabling the robust performance and functionality of LTE networks.

15. What is CUPS in EPC?

Control and User Plane Separation (CUPS) in the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) is a significant
architectural advancement that enhances the scalability, performance, and flexibility of the network.
By separating the control plane from the user plane, CUPS enables independent scaling, improves
data handling efficiency, and provides cost-effective solutions for network management and
optimization. This approach is crucial for supporting the high demands and diverse requirements of
modern and future mobile networks.

16. What is DÉCOR and enhanced DÉCOR in 5G technology?

DÉCOR and Enhanced DÉCOR are frameworks for optimizing the deployment and

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 capacity of radio networks. DÉCOR focuses on improving coverage, capacity, and resource
allocation through traditional methods, while Enhanced DÉCOR incorporates advanced analytics, 9
machine learning, and real-time adjustments to address the complexities of 5G networks. Enhanced
DÉCOR provides a more sophisticated approach to managing network performance, optimizing
resource use, and ensuring efficient deployment in the evolving landscape of 5G technology.
17. What are the usages of NFV and SDN in 5G networks?
NFV and SDN are integral to the design and operation of 5G networks, offering enhanced
flexibility, scalability, and efficiency. NFV enables the virtualization of network functions, reducing
costs and improving resource management. SDN provides centralized control and dynamic network
configuration, enhancing agility and optimizing performance. Together, these technologies support
the advanced capabilities of 5G networks, including network slicing, automation, and improved
service delivery.

PART-B
1. Discuss in detail about the usage scenarios of 5G technology with their services.
2. With neat illustrations, explain in detail about the capabilities of 5G technology.
3. Outline the concept of 5G core network architecture with neat diagram.
4. Explain the 5G new radio and cloud technologies.
5. Discuss in detail about the key radio access technologies with neat illustrations.
6. Explain about Evolved Packet Core (EPC) architecture for 5G with its key functions.

UNIT –III NETWORK ARCHITECTURE AND THE PROCESSES

PART-A

1. Compare service based architecture with EPC architecture.

• SBA represents a modern, modular, and flexible approach to network architecture, leveraging
microservices, cloud-native principles, and dynamic service composition. It supports
advanced 5G features and future network requirements.
• EPC is the traditional core network architecture for 4G LTE, characterized by more
monolithic and tightly coupled network functions. While it has served as the backbone of
mobile networks, it is being gradually replaced by SBA in the transition to 5G.
2. List out the benefits of network slicing.
Network slicing offers significant benefits by providing customization, flexibility, and
resource optimization. It enhances QoS, network efficiency, and scalability while supporting
diverse use cases and innovative services. Additionally, network slicing improves security, cost
efficiency, and user experience, and supports the deployment of private networks. These
advantages make network slicing a powerful tool for optimizing and managing modern network
infrastructures, especially in the context of 5G and beyond.
3. What are the different requirements to be addressed by a network slice?
Network slices must address a range of requirements to ensure they meet the needs of
different services and applications. These requirements include performance, QoS, security,
resource management, flexibility, management and orchestration, reliability, compliance,

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 interoperability, cost efficiency, and user experience. Meeting these requirements ensures that
each network slice can effectively support its intended use case and deliver the desired outcomes. 10
4. Mention the main tools for UP path management.
The main tools for UP path management include NFV tools, SDN controllers, UPF
management tools, network slicing management systems, traffic engineering tools, session
management systems, data plane optimization tools, configuration management tools, and
performance monitoring and reporting tools. These tools work together to ensure efficient,
flexible, and reliable management of user plane paths in modern networks.
5. What are the MEC use cases?
Consumer –Oriented services
Operator- Oriented services
Network Performance - Oriented services
6. Illustrate the three SSC modes.
The three SSC modes in 5G network architecture cater to different service continuity and
session management needs:
SSC Mode 1: Provides a continuous anchor for both signaling and user data paths,
ensuring session continuity and stability.
SSC Mode 2: Focuses on session management and service control without anchoring user
plane traffic, suitable for flexible service-based models.
SSC Mode 3: Supports partial service continuity with session management, allowing for
some service interruptions while maintaining control.
7. List out the basic 5GSM procedures.

The basic 5GSM procedures encompass various aspects of network management and
operation, including registration, authentication, connection establishment, session management,
mobility, bearer management, location management, service requests, context transfer, UE context
release, network slicing management, and charging. These procedures ensure efficient and effective
operation of the 5G network, supporting diverse services and applications.
8. What is NGAP?
NGAP (Next Generation Application Protocol) is a protocol used in the 5G network
architecture, specifically between the Next Generation NodeB (gNB) and the Access and Mobility
Management Function (AMF). It plays a critical role in handling signaling and communication for
various functions in the 5G system.
9. What are the components of GTP-U?
The components of GTP-U include the GTP-U tunnel, GTP-U header, GTP-U data packets,
encapsulation and de capsulation processes, GTP-U endpoints, and various GTP-U procedures.
These components work together to manage and transport user data traffic efficiently across the
mobile network.
.
10. What is IPSec?
IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) is a suite of protocols designed to secure Internet
Protocol (IP) communications by authenticating and encrypting each IP packet within a
communication session. It operates at the network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model and provides a
framework for securing data transmissions over IP networks. IPsec is widely used for Virtual Private

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 Networks (VPNs) and other secure communication applications.
11
11. What is the significance of GRE?
GRE is a versatile and straightforward protocol used for encapsulating and transporting
various types of network traffic across IP networks. Its significance lies in its ability to create virtual
tunnels, support multiple protocols, and simplify network design and management. GRE is
commonly used in VPNs, carrier networks, and scenarios where protocol translation or integration is
needed.

12. Define MEC.

MEC (Multi-Access Edge Computing), also known as Mobile Edge Computing, is a
network architecture concept that brings computational resources, data storage, and applications
closer to the end-user by deploying them at the edge of the network, near the access points. MEC
aims to reduce latency, improve application performance, and enhance the overall user experience by
processing data locally rather than sending it back to a centralized data center or cloud.
13. Define edge computing..
Edge Computing is a distributed computing paradigm that brings computation and data
storage closer to the end-user by deploying resources at the edge of the network. It reduces latency,
improves performance, and enhances security by processing data locally rather than relying on
centralized data centers. Edge Computing supports a wide range of applications and use cases,
including IoT, real-time analytics, content delivery, and autonomous systems.
14. Compare 4G and 5G network architecture.

Core Network Architecture

4G (LTE) Network Architecture:

• Core Network: The 4G core network is based on the Evolved Packet Core (EPC).
o Components: Includes the Serving Gateway (SGW), Packet Data Network Gateway
(PGW), and Mobility Management Entity (MME).
o Function: Handles data and signaling for LTE, with a focus on providing high-speed
data services and efficient packet switching.

5G Network Architecture:

• Core Network: The 5G core network is based on the 5G Core (5GC).

o Components: Includes the User Plane Function (UPF), Session Management Function
(SMF), Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), and Network Exposure
Function (NEF).
o Function: Designed to support a variety of services with network slicing, low latency,
and high flexibility. The 5G core network is more service-oriented and supports
advanced features like network slicing and edge computing.

15. What is meant by NGAP?

NGAP (Next Generation Application Protocol) is a protocol used in the 5G mobile network

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 architecture for communication between network functions. Specifically, NGAP is used to facilitate
communication between the gNodeB (gNB) and the AMF (Access and Mobility Management 12
Function) in the 5G Core Network.
PART-B

1. Explain the concept of network slicing with examples.

2. Explain about end to end system architecture of 5G technology.
3. Explain the Multi-access Edge computing (MEC) and its role in 5G networks.
4. Explain about service continuity of 5G with its different modes.
5. With suitable block diagram, explain the mandatory components of 5G network.
6. Explain in detail about IP security and GRE protocols with neat illustrations.

UNIT-IV DYNAMIC SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT AND MM-WAVES

PART-A
1. Name the IOT functional blocks.
The IoT architecture consists of several functional blocks including Devices/Sensors,
Connectivity, Edge Computing, Data Processing/Analytics, Cloud Computing, Application Layer,
User Interface (UI), Security, and Management.
2. Write down the drawbacks of command and control method.
The command and control method, while providing clear structures and centralized authority,
has several drawbacks including lack of flexibility, reduced employee engagement, slow decision-
making, limited innovation, overburdened managers, poor communication, inability to leverage local
expertise, resistance to change, and potential for increased bureaucracy. These limitations can impact
an organization's ability to adapt, innovate, and respond effectively to dynamic environments.
3. List the different dimensions of spectrum sharing.
The domains of spectrum sharing include geographic, temporal, frequency, service, network,
regulatory, licensing, dynamic, and interference management domains. Each domain represents a
different aspect of how spectrum can be shared and managed, with various strategies and techniques
employed to optimize spectrum usage and minimize interference.
4. Define CUS.
CUS stands for Cellular User Service in the context of telecommunications, particularly
relating to cellular networks and services. However, its meaning might vary depending on the
specific context or region. In general, CUS is associated with providing and managing various
services for cellular users.
5. Mention the different types of multiplexing access.
The different types of multiplexing access techniques include Time-Division Multiplexing
(TDM), Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM), Code-Division Multiplexing (CDM),
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM), Spatial-Division Multiplexing (SDM), Orthogonal
Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Orthogonal Time-Frequency Space (OTFS), and Carrier
Sense Multiple Access (CSMA).
6. List out the different types of spectrum sharing.
Horizontal , Vertical and Hierarchical spectrum sharing

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7 .Define spectrum trading.
Spectrum trading is the process of buying, selling, or leasing spectrum rights to facilitate more 13
efficient and flexible use of frequency resources. It involves market-based transactions, governed by
regulatory frameworks, and aims to optimize spectrum utilization by transferring rights to those who
can use them most effectively.
8. Define Cognitive Radio.
Cognitive Radio (CR) is a sophisticated radio technology that enhances spectrum utilization by
dynamically sensing, adapting, and accessing available frequency bands. It features spectrum
sensing, dynamic spectrum access, adaptive transmission, interference management, learning and
decision-making, opportunistic spectrum usage, and regulatory compliance.
9. Define spectrum handover.
Spectrum handover refers to the process of transferring the use of a specific frequency band
or channel from one user or device to another. This process is crucial for maintaining continuous and
reliable communication as users or devices move, or as network conditions change. Spectrum
handover is essential in dynamic spectrum management and cognitive radio systems, ensuring that
spectrum resources are utilized efficiently and effectively.
10. List the key parameters of millimeter waves.
Frequency Range, Wavelength, Propagation Characteristics, Path Loss, Atmospheric
Absorption, Bandwidth, Beamforming and Antenna Characteristics, Interference and Multipath
Effects, Device Size and Integration, and Security and Privacy.
11. Define hard and soft hand off.
Hard Handoff involves a break in connectivity during the transition between base stations,
leading to potential interruptions in service. It is simpler but may result in noticeable delays. Soft
Handoff maintains connections with multiple base stations simultaneously, providing a seamless
transition without service interruption but requiring more complex coordination and managing
multiple active connections.
12. Define CoA.
Change of Access (CoA) refers to the process of updating or changing the access network or
point of attachment for a device. It is essential for managing network connections during handoffs,
ensuring continuous connectivity, and optimizing network performance as devices move or change
their access points.
13. What is meant by mobility binding?
Mobility Binding refers to the process of associating a mobile device's identifier or address
with its current network location or access point. This association enables the network to route
incoming data packets or services to the correct device, even as the device moves between different
network locations. Mobility binding is crucial for maintaining seamless communication and
uninterrupted service as a device transitions across different networks or access points.
14. What is meant by advertisement lifetime?
Advertisement Lifetime refers to the duration for which a network advertisement or
announcement is considered valid and usable before it expires or needs to be refreshed. In the
context of networking and mobile communication, this concept is relevant for maintaining and
managing network information and connectivity.

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 15. Define network prefix.
Network Prefix refers to a portion of an IP address that identifies the network segment or 14
subnet within a larger network. It is used to determine the network part of an IP address, allowing
devices to understand which portion of the IP address specifies the network and which specifies the
host.

PART-B
1. Explain the concept of mobility management in signal transmission.
2. Explain about the command and control methods in detail.
3. Define spectrum. Differentiate the spectrum trading from spectrum sharing.
4. Explain the needs of cognitive radio and highlight the features of cognitive radio.
5. Explain in detail with the necessary setup for measuring the millimeter waves in real time
scenario.
6. Discuss about the various components which are used in the Hand-off management.

UNIT-V SECURITY IN 5G NETWORKS

PART-A

1. Mention the system requirements in 5G networks.

5G network system requirements include high-speed data transmission, low latency, massive
device connectivity, efficient spectrum utilization, network slicing, advanced radio access technology,
upgraded backhaul and fronthaul infrastructure, edge computing, enhanced security, adherence to
standards, energy efficiency, network management and automation, and effective QoS management.
2 . Define Ciphering.
Ciphering is the process of encrypting data to secure its confidentiality and protect it from
unauthorized access. It involves applying encryption algorithms to convert plaintext into ciphertext,
ensuring that only authorized parties with the correct decryption key can access the original
information. Ciphering is essential in telecommunications and data communications for protecting
sensitive information and maintaining secure communications.
3. What is meant by Integrity protection.
Integrity Protection refers to the measures and techniques used to ensure that data or
information remains unaltered and authentic during transmission or storage. It ensures that data has
not been tampered with, modified, or corrupted by unauthorized parties, thereby preserving its
accuracy and trustworthiness.
4. Define cryptographic keys.
Cryptographic Keys are critical components in encryption and decryption processes, ensuring
the security and confidentiality of data. They come in symmetric (single key) and asymmetric (key
pairs) types, are generated using cryptographic algorithms, and require effective management to
maintain security. Key sizes, key exchange methods, and key rotation practices are essential for
robust cryptographic security.
5. Define key separation.
Key separation is a concept in cryptography and security that refers to the practice of keeping

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 different cryptographic keys or sensitive pieces of information separate to enhance security. The idea
is to minimize the risk of a security breach by ensuring that the compromise of one key or piece of 15
information does not lead to the compromise of other related keys or systems.
6. What are the various domains in security architecture based on 3 GPP?
• User Equipment (UE) Domain: Secures mobile devices and their communication with the
network.
• Access Network Domain: Protects the communication between user equipment and the core
network.
• Core Network Domain: Secures the core network elements and their interactions.
• Service Domain: Ensures the security of network services and applications.
• Network Management Domain: Secures network management systems and interfaces.
• Signaling Domain: Protects signaling protocols and messages.
• Data Protection Domain: Safeguards user data during transmission and storage.
• Identity Management Domain: Manages user identities and credentials.
7. Mention the various security features in the network access security.
• Authentication: Verifying identities of users and devices.
• Authorization: Granting access based on permissions and policies.
• Encryption: Protecting data through encryption.
• Integrity Protection: Ensuring data integrity and preventing tampering.
• Key Management: Handling cryptographic keys securely.
8. Which are all referred to network domain security?
• User Equipment (UE) Domain: Secures mobile devices and user access.
• Access Network Domain: Protects the communication between devices and the core
network.
• Core Network Domain: Secures core network infrastructure and elements.
• Service Domain: Ensures the security of network services and applications.
• Network Management Domain: Secures network management and configuration
systems.
• Signaling Domain: Protects signaling protocols and messages.
• Data Protection Domain: Safeguards user data during transmission and storage.
• Identity Management Domain: Manages and protects user identities and credentials.
9. Define Quality of service.
Quality of Service (QoS) is a critical aspect of network management that ensures the
efficient and reliable delivery of network services by managing traffic and resource allocation.
10. List out the goals to be considered while developing 5G QoS framework.
• Support for Diverse Use Cases: Tailor QoS for various applications and services.
• High Performance and Low Latency: Achieve minimal latency and high throughput.
• Scalability: Handle large numbers of connections and traffic loads.
• Flexible and Dynamic Resource Allocation: Adapt to changing network conditions.
• End-to-End QoS Assurance: Maintain consistent performance across the network.
• Integration with Network Slicing: Align QoS with network slices.

11. List the threats in 5G.

• Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks
• Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks
• Identity Theft and Impersonation

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 • Network Slicing Attacks
• Data Breaches 16
12. Define device spoofing.

` Device spoofing is a type of cyberattack where an attacker masquerades as a legitimate

device or entity within a network to gain unauthorized access, intercept communications, or
manipulate data.

13.What is meant by denial of services?

Denial of Service (DoS) is an attack aimed at disrupting the availability of a service, network,
or system by overwhelming it with excessive traffic or exploiting vulnerabilities.
14. Define Jamming..
Jamming refers to the intentional disruption of radio communications by
emitting interfering signals that overwhelm or obstruct legitimate transmissions.
15. Define eavesdropping.
Eavesdropping refers to the unauthorized interception and monitoring of private
communications, typically involving electronic or digital transmissions. The objective of
eavesdropping is to gain access to sensitive or confidential information without the
knowledge or consent of the parties involved in the communication.

PART-B

1. Explain the security architecture for different security domain.

2. Elaborate the concept of quality of service in 4G and 5G networks.
3. Categorize the different types of QoS framework utilized in security of 5G networks.
4. Explain the various threats in 5G and the various ways to mitigate them.
5. Explain the importance of 5G networks in real time scenario and mention the security features in
5G networks.
6. Classify the following
i) Network domain security
ii) User domain security
iii) Application domain security
iv) SBA domain security
v) Network access security.

Department of ECE