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Lesson 5- Normal Distribution

MMW_Normal Distribution

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G05 STEFANIE MACALINDONG
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5 views

Lesson 5- Normal Distribution

MMW_Normal Distribution

Uploaded by

G05 STEFANIE MACALINDONG
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 5.

5
Normal Distributions
Relationship of
centrality and
variability
centrality and
variability
Let us consider having two sets of
distribution and different case scenarios
that might occur in comparing their
respective means and standard deviations.
Case A

As shown, it is possible that two distributions can


generate almost the same means (𝑿 ഥ ) and almost
the same standard deviations (𝝈).
Case B

As shown, two distributions can have different means


(𝑿
ഥ ) but same standard deviations (𝝈).
Case C

As shown, distributions can have same means (𝑿


ഥ)
but different standard deviations (𝝈).
Case D

As shown, distributions can have different means (𝑿


ഥ)
and different standard deviations (𝝈).
Case scenarios must be
considered. Sometimes two
distributions differ in terms of means
and sometimes they differ in terms of
standard deviations. The groups
usually differ in terms of centrality as
well as in terms of disparity.
Thus, in order to compare two different
groups, there must be a common scale that can
reconcile both means and standard deviation in a
single standard form. It is only when we convert
scores from different distributions to common
scores that direct comparison is possible. This
common score being referred to is called the
z-score.
Z-score
The z-score for a given data value is the
number of standard deviations that x is
above or below the mean of the data. It
transforms the original score into units of
standard deviation.
formula
𝑿 −𝝁 𝑿 −𝑿ഥ
𝒁= 𝒁=
𝝈 𝒔
𝑿 refers to the raw scores from the
population/sample
𝝁 pertains to the mean of the population
𝝈 population standard deviation
ഥ pertains to the mean of the sample
𝑿
𝒔 estimeted standard deviation
This is an illustration
of a standardized
scale. As you may
have noticed in this 𝒛
scaling, the mean is
always zero and the
standard deviation is
always one unit.
EXAMPLE
In Statistics examination, the mean
grade is 78 and the standard deviation is 10.
Find the following:
a. The corresponding z-score of two students
whose grades are 93 and 62 respectively,
b. The grades of two students whose z-scores
are 0.6 and 1.2 respectively.
In Statistics examination, the mean grade is 78 and the standard
deviation is 10. Find the following:
solution a. The corresponding z-score of two students whose grade are
93 and 62 respectively,
b. The grades of two students whose z-scores are 0.6 and 1.2
𝝁 = 𝟕𝟖 𝝈 = 𝟏𝟎 respectively.

𝒂. 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟗𝟑 𝒂. 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟔𝟐 𝒃. 𝒊𝒇 𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝒃. 𝒊𝒇 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟐
𝒙 −𝝁 𝒙 −𝝁 𝒙 − 𝟕𝟖 𝒙 − 𝟕𝟖
𝒛= 𝒛= 𝟎. 𝟔 = 𝟏. 𝟐 =
𝝈 𝝈 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝟗𝟑 − 𝟕𝟖 𝟔𝟐 − 𝟕𝟖 𝟔 = 𝒙 − 𝟕𝟖 𝟏𝟐 = 𝒙 − 𝟕𝟖
𝒛= 𝒛=
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 = 𝟖𝟒 𝒙 = 𝟗𝟎
𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒛 = −𝟏. 𝟔
EXAMPLE
An IQ test has a mean of 105 and a standard
deviation of 20. Find the corresponding
z – scores for each IQ.

a. 90 b. 119

c. 125
An IQ test has a mean of 105 and a
solution standard deviation of 20. Find the
𝝁 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝝈 = 𝟐𝟎 corresponding z – scores for each IQ.

𝒂. 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟗𝟎 𝒃. 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏𝟗 𝒄. 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝒙 −𝝁 𝒙 −𝝁 𝒙 −𝝁
𝒛= 𝒛= 𝒛=
𝝈 𝝈 𝝈
𝟗𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟏𝟏𝟗 − 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓 − 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝒛= 𝒛= 𝒛=
𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎
𝒛 = −𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟕 𝒛=𝟏
EXAMPLE

Which of the following exam grades


has a better relative position? A grade of
45 on an Algebra test with 𝑿 ഥ = 𝟒𝟎 and
𝒔 = 𝟑 or a grade of 73 on Geometry with
ഥ = 𝟕𝟐 and 𝒔 = 𝟓.
𝑿
Which of the following exam grades has a
solution better relative position? A grade of 45 on an
Algebra test with 𝑿
ഥ = 𝟒𝟎 and 𝒔 = 𝟑 or a grade
of 73 on Geometry with 𝑿 ഥ = 𝟕𝟐 and 𝒔 = 𝟓.

𝑨𝒍𝒈𝒆𝒃𝒓𝒂 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝟒𝟓 𝑮𝒆𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒚 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝟕𝟑


𝒙 −𝑿 ഥ 𝒙 −𝑿 ഥ
𝒛= 𝒛=
𝒔 𝒔
𝟒𝟓 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟕𝟑 − 𝟕𝟐
𝒛= 𝒛=
𝟑 𝟓
𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎
NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION
NORMAL CURVE

It is actually a theoretical distribution. It


is a unimodal frequency distribution curve.
The scores are scattered on the x - axis
while the frequency of occurrence is
defined by the y - axis.
Here are some key characteristics
of the normal curve
1. Majority of the scores cluster around the middle of
the distribution and fewer scores scattered in both
extreme sides or tail ends of the curve.
2. It is always symmetrical and perfectly balanced.
3. Being a theoretical distribution, the mean, median
and the mode are all equal.
Here are some key characteristics
of the normal curve
4. It uses standard deviation along the x-axis.

5. The normal curve is asymptotic to the abscissa


and the total area under the curve is approximating
1.0 or 100%
6. The normal curve has a mean of zero and
standard deviation of 1 unit.
Empirical rule

68 % of the distribution lies between one standard deviation of the mean


95 % of the distribution lies between two standard deviation of the mean
99.7 % of the distribution lies between three standard deviation of the mean
Z – score table

It is also known as a standard normal table


or unit normal table, is a table that consists
of standardized values that are used to
determine the probability that a given
statistic is below, above, or between the
standard normal distribution.
Case 1
Finding percentage of cases falling
between z-score and the mean.
EXAMPLE
- 0.57

0.21566

21.57 %
EXAMPLE
1.82

0.46562

46.56 %
Case 2
Finding the percentage of cases
above the given z-score.
EXAMPLE
a. z-score is positive

0.72
0.26424
26.42 %
50 % - 26.42 %
23.58 %
EXAMPLE
b. z-score is negative

- 0.72
0.26424
26.42 %
50 % + 26.42 %
76.42 %
EXAMPLE
a. z-score is positive

1.13
0.37076
37.08 %
50 % - 37.08 %
12.92 %
EXAMPLE
b. z-score is negative

-1.13
0.37076
37.08 %
50 % + 37.08 %
87.08 %
Case 3
Finding the percentage of cases
below the given z-score.
EXAMPLE
a. z-score is negative

-1.71
0.45637
45.64 %
50 % - 45.64 %
4.36 %
EXAMPLE
b. z-score is positive

1.71
0.45637
45.64 %
50 % + 45.64 %
95.64 %
EXAMPLE
a. z-score is negative

-0.08
0.03188
3.19 %
50 % - 3.19 %
46.81 %
EXAMPLE
b. z-score is positive

0.08
0.03188
3.19 %
50 % + 3.19 %
53.19 %
Case 4
Finding the percentage of cases
between the two z-scores
EXAMPLE
0.05 - 0.28
0.01994 0.11026

1.99 % + 11.03 %
13.02 %
EXAMPLE
1.09 0.16
0.36214 0.06356

36.21 % – 6.36 %
29.85 %
EXAMPLE
-0.75 - 1.07
0.27337 0.35769

27.34 % – 35.77 %
8.43 %
practical use z-score
in the context of
normal distribution
of raw scores
Case a
When the percentage of cases is
between the raw score and the mean
EXAMPLE
The normal distribution of physics scores has mean
of 85 and a standard deviation of 10. What
percentage of scores will fall between the physics
score of 95 and the mean?

𝒙 −𝑿ഥ 𝟗𝟓 − 𝟖𝟓
𝒛= 𝒛= 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟎
𝒔 𝟏𝟎
solution

𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟏𝟑𝟒

𝟑𝟒. 𝟏𝟑%

This means that 34.13% students got a score fall


between the score of 95 and the 85 (mean).
Case B
When the percentage of cases fall
below a raw score
EXAMPLE
The normal distribution of physics scores has mean
of 85 and a standard deviation of 10. What
percentage of scores will fall below a
score of 95?

𝒙 −𝑿ഥ 𝟗𝟓 − 𝟖𝟓
𝒛= 𝒛= 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟎
𝒔 𝟏𝟎
solution
𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟏𝟑𝟒
𝟑𝟒. 𝟏𝟑%
𝟑𝟒. 𝟏𝟑% + 𝟓𝟎%
𝟖𝟒. 𝟏𝟑%
This means that if 100 students took the examination
and your score is 95. Then your physics grade
surpassed the grade of 84 students.
Case C
When the percentage of cases is
above a raw score
EXAMPLE
The normal distribution of physics scores has mean
of 85 and a standard deviation of 10. What
percentage of physics scores falls above a
score of 95?

𝒙 −𝑿ഥ 𝟗𝟓 − 𝟖𝟓
𝒛= 𝒛= 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟎
𝒔 𝟏𝟎
solution
𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟏𝟑𝟒
𝟑𝟒. 𝟏𝟑%
𝟓𝟎% − 𝟑𝟒. 𝟏𝟑%
𝟏𝟓. 𝟖𝟕%
This means that if 100 students took the examination
and your score is 95. Then around 15 students
surpassed your physics grade of 95.
Case D
When the percentage of cases is
between raw scores
EXAMPLE
On a normal distribution of physics scores, the mean is
85 and the standard deviation is 10. Your physics score
is 95 and your friends score is 80. You wanted to
determine how many students got a score between
your friend’s score of 80 and your score of 95.
𝒙 −𝑿ഥ 𝟗𝟓 − 𝟖𝟓
𝒛= 𝒛= 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟎
𝒔 𝟏𝟎
𝒙 −𝑿ഥ 𝟖𝟎 − 𝟖𝟓
𝒛= 𝒛= 𝒛 = −𝟎. 𝟓
𝒔 𝟏𝟎
solution
𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟏𝟑𝟒 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒𝟔
𝟑𝟒. 𝟏𝟑% 𝟏𝟗. 𝟏𝟓%
𝟑𝟒. 𝟏𝟑% + 𝟏𝟗. 𝟏𝟓%
𝟓𝟑. 𝟐𝟖%

This means that 53.28% of the students got a score


between your friend’s score of 80 and your score of 95

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