Solution of first order and first degree differential equations by

various methods

Variables Separable equation: An equation of the form

F ( x)G ( y ) dx + f ( x) g ( y ) dy = 0
F ( x) g ( y)
i.e dx + dy = 0
f ( x) G( y)
is called an equation with variables separable or simply separable equation.

Question: Solve the Differential Equation

 dy 
1. ln   = ax + bx
 dx 
Solution: Given
 dy 
ln   = ax + by
 dx 
dy
 = e ax +by
dx
dy
 = e ax .eby
dx
 e − by dy = e ax dx
Intergating both side we get

e dy =  e ax dx
− by

e ax e − by
 + +c =0
a b
Hence the requered solution.

dy 1− y2
2. + =0
dx 1 − x2
Solution:

Intergating,

3. (e x
+ 1) ydy = ( y + 1) e x dx
4. y x 2 − 1 dx + x y 2 − 1 dy = 0
5. x 1 − y 2 dx + y 1 − x 2 dy = 0
6. x ( e y + 4 ) dx + e x + y dy = 0
 dy 
7. sin −1   = x + y Hence x + y = v
 dx 
dy
8. + 1 = e x− y
dx
9. y (1 + xy ) dx + x (1 − xy ) dy = 0

xdy − ydx
10. xdx + ydy + =0
x2 + y 2
11. xdx + ydy + ( x 2 + y 2 )dy = 0
12. ( x + y )(dx − dy ) = dx + dy
13. ( x + y )dy + ( x − y )dx = 0
dy y 2 + y + 1
14. ( i ) + =0
dx x 2 + x + 1
15. ( i ) a( xdx + ydy) + b( x 2 + y 2 + c) ydy = 0; ( ii ) ydx + (1 + x 2 ) tan −1 xdy = 0; ( iii ) ( x 2 + y 2 + x ) dx + xydy = 0.
Equation reducible to the form in which variable are separable
dy
1. = sin( x + y ) + cos( x + y )
dx

dy  dy   dy 
2. ( i ) = y − x ; ( ii )( x + y + 1) dx − ( 2 x + 2 y + 1) dy = 0; ( iii ) sin −1   = x + y; ( iv ) cos −1   = x + y;
dx  dx   dx 
 dy dy dy 2 dy
(i ) = ( 4 x + y + 1) ; ( ii ) = (2 x + 3 y − 5) 2 ; ( iii )( x + y + z ) = 1( iv )( x + y ) = a2
2
3.
dx dx dx dx
Homogeneous Differential Equations: An equation of the form
dy
= f ( x, y )
dx
is called a homogeneous differential equation, where f ( x, y ) is a homogeneous function
of degree zero.

Alternative Definition: An equation of the form

dy f ( x, y )
=
dx g ( x, y )
is called a homogeneous differential equation, where f ( x, y ) and g ( x, y ) are homogeneous
function of the same degree.

Homogeneous Function: A function f ( x, y ) is called homogeneous of degree n if

f (x, y ) = n f ( x, y ).

How to Solve a Homogeneous Differential Equation: If M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = 0 is

a homogeneous differential equation, then the change of variables y = vx transforms the
equation into a separable equation in the variable v and x.

Question: Solve the differential equation

dy y y
1. = + tan hence y = vx
dx x x
2. ( x 2 + y 2 ) dx = 2 xydy
3. ( x + y ) dy + ( x − y ) dx = 0
Solution: Given the equation
 ( x + y ) dy + ( x − y ) dx = 0
dy y − x
 = ;...................(i )
dx x + y
dy dv
Let , y = vx  = v + x
dx dx
Putting (i ) we get
dv vx − x
v+x =
dx x + vx
dv v − 1
x = −v
dx v + 1
dv v2 + 1
x =−
dx v +1
v +1 dx
 2 dv + =0
v +1 x
v 1 dx
 2 dv + 2 dv + =0
v +1 v +1 x
Integrating , we get
1
ln(v 2 + 1) + tan −1 v + ln x = c
2
y 1
 tan −1 ( ) + ln( x 2 + y 2 ) = c
x 2

4. (x 2
+ y2 )
dy
dx
= xy

5. xdy − ydx = x 2 + y 2 dx
dy y y 2
= + 2 ; ( ii ) ( xy + y 2 ) dx + ( xy − x 2 ) dy = 0; ( iii ) ( x 2 + y 2 ) = xy; ( iv ) xdy − ydx = x 2 + y 2 dx; ( v ) ( x 2 + y 2 ) dx = 2 x 2dy
dy
6. (i ) 2
dx x x dx
 y y3
( )( )
y y dy y y dy 2
()
i x cos dy +  x sin − y cos  dx = 0; ii x 3
+ y 3
dy = x 2
ydx; ( )
iii = + sin ; ( )
iv + y =
x  x x dx x x dx x x3
( v ) ( x 2 + y 2 ) dx − 2 xydy = 0; ( vi ) (1 + e x / y ) dx + (1 − x / y)e x / y dy = 0; ( vii ) ( x3 + 3xy 2 ) dx + ( y 3 + 3x 2 y ) dy = 0
7. ( vii ) ye x / y dx + ( y − xe x / y )dy = 0; ( viii ) ( x3 + y 2 )
x 2 + y 2 dx − xy x 2 + y 2 dy = 0; ( viii ) ( x 2 − xy + y 2 ) dx − xydy = 0
 
( ix ) ( x 2 + y 2 ) dy + 2 x( x + y)dx = 0; ( x ) xdy − ydx = ( x 2 + y 2 ) dx when y ( )=
2 2

( )
( xi ) y + x 2 + y 2 dx − xdy = 0 when y (1) = 0 ( xii ) x 2
dy
dx
+ xy =
y3
x
when y (1) = 1.

Solution7(xi):Given the equation

 (y+ )
x 2 + y 2 dx − xdy = 0


dy
=
(
y + x2 + y 2 )
[ Homogeneous differential Eq n ]
dx x
Putting y = vx , we get

d ( vx ) ( vx + x 2 + ( vx ) )
2

=
dx x
dv
v+x = v + 1 + v2
dx
dv dx
 = int ergating 
1 + v2 x

( )
 ln v + 1 + v 2 = ln x + ln c

 v + 1 + v 2 = xc
y
 + 1 + y 2 / x 2 = cx
x
 y + x 2 + y 2 = cx 2 .............(i )
when x = 1then y = 0; we get ,
0 + 1+ 0 = c
c = 1
then from ( i ) we get ,
y + x2 + y 2 = x2
Hence the requered solution.
Differential Equation reducible to homogeneous form:
 dy a1 x + b1 y + c1  a1 b1 
case(i ) : =    putting x =  + h and y =  + k
dx a2 x + b2 y + c2  a2 b2 
Question :
dy 2 x + y − 2
( i )( 4 x − y + 7 ) dx = ( 2 x + y − 1) dy; ( ii )( 2 x + y + 3) dx = ( x + 2 y + 3) dy; ( iii ) =
dx 3 x + y − 3
dy dy
( iv )( 3x − 7 y − 3) = ( 3 x − 7 y + 7 )( v )( 2 x + y + 3) = ( x + 2 y + 3 )
dx dx
dy a1 x + b1 y + c1
case(ii ) : = ( b1 = −a2 or − b1 = a2 or sign change ) direct method
dx a2 x + b2 y + c2
Question :
dy 2 x − y + 1 dy 2 x + 3 y + 1
(i ) = ( ii )( 2 x − y + 1) dx + ( 2 y − x − 1) dy = 0 ( iii ) + =0
dx x + 2 y − 3 dx 3x + 4 y − 1
dy 2 x + y + 3
( iv ) = ( v )( 4 x + 3 y + 1) dx + ( 3x + 2 y + 1) dy = 0 ( vi )( 2 x − y + 1) dx + ( 2 y − x − 1) dy = 0
dx − x + 2 y − 9
dy 2 x + y + 3 dy 3 x − 2 x + 5
Question : ( i ) = ( ii ) = ( iii )( 2 x − y + 1) dx + ( 2 y − x − 1) dy = 0
dx − x + 2 y − 9 dx − x + 2 y − 9
( iv )( 4 x + 3 y + 1) dx + ( 3x + 2 y + 1) dy = 0
dy a1 x + b1 y + c1  a1 b1  a1 b1
case ( iii ) : =  =  puttiig = =m
dx a2 x + b2 y + c2  a2 b2  a2 b2
Question :
dy 6 x − 2 y − 7
( i ) (2 x − 6 y + 3)dx = ( x − 3 y − 1) dy ( ii ) = ( iii ) ( 2 x + y + 1) dx + ( 4 x + 2 y − 1) dy = 0
dx 3x − y + 4
dy dy 6 x − 4 y + 3
( iv )( 2 x − y + 3) dy = ( 2 x − y − 5) dx ( v )( 2 x − 2 y + 5 ) = ( x − y + 3)( vi ) =
dx dx 3x − 2 y + 1
dy
(vii ) ( 6 x − 4 y + 1) = ( 3 x − 2 y + 1)
dx
Exact Differential: The expression M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy is called an exact differential
in a domain D if M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = dF ( x, y ) for all ( x, y )  D . That is the
expression M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy is an exact differential in D if there exists a function
F ( x, y ) such that
F ( x, y ) F ( x, y )
= M ( x, y ) and = N ( x, y )
x y
for all ( x, y )  D .

Exact Differential Equation: A differential equation

M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = 0 (1)
is called exact differential equation if M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy is an exact differential, i.e.
M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y ) dy = du ( x, y ) .
Theorem: State and proof necessary and sufficient condition for the exactness of the
differential equation
Statement: The differential equation M dx + N dy = 0 will be exact if and only if
M N
= .
y x
Proof(Necessary condition) :Let M dx + N dy = 0 ………(i) be exact, then if and only if
function u = u ( x, y ) .where
M dx + N dy = du...................(2)
u u
But du = dx + dy;..................(3)
x y
From ( i ) and ( 2 ) we get
u u
= M ...........(4) and = N ..............(5)
x y
 2u M  2u N
Now = and =
yx y xy x
M   u   2u  2u   u  N
i, e =  = = =  =
y y  x  yx xy x  y  x
M N
 = ;............( 6 )
y x
Hence the necessary condition.
Sufficient condition: Let
M N
= ............( 7 )
y x
Again let  =  Mdx + F ( y )..............(8)[ Condition partial Integration ]

= M ....................(9)
x
 2 M
Again = ...............(10)
yx y
N  2
From (7) and (10) we get = ...........(11)
x yx
Integration w.r.to x, we get

N= + ' ( y )
y
 
So Mdx + Ndy = dx + dy +  ' ( y ) dy = d +  ' ( y ) dy = d  +  ( y )  = d ( c ) = 0
x y
i.e, Mdx + Ndy = 0 is exact.
Hence the sufficient condition.
Question: Solved the differential equation
1. ( 3x 2 y − 6 x ) dx + ( x3 + 2 y )dy = 0
Solution: Given the equation
( 3x 2 y − 6 x ) dx + ( x3 + 2 y)dy = 0 is comparing Mdx + Ndy = 0 we get ,
M = ( 3x 2 y − 6 x ) and N = ( x 3 + 2 y )
M N
 = 3x 2 =
y x
So the equation is exact.
Then the solution


y cons tan t
Mdx + 
without x
Ndy = c

  ( 3x 2 y − 6 x ) dx +  2 ydy = c
 x3 y − 3x 2 + y 2 = 0
Hence the required solution.

2. ( 2 x + 3 y − 6 ) dy = ( 6 x − 2 y − 7 ) dx
3. ( y − x ) dx + ( x + y ) dy = 0
4. ( 4 x + 3 y + 1) dx + ( 3x + 2 y + 1) dy = 0
 5. (x 3
+ 3xy 2 ) dx + ( y 3 + 3x 2 y ) dy = 0
6. ( i ) ( tan y − 3x 2 ) dx + x sec2 ydy = 0; ( ii ) ( e x sin y + e− y ) dx + ( e x cos y − xe− y ) dy = 0;

Integrating Factor: If the differential equation

M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = 0 (1)
Is not exact in a domain D but the differential equation
 ( x, y ) M ( x, y )dx +  ( x, y ) N ( x, y )dy = 0 (2)
is exact in D, then  ( x, y ) is called an integrating factor of the differential equation (1).

Note: If differential equation M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = 0 is not exact, then we have to find
the integrating factor of the given differential equation. We can find the integrating factor
in the following ways:

1  M N   f ( x ) dx is an integrating factor of
1. If  −  = f ( x) [function of x only] then e
N  y x 
M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = 0 .
Example: Find the integrating factor of (2 x 2 + y 2 + x) dx + xy dy = 0 .
Solution: Here M = 2 x 2 + y 2 + x and N = xy
 M y = 2 y and N x = y , then M y  N x
Hence the given equation is not exact.
1  M N  2 y − y 1
Now  − = =
N  y x  xy x
1
 x dx
Hence the integrating factor = e = eln x = x
x multiplying given equation
(2 x 3 + xy 2 + x 2 ) dx + x 2 y dy = 0
Again M 1 = (2 x 3 + xy 2 + x 2 ) and N1 = x 2 y
M 1 N1
 = = 2 xy so the equation exact.
y x
Then the solution
 M dx +  N dy = c
1 1

  (2 x + xy + x ) dx +  0dy = 0
3 2 2

x 4 x 2 y 2 x3
 + + =c
2 2 3
Hence requered the solution.
Question: Solve the differential equation
1. ( x + y + x ) dx + xydy = 0
2 2

2. ( y ( x + 1) + y ) dx + (2 xy + 1)dy = 0
2

1  N M   f ( y ) dy is an integrating factor of
2. If  −  = f ( y ) [function of y only] then e
M  x y 
M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = 0 .
Example: Find the integrating factor and solve of ( y 4 + 2 y ) dx + ( xy 3 + 2 y 4 − 4 x) dy = 0 .

Solution: Here M = y 4 + 2 y and N = xy 3 + 2 y 4 − 4 x

 M y = 4 y 3 + 2 and N x = y 3 − 4 , then M y  N x
Hence the given equation is not exact.
1  N M  y 3 − 4 − 4 y 3 − 2 −3( y 3 + 2) 3
Now  − = = =−
M  x y  y + 2y
4
y ( y + 2)
3
y
−3
 dy −3 1
Hence the integrating factor = e y
= eln y =
y3
Multiplying given equation, we get
 2 x
(y + 2
) dx + ( x + 2 y − 4 3 ) dy = 0............. ( ii )
y y
2 x
Againlet , M 1 = ( y + 2 ) and N1 = ( x + 2 y − 4 3 )
y y
dM 1 dN1 4
 = = 1 − 3 sois exact differential equation.
dy dx y
Then the solution
 M dx +  N dy = c
1 1

2
(y + )dx +  2 ydy = c
y2
2x
 xy + 2 + y 2 = c Hence requered the solution.
y
Question: Solve the differential equation
1. (y 4
+ 2 y ) dx + ( xy 3 + 2 y 4 − 4 x)dy = 0

3. If M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = 0 is a homogeneous differential equation [or, if M and N

1
are both homogeneous functions in x, y of the same degree], then is an
xM + yN
y
integrating factor of the given differential equation. But if xM + yN = 0  M = − N
x
then the given equation will be in separable form.
Example: Find the integrating factor of ( x3 + y 3 )dx − xy 2 dy = 0 .
Solution: Here M = x3 + y 3 and N = − xy 2
 M y = 3 y 2 and N x = − y 2 , then M y  N x
Hence the given equation is not exact.
Now xM + yN = x 4 + xy 3 − xy 3 = x 4
1 1
Hence the integrating factor = = 4
xM + yN x
Multiplying both side given equation, we get
 1 y3 y2
( + 4 )dx − 3 dy = 0
x x x
1 y3 y2
Again let M 1 = ( + 4 ) and N1 = − 3
x x x
M 1 N1 3 y 2
 = = 4 ; so the equation exact differential equation.
y x x
1 y3
Then solution  ( + 4 )dx +  0dy = c
x x
3
y
 ln x − 3 = c. Hence requered solution.
3x
Question: Solve the differential equation
1. ( i ) y 2 dx + ( x 2 − xy − y 2 ) dy = 0 ( ii ) ( x 4 + y 4 ) dx − xy 3dy = 0
4. If the differential equation M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = 0 can be written in the form
1
y f ( x, y ) dx + x g ( x, y ) dy = 0 , then is an integrating factor of the given
xM − yN
y
differential equation. But if xM − yN = 0  M = N then the given equation will be
x
in separable form.

Example: Find the integrating factor of y (1 + xy ) dx + x(1 − xy) dy = 0 .

Solution: Here M = y (1 + xy ) and N = x(1 − xy )
 M y = 1 + 2 xy and N x = 1 − 2 xy , then M y  N x
Hence the given equation is not exact.
Now xM − yN = 2 x 2 y 2
1 1
Hence the integrating factor = = 2 2
xM − yN 2 x y
 1 1   1 1 
 2 +  dx +  2
−  dy = 0
 2 x y 2 x   2 xy 2 y 
 1 1   1 1 
Again let M 1 =  2 +  and N1 =  2
− 
 2x y 2x   2 xy 2 y 
M 1 N1 1
 = = − 2 2 ; So the equation is exact.
y x 2x y
 1 1  1
Then the solution is   2 +  dx −  dy
 2x y 2x  2y
x 1
 ln   − = c; Hence requered solution.
 y  xy
Multiplying both side given the equation
Question: Solve the differential equation
1. ( i ) y (1 + xy ) dx + x(1 − xy)dy = 0; ( ii ) ( xy 2 + 2 x 2 y 3 ) dx + ( x 2 y − x3 y 2 ) dy = 0

Number of Integrating Factors: Integrating factor is not unique. There is an infinite

number of integrating factors of an inexact (which is not exact) differential equation.

State the necessary and sufficient condition for the exactness of the differential
equation M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = 0 : The differential equation M dx + N dy = 0 will be
M N
exact if and only if = .
y x

First Order Linear Differential Equation: A differential equation of the form

dy
+ P( x) y = Q( x)
dx
is called a first order linear differential equation.

Note: To solve this equation we need to find an integrating factor by the following way:
Integrating Factor = e 
P ( x ) dx

Question: Solve the differential equation

dy
1. Show that the solution of the liner differential equation + P( x) y = Q( x) is
dx
y=e   P ( x ) dx
− P ( x ) dx −  P ( x ) dx
 Q( x)e dx + ce where c is constant.
 Solution: Given the equation
dy
+ P( x) y = Q( x)...................(i )
dx
The int ergating factor I .F = e  .Now multaplin ( i ) we get.
P ( x ) dx

dy  P ( x ) dx
+ P( x) ye  = Q ( x )e 
P ( x ) dx P ( x ) dx
e
dx
  ye 
d P ( x ) dx   P ( x ) dx
 = Q ( x )e
dx  
 ye  = Q ( x )e 

P ( x ) dx P ( x ) dx
dx + c

 y=e   P ( x ) dx
− P ( x ) dx −  P ( x ) dx
 Q( x)e dx + ce
Hence requered solution.
2.

dy
+ xy = x
dx
dy dy
Solution : Given the + xy = x is comparing + P ( x ) y = Q ( x ) ; we get P ( x ) = x, Q ( x ) = x
dx dx
Now I .F = e  = e  = e x /2 .
pdx xdx 2

Then the solution

=  xe x /2 dx + c =  e x /2 d ( x 2 / 2 ) + c = e x +c
2 2 2 2
ye x /2 /2

 y = 1 + ce − x
2
/2
Hence the requered solution.
dy
3. cos 2 x + y = tan x
dx
4. (1 + y ) dx = (tan
2 −1
y − x)dy

5. (1 + y ) dx + ( x − e
2 tan −1 x
)dy = 0

dy y
6. + = x2
dx x

7. (1 + x ) dy
2

dx
+ 2 xy = 4 x 2

dy
8. + y tan x − sec x = 0
dx
9.
 dy dy y dy dy
(i ) = x 3 − 2 xy when y (1) = 1; ( ii ) + = x 2 when y (1) = 1; ( iii ) + 3 y = 3x 2e −3 x ( iv ) x + y = x 2 + 3x + 2
dx dx x dx dx
( v ) + y = 3x 2 − 3x; ( vi ) (1 + x 2 ) + y = tan −1 x; ( vii ) + y sec x = cos y ( viii ) (1 − x 2 ) − xy = 1
dy dy dy dy
dx dx dx dx
dy 1 − 2 x
( ix )( x + y + 1) = 1( x ) + 2 y = 1; ( xi ) + = n ( xii ) (1 + x 2 ) + xy = x 2 ( xiii ) = e x= y ( e x − e y )
dy dy ny a dy dy
dx dx x dx x x dx dx
( xiv ) ( x3 − x ) − ( 3x 2 − 1) y = x5 − 2 x3 + x ( xv ) (1 + y 2 ) dx + ( x − tan −1 y ) dy = 0
dy
dx

Bernoulli Differential Equation: A differential equation of the form

dy
+ P( x) y = Q( x) y n , where n  0, 1
dx
is called a Bernoulli differential equation.

Note: The change of variable v = y 1−n transform the Bernoulli equation into a first order
linear differential equation in v.
1. Show that the solution of the Bernoulli differential equation is
y1−n = (1 − n ) e   (1−n ) P ( x ) dx dx + ce−  (1−n ) P ( x ) dx where c is constant.
− (1− n ) P ( x ) dx
 Q( x)e
dy y
2. + = y2
dx x
Solution: Given the equation
dy y
+ = y2
dx x
1 dy 1
 2 + =1
y dx xy

 − ( y −1 ) +
d 1
=1
dx xy
d 1 1
  − = −1
dx  y  xy
1
I .F = e 
− dx 1
x
= e − ln x =
x
Then the solution
1 1
= −  dx + c
xy x
1
 = − ln x + c
xy
1
 + ln x = c Hence the requered solution.
xy
 dy
3. + y = y 2e x
dx
dy 1
4. + sin 2 y = x3 cos 2 y
dx x
dy y y 2
5. 2 = +
dx x x 2
dy tan y
6. − = (1 + x)e x sec y
dx 1 + x
dy
7. x + y = y 2 ln x
dx

8. ( i ) dx + x ln y = x 2 ( ln y ) ( ii ) x dx + y = y ln x; ( iii ) (1 − x ) dx + xy = xy ( iv ) dx + 1 − x 2 y = x x
dy y y 2 dy 2 dy
2 2 dy x

dy y x
9. + = 3 when y (1) = 2.
dx 2 x y
dy
10. = x3 y 3 − xy
dx

Riccati’s Equation: The differential equation of the form

dy
= A( x) y 2 + B( x) y + C ( x)
dx
is called Reccati’s equation.

1
Note: If f is any solution of the equation, then the transformation y = f + reduces the
v
equation to a linear equation in v.
Trajectory: A curve which cuts every member of a given family of curves at a constant
angle is called a trajectory.

Orthogonal Trajectory: A curve which cuts every member of a given family of curves at
a constant angle 90 is called an orthogonal trajectory.

Oblique Trajectory: A curve which cuts every member of a given family of curves at a
constant angle   90  is called an  − trajectory or oblique trajectory.

Self-Orthogonal Trajectory: A given family of curves is said to be self-orthogonal if its

family of orthogonal trajectories is the same as the given family.
Clairaut’s Equation: A differential equation of the form
y = px + f ( p)
dy
Where p  and f ( p) is a given function of p, is called a Clairaut’s equation.
dx

Note: This is a differential equation whose order is one but degree is more than one.

Arbitrary Constant: An undetermined constant added to every result of integration is

called arbitrary constant or integrating constant.

Complementary Function: The solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation of

a linear differential equation is called complementary function.

Alternative Definition: Any solution of the equation obtained from a given differential
equation by replacing the inhomogeneous term with zero is called complementary function.

Particular Integral: The solution which is obtained from the inhomogeneous term of a
non-homogeneous linear differential equation and which satisfies the full non-
homogeneous differential equation is called particular integral.

Differential equations of the first order but of a higher degree can

be solved by one or more of the following four methods

 dy 
(a) Equations solvable for P;  P = 
 dx 
Question:Solve the differential equation
1. p 2 + p(e x + e− x ) + 1 = 0
2. p 2 + 2 xp − 3x 2 = 0
3. p( p 2 + xy ) = p 2 ( x + y )
dy dx x y
4. − = −
dx dy y x
 Then the requered solution
( x 2 − y 2 − c)( xy − c) = c (ans)
5. p3 + 3xp 2 − y 3 p 2 − 3xy 3 p = 0

(b) Equations solvable for for y :equation form y = f ( x, p )

Hence requered solution.
Question:
( i ) y = p 2 x + p ( ii ) 2 py = p 2 x + 4 x (iii ) y + px = p 2 x 4 (iv ) p 2 x − py + a 2 = 0. ( v ) p 2 x − py + a 2 = 0
(c) Equations solvable for for x :equation form x = f ( y, p )
Question:

( i ) y = 2 px − p 2 y ( ii ) y = x − p 2 ( iii ) y = p 2 y + 2 px
dy
(d) An equation of the form y = px + f ( p), Where p = = y is known as
dx
Clairaut’s equation:
1. Show that the general solution of Clairaut’s equation
y = px + f ( P ) is y = cx + f (c )

a
2. Find the general and particular solution and singular solution of y = px +
p
Solution:
 a
y = px + .......................(i )
p
Differenting w.r.to x
dy dp a dp
= p+x − 2
dx dx p dx
dp a dp
 p = p+x − 2
dx p dx
 a  dp
x− 2  =0
 p  dx
dp
Now, =0
dx
Integrating
p=c
From(i )
a
y = cx + is general solution.
c
 a 
and  x − 2  = 0
 p 
a
p= from (i )
x
a a
y= x+
x a
x
 y = 4ax is sin gular solution.
2

a2
3. Find the general and particular solution and singular solution of y = px +
p
4. Find the general and particular solution and singular solution of y = px + p 2
5. Find the general and particular solution and singular solution of y = px − ln p
6. Find general and singular solution
y = px + p − p 2 , ( 8 ) y = px + p n , ( 9 ) y = px − p 2 , py = p 2 ( x − b ) + a

Md .Nurul Alam
Lecturer(Mathematics)
Barishal Engineering College,Barishal.