Modern Database Management

Thirteenth Edition

Chapter 1
The Database Environment
and Development Process

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Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
1.1 Define terms
1.2 Name limitations of conventional file processing
1.3 Explain advantages of databases
1.4 Identify costs and risks of databases
1.5 Distinguish between operational and informational
data management
1.6 List components of database environment

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Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
1.7 Identify categories of database applications
1.8 Explain prototyping and agile development approaches
1.9 Explain roles of individuals
1.10 Explain differences between personal, multi-tiered,
and enterprise data management
1.11 Explain three-schema architectures (external,
conceptual, internal)

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Definitions
• Database: organized collection of logically related data
• Data: stored representations of meaningful objects and
events
– Structured: numbers, text, dates
– Unstructured: images, video, documents
• Information: data processed to increase knowledge in
the person using the data
• Metadata: data that describes the properties and context
of user data

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Figure 1-1 Converting Data to
Information (1 of 2)
(a) Data in context

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Figure 1-1 Converting Data to
Information (2 of 2)
(b) Summarized data

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Table 1-1 Example Metadata for Class
Roster
• Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the data, including
data types, field sizes, allowable values, and data context

Data Item Data Item Data Item Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata
Name Type Length Min imum Maximum Description Source
Blank Blank

Course Alphanumeric 30 Course ID and Academic Unit

name
Section Integer 1 1 9 Section number Registrar
Blank Blank

Semester Alphanumeric 10 Semester and year Registrar

Blank Blank

Name Alphanumeric 30 Student name Student IS

Blank Blank

ID Integer 9 Student ID (SSN) Student IS

Blank Blank

Major Alphanumeric 4 Student major Student IS

GPA Decimal 3 0.0 4.0 Student grade Academic Unit

point average

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Disadvantages of File Processing
• Program-Data Dependence
– All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
• Duplication of Data
– Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same
data
• Limited Data Sharing
– No centralized control of data
• Lengthy Development Times
– Programmers must design their own file formats
• Excessive Program Maintenance
– 80% of information systems budget

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Figure 1-2 Old File Processing Systems
at Pine Valley Furniture Company

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The Database Approach (1 of 2)
• Data models
– Graphical diagram capturing nature and relationship of data
– Enterprise Data Model – high-level entities and relationships for the
organization
– Project Data Model – more detailed view, matching data structure in
database or data warehouse

• Entities
– Noun form describing a person, place, object, event, or concept
– Composed of attributes

• Relationships
– Between entities
– Usually one-to-many (1: N) or many-to-many (M : N), but can also be
one-to-one (1:1)

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Figure 1-3 Comparison of Enterprise-and
Project-Level Data Models
(a) Segment of an enterprise (b) Segment of a project data model
data model

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The Database Approach (2 of 2)
• Relational Databases
• Database technology
involving tables (relations)
representing entities and
primary/foreign keys
representing relationships
(see Figure 1-17)

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Advantages of the Database Approach
• Program-data independence

• Planned data redundancy

• Improved data consistency

• Improved data sharing

• Increased application development productivity

• Enforcement of standards

• Improved data quality

• Improved data accessibility and responsiveness

• Reduced program maintenance

• Improved decision support

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Costs and Risks of the Database
Approach
• New, specialized personnel
• Installation and management cost and complexity
• Conversion costs
• Need for explicit backup and recovery
• Organizational conflict

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Figure 1-5 Integrated Data Management
Framework

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Components of the Database
Environment
• Data modeling and design tools – automated tools used to design databases and
application programs

• Repository – centralized storehouse of metadata

• Database Management System (DBMS) – software for managing the database

• Database – storehouse of the data

• Application Programs – software using the data

• User Interface – text, graphical displays, menus, etc. for user

• Data/Database Administrators – personnel responsible for maintaining the

database

• System Developers – personnel responsible for designing databases and software

• End Users – people who use the applications and databases

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Figure 1-6 Components of the Database
Environment

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The Database Development Process
• SDL C
– System Development Life Cycle
– Detailed, well-planned development process
– Time-consuming, but comprehensive
– Long development cycle
• Prototyping
– Rapid application development (RAD)
– Cursory attempt at conceptual data modeling
– Define database during development of initial prototype
– Repeat implementation and maintenance activities with
new prototype versions
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Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
• The traditional methodology used to develop, maintain, and replace
information systems
• Five main steps:

1. Planning – preliminary understanding of business situation.

Enterprise model and conceptual data modeling.
2. Analysis – thorough analysis of business situation, leading to
functional requirements. Detailed conceptual data modeling.
3. Design – logical and physical database design, to develop
technology and organization.
4. Implementation – writing programs, building databases, testing,
installing, training, and documenting.
5. Maintenance – monitoring, repairing, and enhancing.

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Figure 1-8 Database Development Activities During
the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

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Alternative Information Systems
Development Approaches
• Traditional SDLC: methodical, structured, and time
consuming
• Rapid Application Development (RAD): faster and more
adaptive, especially when a database is already in place
• Several flavors:
– Prototyping
– Agile methodologies
– eXtreme programming
– Scrum
– DSDM (dynamic system development methodologies)
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Figure 1-9 The Prototyping Methodology
and Database Development Process

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Figure 1-10 Three-Schema Architecture
• Different people have different views
of the database

• External Schema
– User Views
– Subsets of Conceptual Schema
– Can be determined from
business-function/data entity
matrices
– DBA determines schema for
different users

• Conceptual Schema (ER models)

• Internal Schema (logical and physical

structures)

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Managing People Involved in Database
Development
• Project – a planned undertaking of related activities to
reach an objective that has a beginning and an end
• Initiated and planned in planning stage of SDLC
• Executed during analysis, design, and implementation
• Closed at the end of implementation

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Database Project Team Members (1 of 2)
• Business analysts – analyze business situation and
establish requirements
• Systems analysts – like business analysts, but also have
technical expertise for overall information systems
• Database analysts and data modelers – analysts who
focus on database
• Users – the “customers” communicate their needs to
analysts
• Programmers – coders of the programs that interact with
the database
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Database Project Team Members (2 of 2)
• Database architects – establish standards for data in
business units
• Data administrators – responsible for existing databases,
ensuring data integrity and consistency
• Project managers – oversee the projects, manage the
personnel
• Other technical experts – network, operating system,
documentation, etc.

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Evolution of Database Systems
• Driven by four main objectives:
– Need for program-data independence in order to
reduce maintenance
– Desire to manage more complex data types and
structures
– Ease of data access for less technical personnel
– Need for more powerful decision support platforms

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Figure 1-11 The Range of Database
Technologies: Past and Present (1 of 4)
(a) Evolution of database technologies

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Figure 1-11 The Range of Database
Technologies: Past and Present (2 of 4)
(b) Database architectures

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Figure 1-11 The Range of Database
Technologies: Past and Present (3 of 4)
(b) Database architectures

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Figure 1-11 The Range of Database
Technologies: Past and Present (4 of 4)
(b) Database architectures

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The Range of Database Applications
• Personal Databases
– Typical size in the megabytes
– Intended for one user
• Departmental Multi-Tiered Client/Server Databases
– Typical size in the gigabytes
– Intended for several users, usually doesn’t exceed 100,
department-wide
• Enterprise Applications
– Typical size in the gigabytes, terabytes, or even petabytes
– Intended for a very large user base, company wide

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Figure 1-12 Multi-Tiered Client/Server
Database Architecture

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Types of Enterprise Applications
• Enterprise Systems (typically involve relational databases)
– Backbone of an organization
– Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
– Customer relationship management
– Supply chain management
– Human resource management and payroll

• Data Warehouses (typically involve relational databases)

– Integrates data from multiple data sources
– Maintain historical data
– Help identify patterns and trends

• Data Lakes (often don’t involve relational databases)

– Large integrated repository for internal and external data that does not
follow a predefined schema
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Figure 1-13 An Example of an Executive
Dashboard

( http://public.tableausoftware.com/profile/mirandali#!/vizhome/Executive-Dashboard_7/ExecutiveDashboard )
Courtesy Tableau Software

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Pine Valley Furniture
• PVF is a fictional furniture company
• Will be used as a case throughout the book
• Chapter 1 topics include
– Database Evolution at Pine Valley Furniture Company
– Project planning
– Analyzing database requirements
– Designing the database
– Using the database
– Administering the database
– Future of databases at PVF

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