HALF YEARLY EXAM 2024

Question Bank
Class 09 - Cells

Section A
1. Silver nitrate solution is used to study

a) Mitochondria b) Golgi apparatus

c) Nucleus d) Endoplasmic reticulum

2. 1 μ m is

a) 10-3 m b) 10-10 m

c) 10-9 m d) 10-6 m

3. Which cell organelle plays a crucial role in detoxifying many poison and drugs in a cell?

a) Lysosomes b) Vacules

c) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum d) Golgi apparatus

4. Which of the following acts as a garbage disposal system of the cell?

a) Vacuole b) Lysosome

c) Peroxisome d) Golgi body

5. Plant cell does not burst in a hypotonic solution because ________.

a) Its cell sap is rich in cellulose b) Its cell sap is more concentrated

c) Its cell wall resists bursting d) It does not have lysosomes

6. Following are a few definitions of osmosis read carefully and select the correct definition.

a) Movement of solvent molecules from its b) Movement of solvent molecules from higher
higher concentration to lower concentration concentration to lower concentration of
solution through a permeable membrane

c) Movement of solute molecules from lower d) Movement of water molecules from a

concentration to higher concentration of region of higher concentration to a region of
solution through a semipermeable lower concentration through a
membrane semipermeable membrane
7. A cell has 10 chromosomes. After mitotic cell division, the number of chromosomes in the daughter cell will be:

a) 10 b) 4

c) 20 d) 5
8. The cell sap in plant cells consists of:

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 a) water + organic substances b) both (water only) and (water + inorganic
substances)

c) water only d) water + inorganic substances

9. The structure/organelle of a cell that functions as a passage for intracellular transport as well as a manufacturing surface
is:

a) endoplasmic reticulum b) plastids

c) plasma membrane d) ribosome

10. Among the following cell organelles P, Q, R and S, which is the odd one out?

a) S, because the others are membrane bound b) R, because the others are involved in protein
cell organelles. storage.

c) P, because the others are involved in cell d) Q, because the others are involved in energy
secretion. production.
11. Chromosomes are made up of

a) RNA b) DNA

c) DNA and protein d) Protein

12. 70-80% of the volume of a mature plant cell is occupied by:

a) cytoplasm b) vacuole

c) nucleus d) endoplasmic reticulum

13. Lipid molecules in the cell are synthesized by

a) Plastids b) Rough endoplasmic reticulum

c) Golgi apparatus d) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

14. The energy currency of the cell is:

a) AMP b) GTP

c) ATP d) ADP
15. A eukaryotic nucleus has a:

a) non-porous, single membrane b) porous, single membrane

c) porous, double membrane d) non-porous, double membrane

16. The major function of the Golgi apparatus is:

a) secretion b) detoxification

c) fermentation d) translocation
17. The cell organelles with digestive enzymes are:

a) food vacuoles b) Golgi appartus

c) lysosomes d) ribosomes

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18. The cell organelle involved in forming complex sugars from simple sugars are

a) Endoplasmic reticulum b) Plastids

c) Golgi apparatus d) Ribosomes

19. Where are proteins synthesised inside the cells?

a) Over the Nucleus b) Over centrosome

c) Over the Ribosomes d) Over Golgi bodies

20. Unicellular algae X and Y of the same species were taken and chloroplasts were removed from cell X. After some time,
they both were kept in bright sunlight for few hours and then iodine test was performed on them. What will be the
results?

a) Cell Y will turn blue-black. b) Both X and Y will remain as they originally
were.

c) Cell X will turn blue-black d) Both X and Y will turn blue-black.

21. Assertion (A): Cell wall is a non-living part of the cell.
Reason (R): It offers protection, definite shape and support.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

22. Assertion(A): Lysosome is called a suicidal bag.
Reason(R): Lysosomes contain certain digestive enzymes that help to auto digest the cell in case if there is an infection.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true and R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true and R is false. d) A is false and R is true.

23. Assertion (A): A cell membrane shows fluid behaviour.
Reason (R): A membrane is a mosaic of lipids and proteins.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

24. Assertion (A): A plant cell bursts if placed in water.
Reason (R): High turgor pressure causes bursting of plant cells.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

25. Assertion (A): Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis.
Reason (R): Leucoplasts store fats, starch, and proteins.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

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26. Assertion (A): RBC's kept in a hypotonic solution will swell.
Reason (R): Movement of water occurs from outside to inside the cell.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true and R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true and R is false. d) A is false and R is true.

27. Assertion (A): Plasma membrane is selectively permeable.
Reason (R): Plasma membrane allows some molecules to pass through it more easily than others.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

28. Assertion (A): The endoplasmic reticulum which lacks ribosomes is called the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER).
Reason (R): SER is mainly involved in protein synthesis.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

29. Assertion (A): Rahul’s mother was going to make pickle. For this, she cut the vegetables into small pieces and put them
in the sun for few hours the pickle swells.
Reason (R): The vegetables lose all the water by diffusion and evaporation and become dry.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

30. Assertion (A): Cell wall is found in only the animal cells.
Reason (R): Cell membrane is found in both plant and animal cells.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true and R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true and R is false. d) A is false and R is true.

31. Name the organelle which show the analogy as packaging and dispatching unit of the cell.
32. What is the outermost layer found in the plant cell?
33. Which organelle is the storage sac of solid and liquid materials?
34. What is isotonic solution?
35. What are the consequences of the condition of a cell containing higher water concentration than the surrounding
medium?
36. We eat food composed of all the nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water. After
digestion, these are absorbed in the form of glucose, aminoacids, fatty acids, glycerol etc. What mechanisms are
involved in absorption of digested food and water?
37. What is active transport?
38. What is hypertonic solution?
39. What are the consequences of a cell having equal water concentration to its surrounding medium?
40. In brief state what happens when Golgi apparatus is removed from the cell?

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 Section B
41. What would happen if the plasma membrane ruptures or breaks down?
42. What is ATP? Write its full form.
43. Draw the structure of mitochondria.
44. How are chromatin, chromatid and chromosomes related to each other?
45. If you are provided with some vegetables to cook, you generally add salt into the vegetables. After adding salt,
vegetables release water. Why?
46. What is the main function of each of the following organelles ?(a) Golgi bodies (b) Vacuole
47. Where do the lipids and proteins constituting the cell membrane get synthesised?
48. Differentiate between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. How is the endoplasmic reticulum important for
membrane biogenesis?
49. What is the importance of nucleus?
50. Why is plasma membrane called selectively permeable membrane?
51. Draw a plant cell and label the parts -
a. Synthesize food
b. produce energy
c. The storehouse of organic substances like protein, organic acids
d. Packages material coming from the endoplasmic reticulum
e. Determine the function and development of the cell.
52. How does an Amoeba obtain its food?
53. Which type of ribosomes are found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
54. What is cytosol and cytoskeleton?
55. Why are lysosomes known as suicide bags?
56. What is the functional unit of life ? Define it.

57.

a. Identify the above figure.

b. Label X and Y.
c. What is the function of X?
58. Do you agree "A cell is a building unit of an organism". If yes, explain why.
59. What happens when cell is placed in -
(a) Hypertonic solution
(b) Hypotonic solution
(c) Isotonic solution
60. How is a bacterial cell different from an onion peel cell?
Section C
61. Write main differences between plant cell and animal cell.
62. In brief, state what happens when dry apricots are left for some time in pure water and later transferred to sugar solution?

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63. Differentiate between RER and SER
64. Observe the diagram of the cell below - answer the following questions.

i. Label the parts of the cell

ii. what function does part 1 perform?
iii. If the organelle 2 is removed from the cell, what effect is it going to make on the functions of the cell?
iv. Identify, whether it is plant cell or animal cell
v. Which structure is called 'Powerhouse of the cells'?
65. What is the difference between plasma membrane and cell wall ? Give the functions of each one.
Section D
66. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Plant cells, in addition to the plasma membrane, have another rigid outer covering called the cell wall. The cell wall lies
outside the plasma membrane. The plant cell wall is mainly composed of cellulose. The nucleus has a double-layered
covering called a nuclear membrane. The nuclear membrane has pores that allow the transfer of material from inside the
nucleus to its outside, that is, to the cytoplasm. The nucleus contains chromosomes, which are visible as rod-shaped
structures only when the cell is about to divide. Chromosomes contain information for the inheritance of characters from
parents to the next generation in the form of DNA. The nucleus plays a central role in cellular reproduction, the process
by which a single cell divides and forms two new cells.
i. Cellulose is a complex substance which provides? (1)
ii. What are chromosomes made up of? (1)
iii. How is plasmolysis in a plant cell defined? (2)
OR
In which type of solution will the cell shrink? (2)
67. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Leeuwenhoek discovered the free-living cells in pond water for the first time. Robert Brown discovered the nucleus in
the cell. A single cell may constitute a whole organism as in Amoeba. These organisms are called unicellular organisms.
On the other hand, many cells group together in a single body and assume different functions in it to form various body
parts in multicellular organisms. The shape and size of cells are related to the specific function they perform. Each living
cell has the capacity to perform certain basic functions that are characteristic of all living forms. Each kind of cell
organelle performs a special function, such as making new material in the cell, clearing up the waste material from the
cell and so on.
i. Who first discovered cells? (1)
ii. Is Chlamydomonas a unicellular or multicellular organism? (1)
iii. Who suggested that all cells arise from pre-existing cells? (2)
OR

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 Identify the given cell. (2)

Section E
68. Make a comparison and write down ways in which plant cells are different from animal cells.
69. Why are mitochondria called powerhouse of the cell? Give three similarities and one difference between mitochondria
and plastid.
70. Draw a plant cell and label the parts which
i. determines the function and development of the cell
ii. packages materials coming from the endoplasmic reticulum
iii. provides resistance to microbes to withstand hypotonic external media without bursting
iv. is site for many biochemical reactions necessary to sustain life.
v. is a fluid contained inside the nucleus
71. Grass looks green, papaya appears yellow. Which cell organelle is responsible for this?
72. Draw a neat labelled diagram of an animal cell.
73. i. State what will happen when human red blood cells are placed in a hypotonic salt/sugar solution.
ii. Why plant cell shrinks when kept in a hypertonic solution.
iii. Why lysosomes are known as suicidal bags?
74. Write the main functions of atleast ten cell components.
75. Explain main functional regions of a cell with the help of a diagram.

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 HALF YEARLY EXAM 2024
Question Bank Solutions
Class IX - Cells

Section A
1.
(b) Golgi apparatus
Explanation: Silver nitrate is an inorganic, irritant, colourless, water-soluble, poisonous, clear, crystalline compound. It is used
in photography and silver plating. Silver nitrate solution is used to study Golgi apparatus. Golgi apparatus is an organelle in
eukaryotic cells.
2.
(d) 10-6 m
Explanation: The value of 1 μm is 10-6 m.
3.
(c) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Explanation: Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulumis not only plays a role in detoxification but also regulates and releases calcium
ions. These are the network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell. They are involved in the transport of
materials.
4.
(b) Lysosome
Explanation: The lysosome is a membrane-bound organelle found in nearly all animal cells. They are spherical vesicles that
contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down many kinds of biomolecules. It is also known as suicidal bags or the Garbage
disposal system as it cleans the degenerating cells inside the body.
5.
(c) Its cell wall resists bursting
Explanation: Cell wall exerts a pressure on the cytoplasm in the opposite direction. It prevents bursting of the cell in a
hypotonic solution and limits endosmosis to a certain extent.
6.
(d) Movement of water molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through a
semipermeable membrane
Explanation: Osmosis is the passive movement of water or any other solvent molecules from a region of higher water
concentration to a region of lower water concentration through a semipermeable membrane.
7. (a) 10
Explanation: Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle where replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. During
mitotic division, the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells remains the same. Therefore, a cell having 10 chromosomes
will produce daughter cells that have 10 chromosomes each.
8.
(b) both (water only) and (water + inorganic substances)
Explanation: The liquid found inside the plant cell vacuole is referred to as the cell sap and it is a dilute fluid consisting of
water, amino acids, glucose i.e. (water + inorganic substances), water may also be inhabited with a negligible amount of salts
because it somehow depends on the mineral excess inside the body of plants. The excess material is temporarily stored inside
the cell sap. Thus, vacuoles act as storehouses in plants.
9. (a) endoplasmic reticulum
Explanation: The SER helps in the manufacture of fat molecules, or lipids, important for cell function. One function of the ER
is to serve as channels for the transport of materials (especially proteins) between various regions of the cytoplasm or between
the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
10. (a) S, because the others are membrane bound cell organelles.
Explanation: Figures 'P', ‘Q’, ‘R and ‘S’ represent mitochondrion, vacuole, chloroplast and ribosome, respectively

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11.
(c) DNA and protein
Explanation: Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones that support its
structure.
12.
(b) vacuole
Explanation: Vacuoles occupy a very large part of the cell volume in plants. Upton 95% of cellular volume can be occupied by
them.
13.
(d) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Explanation: The smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes and functions in lipid manufacture and metabolism, the
production of steroid hormones, and detoxification.
14.
(c) ATP
Explanation: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is called as the energy currency of the cell. The energy produced by a cell during
internal respiration is stored in the form of ATP molecules. ATP breaks into ADP and phosphate to produce energy during
cellular processes.
15.
(c) porous, double membrane
Explanation: The bounding structure of the eukaryotic nucleus. Composed of two phospholipid bilayers with the outer one
connected to the endoplasmic reticulum. Double membrane structure riddled with pores that surround deoxyribonucleic acid in
eukaryotes. The nuclear pores, like guards at an important government building, are very strict.
16. (a) secretion
Explanation: The Golgi apparatus is the organelle in which proteins are prepared for secretion and undergo terminal
glycosylation.
17.
(c) lysosomes
Explanation: Lysosomes are the organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing hydrolytic enzymes enclosed in a
membrane.
18.
(c) Golgi apparatus
Explanation: Golgi bodies consist of a system of membrane-bound vesicles arranged in stacks parallel to each other called
cisterns. These membranes have connections with the membrane of endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Functions:
1. It also stores, modifies and helps in the packaging of products in vesicles.
2. In some cases, complex sugars may be made from simple sugars in it.
3. It also helps in the formation of lysosomes.

19.
(c) Over the Ribosomes
Explanation: The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) has ribosomes attached to its surface. Ribosomes are the sites of
protein manufacture. They are associated with the synthesis of proteins from amino acids.
20. (a) Cell Y will turn blue-black.
Explanation: Algae contains chloroplast. Under the sunlight, algae will photosynthesise and produces starch. As cell X lacked
chloroplast, it will not make starch while the cell Y will make it. Starch turns blue-black in the presence of iodine. Cell Y made
starch by photosynthesis, thus it will turn blue-black with iodine solution.
21. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Cell wall is a non-living part of the cell. It is an outer, rigid, protective, supportive and semi-transparent covering
of plant cells only. The cell wall lies outside the plasma membrane. The cell wall is mainly composed of cellulose. It provides a
definite shape to the cell. It protects plasma membrane and internal structures from the attack of pathogens and mechanical
injury.

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22. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Lysosomes help in autodigestion of cells hence they are regarded as a suicidal bag.
23. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: A cell membrane shows fluid behaviour. It was proved by fluid- mosaic model of a biomembrane by Singer and
Nicolson in 1972. According to this model, the membrane does not have a uniform disposition of lipids and proteins but is a
mosaic of the two. Further, the membrane is not solid but is quasi fluid.
24.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation: Plant cells have cell wall to counteract turgor pressure (T.P.) by exerting exactly equal and opposite wall
pressure. Wall pressure stops the entry of water into plant cells beyond a certain limit thus prevents their bursting.
25.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis while leucoplasts are storage plastids.
26. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: This process is called endosmosis when water moves from outside into cell and cell swell in size.
27. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Each cell is bound by an extremely delicate, thin, elastic, selectively permeable, living membrane called plasma
membrane. It is selectively permeable as it allows some molecules to pass through more easily than others.
28.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) possesses smooth membranes which do not bear ribosomes. SER is
responsible for synthesis of fats inside the cells of adipose tissue, formation of sphaerosomes, synthesis of glycogen as well as
glycogenolysis (hydrolysis of glycogen) in liver cells, synthesis of sterols and steroid hormones as in the interstitial cells of
testis and ovary and formation of visual pigments from vitamin A in retinal cells.
29.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation: Rahul’s mother was going to make pickle. For this, she cut the vegetables into small pieces and put them in the
sun for few hours the pickle shrinks. The vegetables lose all the water by diffusion and evaporation and become dry.
30.
(d) A is false and R is true.
Explanation: The cell wall is found only in plant cells, outer to the cell membranes.
31. The organelle that shows the analogy as the packaging and dispatching unit of the cell is Golgi complex.
32. Cell wall
33. Vacuoles
34. A solution having solute concentration same as that of the cell sap is called isotonic solution.
35. The cell will lose water and will shrink, i.e. exosmosis.
36. Digested food and water are absorbed by the process of diffusion and osmosis.
37. The movement of molecules across a membrane in cells against a concentration gradient with the help of ATP units is called
active transport.
38. A solution having solute concentration higher than that of the cell sap is called hypertonic solution.
39. If a cell having equal water concentration to its surrounding medium then there will be no movement of water across the cell
membrane as the isotonic condition persists in the solvent.
40. The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the transport of proteins and lipids and fatty materials to other cell organelles. If it is
removed some cell organelles will stop working.
Section B
41. Plasma membrane is the selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cell and allows the entry and exit of selected
materials of the cell. If it ruptures, the contents of the cell will come in direct contact with the surrounding medium and not only
unwanted material will be able to enter freely into the cell, but useful material will also find its way out of the cell easily. This will
seriously disrupt the various metabolic activities of the cell and will result in its eminent death.
42. Energy rich molecules are called ATP. ATP is called energy currency of the cell. ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate

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43. Structure of mitochondrion:

44. Chromatin is a thin thread-like structure which is composed of DNA (deoxy ribonucleic acid) and proteins to form a rod-like
chromatid. Two similar chromatids attach to a centromere to form a chromosome.
45. When salt is added, a hypotonic medium is created, i.e., the concentration of salt molecules is more outside the vegetables than
inside. Hence, due to osmosis water from the vegetables come out.
46. (a) The Golgi body has a number of functions, including sorting and processing proteins. Proteins are synthesized in the rough
endoplasmic reticulum, then they travel to the Golgi body. While in the Golgi body, they are processed and sent throughout the
cell. The Golgi body is also responsible for determining which proteins are to be transported outside the cell.
(b) Vacuoles are involved in the maintenance of water balance. A vacuole is used whenever a large amount of substance is taken
in through endocytosis, or excreted through exocytosis. Vacuoles are able to store many different types of molecules. Fat cells, for
instance, store huge amounts of lipids in specialized vacuoles. This allows single cells to store a large amount of fat, which
organisms can use when resources
47. The endoplasmic reticulum is of two types:
i) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER): It is responsible for the synthesis of lipids constituting cell membrane.
ii) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER): It bears the ribosomes and is therefore responsible for the synthesis of proteins
constituting cell membrane.

48. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosomes are present on the surface. Ribosomes are absent.

Involved in the synthesis of protein. Involved in the synthesis of fat and lipid.
ER makes lipid and protein which are the two important constituents of the plasma membrane. The biogenesis of the plasma
membrane is dependent on the endoplasmic reticulum.
49. Significance of nucleus are –
(a) It control all the activities of the cell
(b) It helps in cell division
(c) It transfer genetic information from one generation to another
50. The cell membrane or the plasma membrane is known as a selectively permeable membrane because it regulates the movement of
substances in and out of the cell. This means that the plasma membrane allows the entry of only some substances and prevents the
movement of some other materials.
51. a. Chloroplast
b. Mitochondrion
c. Vacuole
d. Dictyosomes
e. Nucleus

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 f.

52. Amoeba feeds on microorganisms (like planktons) which float on water. It develops false feet or pseudopodia to surround the food
finally captures the food within a sac-like structure called the food vacuole inside which digestion of food takes place.

53. Ribosomes can be found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. Generally prokaryotic ribosomes are called 70S
ribosomes, which are smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes Ribosomes consist of two subunits, and these two subunits are called 30S
and 50S, the smaller unit and the larger unit respectively. Smaller subunit and larger subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes are described
as 40S and 60S respectively, and the whole ribosome is 80S. This is lager than the prokaryotic ribosome.
54. Cytosol is the semifluid part of the cell cytoplasm which is embedded with organelles.
Cytoskeleton is a network of fibers present in the cell which provides a supporting framework for the organelles.
55. Lysosomes are a kind of waste disposal system of the cell. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes against all types of organic
materials. If their covering membrane breaks as it happens during injury to cell, the digestive enzymes will spill over the cell
contents and digest the same. Therefore, lysosomes are called suicide bags as they can kill the cells possessing them.
56. All organisms are made up of cells. Each cell is capable of performing all life processes like respiration, execration, reproduction,
etc. This is why cell is called the basic functional unit of life. Each cell is acquires its structure and ability to function because of
organisation of its membrane and organelles in a specific way. This is why the cell is called the basic structural unit of life.
57. a. It is the figure of Nucleus
b. X- Nucleolus Y- Chromatin
c. The nucleus of many eukaryotic cells contains a structure called a nucleolus. As the nucleus is the "brain" of the cell, the
nucleolus could loosely be thought of as the brain of the nucleus. The nucleolus takes up around 25% of the volume of the
nucleus. Its main function is to rewrite ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and combine it with proteins. This results in the formation of
incomplete ribosomes.
58. An organism is made up of various organ systems like digestive system, nervous system, etc. These organ systems in turn are
made up of various organs which are made up of tissues. Also tissues are a group of cells performing the same function. Hence, a
cell is the building unit of an organism.
Cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism
59. (a) Cell will shrink due to exosmosis.
(b) Cell will swell up due to endosmosis
(c) There will be no net movement of solvent. Hence, there will be no change in the shape and size of the cell.
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60. Bacterial cell Onion peel cell

The cell wall is made of peptidoglycan. The cell wall is made of cellulose.

The nucleus is absent. The nucleus is present.

The vacuole is absent. The vacuole is present.

These are prokaryotes. These are eukaryotes.

Section C

61. Plant cells Animal cell

1.They are larger in size. 1.They are smaller in size.
2.Cell wall is present. 2. Cell wall is absent.
3. Lysosomes are absent or very few in number 3. Lysosomes are larger in number.
4. Plastids are present. 4. Plastids are absent.
5. Subunits of Golgi bodies known as dictyosomes are 5. Prominent Golgi bodies are
present. present.
6. Vacuoles are larger in size. 6. Vacuoles are smaller in size.
62. When dry apricots are left for some time in pure water, the apricots become swollen because they absorb water due to osmosis.
After that, when the swollen apricots are kept in a sugar solution, they lose water because of exosmosis and shrink again.

63. Sr.No. SER RER

1. Ribosomes are absent. Ribosomes occur over the surface of RER.

2. Synthesis is specialised to synthesize lipids and steroids. Synthesis is specialised to synthesize proteins.

The products pass into lumen of E.R. for transport to other

3. The products do not pass into lumen.
places.

4. Less stable More stable

Found in Epithelial cells, Intestinal cells, Sarcoplasmic

5. Found in Pancreatic Exocrine cells
Reticulum
64. a. 1. Cell membrane
2. Mitochondrion
3. RER
4. Chromosome
5. Nucleolus
b. Selective transport of substances.
c. Cell becomes energy deficient
d. Animal cell (cell wall absent)
e. Mitochondria
65. 1. Plasma Membrane is the phospholipid layer, found in all types of cells; it helps in protecting the protoplasm and checks the
passage of molecules inside the cell, Though cell wall is found in the plant cell, fungi, bacteria only and protects the cell from
external shocks, and provide rigidity and shape to the cell.
2. The cell wall is the outermost boundary of the cell (if present), and plasma membrane is present in the inner lining of the cell.
The plasma membrane is delicate thin layer while cell wall is the thick and rigid layer. Plasma Membrane is selectively
permeable membrane allowing small molecules entry only; their layer is made up of lipids and proteins and few
carbohydrates, while Cell wall constituents may vary from chitin, peptidoglycon, and cellulose.
3. Plasma membrane is the living membrane made up of lipids and proteins, whereas cell wall is non-living made up of cellulose.
Function of Plasma membrane: It acts as semi permeable membrane which allows only selective substances to pass through it.
Function of Cell Wall: It provides rigidity and protection to cell.
Section D
66. i. Cellulose is a complex substance which provides structural strength to the plants.

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 ii. Chromosomes are present as thread like structures packed inside the nucleus of a plant cell or animal cell. Each chromosome
is made up of protein and a single molecule of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Therefore, chromosomes are made of DNA and protein
iii. Plasmolysis in a plant cell is defined as the process of shrinkage of the cytoplasm as a result of loss of water from the cell. It
occurs when plant cells are placed in a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell does.
OR
Hypertonic solution.
67. i. Robert Hooke
ii. Chlamydomonas is a unicellular green algae. Their single-celled body is in an oval or pear shape with a cup shaped
chloroplast.
iii. Cells arise from the pre-existing cells is the second postulate of cell theory. Rudolf Virchow proposed this.
OR
Fat cell
Section E

68. Plant cell Animal cell

1. cell wall is present. 1. cell wall is absent.
2. Plastids are present. 2. Plastids are absent.
3. They have dictyosomes instead of Golgi body. 3. They have Golgi apparatus.
4. centrosomes and centrioles are absent. 4. centrosomes and centrioles are present.
5. Vacuoles are larger in size. 5. vacuoles are smaller in size.
6. Daughter cells separate from each other due to formation 6. Daughter cells separate from each other due to contrition or
of cell plate. furrow formation.
69. Mitochondria are often associated with cellular respiration and energy generation of the cell. The energy required for various
chemical activities is released by the mitochondria in the form of ATP molecules. For this reason, mitochondria are known as the
powerhouse of the cell.
Three similarities between mitochondria and plastids are as follows:
i. Both have their own DNA and ribosomes.
ii. External structures of mitochondria and plastids are similar.
iii. Both have more than one membrane layer.
One major difference between mitochondria and plastids is that mitochondria are present in both plant and animal cells, whereas
plastids are present only in plant cells.
70. i. Nucleus
ii. Golgi apparatus
iii. Cell wall
iv. Cytoplasm
v. Nucleoplasm.

Figure: A plant cell

71. Plastids are responsible. These are found in plant cells only. Plastids are the major cell organelles in plants. On the basis of
pigments present in plastids, they are divided into two types;

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 i. the colourless leucoplasts and
ii. the pigmented chromoplasts.
The colourless leucoplasts store starch, oil and protein granules whereas the pigmented chromoplasts have different colours and
can be of several types. The most important ones are those containing the pigment chlorophyll, known as chloroplasts, which is
responsible for the preparation of food by photosynthesis. Other chromoplasts contain non-green pigments, which are responsible
for the characteristic colours of fruits and flowers.
72. Diagram of an animal cell is given below:

73. i. When human red blood cells are placed in hypotonic salt/sugar solution they swell due to endosmosis.
ii. Plant cell shrinks when kept in hypertonic solution because the concentration of the solvent is more inside the cell. It shrinks
due to exosmosis.
iii. Lysosomes are known as suicidal bags because, during the breakdown of cell structure, lysosome bursts and enzymes eat up
their own cells.
74. The ten cell components are:
i. Plasma membrane: It acts as a semipermeable membrane and allows only selective substances to pass through it.
ii. Chromosomes: To carry hereditary characters of an organism from one generation to another.
iii. Lysosomes: Breakdown of unwanted macromolecules is the main function of these organelles.
iv. Ribosomes: These help in protein synthesis.
v. Nucleus: Control centre of the cell. It contains cellular DNA (genetic information) in the form of genes.
vi. Mitochondria: The main function of mitochondria in aerobic cells is the production of energy by the synthesis of ATP.
vii. Nucleolus: Biosynthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and acts as a platform for protein synthesis.
viii. Cell wall: It provides protection and rigidity to the plant cell.
ix. Chloroplasts: These are the sites of photosynthesis within plant cells.
x. Endoplasmic reticulum: Serves as channels for transport of materials.
75. The plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus are three main functional regions of a cell.
i. Plasma membrane: It is a thin, selectively permeable membrane, covering the cell and is made up of lipids and proteins.
ii. Cytoplasm: It is aqueous material containing a variety of cell organelles along with non-living inclusions.
iii. Nucleus: It is the control centre of a cell. It contains the cells hereditary information (DNA).
The diagram of the eukaryotic cell is:-

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