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Lecture 1

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11 views20 pages

Lecture 1

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Haronicle
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1: Digital Data Representation

1. Systems: Digital and Analog

Electronic circuits can be divided into two broad categories, analog


and digital.

 Analog Electronics
o Continuous valued quantities (Analog quantities)
 Digital Electronics
o Discrete valued quantities (Digital quantities)
• Digital quantity: Quantity having discrete set of values.

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Analog quantities:

 Quantities having continuous values.

 Most measurable quantities occur in nature in analog form.

Examples: Temperature, Time, pressure, distance, sound

 Consider an analog signal which varies continuously in time

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 If we sample the signal at discrete times (τ, 2τ, 3τ, . . .) we will obtain the values

indicated by the solid circles on Figure (b). However, the signal itself is not a digital
representation of analog quantity.

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 Furthermore, if we consider the quantization of the signal at these discrete sampling

times we obtain the signal indicated on Figure (c) which is a digital signal.

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 A complete Digital representation of analog quantity is shown
below

Analog

Digital

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Analog vs Digital

 Digital system is said to be always better than the analog system.


An analog electronic system
 Public address system
 Microphone, linear amplifier & speaker

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System Using Analog and Digital method
 CD player
 CD drive, Digital to analog converter (DAC), linear amplifier and speaker.

CD drive

10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier


Digital data converter Analog
reproduction
of music audio Speaker
signal
Sound
waves
➔ Both digital and analog circuits

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Advantages of digital circuits over analog
▪ Easier to design.
▪ Information storage is easier and larger.
▪ Accuracy and precision are easier to maintain.
▪ Operation can be programmed.
▪ Less affected by noise.
▪ More digital circuitry can be fabricated on IC chips.
▪ Speed
▪ Economy
▪ Steadily advancing technology

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Easier to Design
 There are only two different voltage levels to be considered in the
digital system.
 The design is logical.

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Information Storage is Easy
 Can be kept as long as necessary in digital memory.
 Can be stored more compactly.

en060309-3-1

CD ~ 700 Mb Memory Card ~ 4 Gb Pen Drive ~ 1 Gb

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Accuracy and Precision
 Accuracy and precision are easier to maintain.
 The digital information does not deteriorate once it is stored.
 The analog information maybe distorted by the effect of
temperature, humidity etc.

Operation can be Programmed


 It is easy to program the operation of the digital system.
 The operations in the analog system are complex and difficult to
program.

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Less affected by Noise
 The exact voltage is not important in the digital system.

VH(max)
HIGH
VH(min)
Unallowed
VL(max)
LOW
VL(min)

Logic level

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Compactness
 Analog components cannot be economically
integrated.
 High-value capacitors, precision resistors,
inductors and transformers.

 Digital circuits possible !


 Processor.

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Speed
 Today’s digital devices are very fast. Individual transistors in the fastest integrated

circuits can switch in less than 10 picoseconds.

Economy
 Digital circuits can provide a lot of functionality in a small space.

Steadily advancing technology


 In a digital system, there will be a faster, cheaper, or otherwise better technology

for it with in a few years.

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Limitations of Digital System
 The real world is analog.
 Processing digitized signals
takes time.
01011010

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2. Data Representation Mechanisms
Digital electronics involves circuits and systems in which there are
only two possible states.
➔ Two different voltage levels: HIGH and LOW

Code: Combination of the two states


- Represent numbers, symbols, alphabetic character
and other type of information.

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Binary number system: two-state number system
- The two digits (bits) are 0 and 1

In positive logic: [used throughout the course]


-The bit 1 is represented by a higher voltage
level and 0 is represented by lower voltage level.
HIGH=1 LOW=0

In negative logic:
- The bit 1 is represented by LOW and 0 is
represented by HIGH.

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 Ideally, one voltage level represents HIGH and another
voltage levels represents LOW.
 However, in practice, HIGH and LOW can be ranges of
voltages.

 The voltage values between VL(max) and VH(min) are unacceptable for
proper operation.
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Topic References

 Thomas L. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals.


 John F. Wakerly, Digital Design Principles & Practices.

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