HCMC OPEN UNIVERSITY

Instructor: Dr. VU THI HONG VAN

Email: [email protected]

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 http://www.sagepub.com/bjohnsonstudy/howtoarticle.htm

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ASSIGNMENT 1
PARAPHRASING AND SUMMARISING
Purpose: To learn how to concisely summarize the main points of an article through paraphrasing and without
plagiarizing.
Task:
1. Follow guidelines in Swales & Feak, Ch.5
2. Summarize a scholarly article in your field from a scholarly journal, not a website. Make sure it is an article
that you might be able to use in your Final Paper. The summary should be NO MORE THAN ONE PAGE in
length, shorter for shorter articles.
3. Include the source of the original at the foot of your paper, formatted according to a citation style (e.g.,
APA).
4. Make sure you do not plagiarize - write the summary in your own words and without looking at the
original.
5. Submit a copy of the article (including complete citation information) along with your summary.
6. Bring a hard copy to class and email to the instructor. Email: [email protected]

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STRUCTURE OF AN ARTICLE SUMMARY
- Introduction
• Start with a summary or overview of the article which includes the author’s
name and the title of the article.
• Finish with a thesis statement that states the main idea of the article.
- Body paragraphs
 Start each body paragraph with a topic sentence.
 Each paragraph focuses on a separate main idea and just the most important
details from the article.
- Concluding paragraph
 Summarize the main idea and the underlying meaning of the article.
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PARAPHRASING
When you paraphrase, you rewrite information
from an outside source in your own words without
changing the meaning.
A paraphrase is almost as long as the original.

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 ORIGINAL PASSAGE
Language is the main means of communication between peoples.
But so many different languages have developed that language has
often been a barrier rather than an aid to understanding among
peoples. For many years, people have dreamed of setting up an
international universal language which all people could speak and
understand. The arguments in favor of a universal language are
simple and obvious. If all peoples spoke the same tongue, cultural
and economic ties might be much closer, and good will might
increase between countries (Kispert).
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Humans communicate through language. Because there
are so many different languages, however, people
around the world have a difficult time understanding
one another. Some people have wished for a universal
international language that speakers all over the world
could understand. Their reasons are straightforward and
clear. A universal language would build cultural and
economic bonds. It would also create better feelings
among countries. (Kispert).
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PLAGIARISM
 Itis important to learn how to use information from
outside sources without committing plagiarism.
 Plagiarism is wrongly using someone else's words or
ideas, and it is a serious offense.

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There are two kinds of plagiarism:
1. When you use information from an outside source without
citing the source (telling where you got the information), you
are guilty of plagiarism.
2. Even when you cite your source, if your paraphrase is too
similar to the original, you are guilty of plagiarism.

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Read the following paraphrases and decide which kind of
plagiarism each example is guilty of.
Unacceptable Paraphrase 1. Why?
Humans communicate through language. However, because
there are so many languages in the world, language acts as an
obstacle instead of as an aid to understanding. People have long
wished for a universal international language that speakers all
over the world could understand. A universal language would
certainly build cultural and economic bonds. It would also create
better feelings among countries.

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UNACCEPTABLE PARAPHRASE 2 – WHY?
Language is the principal means of communication between
peoples. However, because there are numerous languages,
language itself has frequently been a barrier rather than an aid to
understanding among the world population. For many years,
people have envisioned a common universal language that
everyone in the world could communicate in. The reasons for
having a universal language are clearly understandable. If the
same tongue were spoken by all countries, they would
undoubtedly become closer culturally and economically. It
would probably also create good will among nations (Kispert).
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HOW TO WRITE A GOOD PARAPHRASE
There are three keys to writing a good paraphrase:
1. Use your own words and your own sentence structure.
2. Make your paraphrase approximately the same length as the
original.
3. Do not change the meaning of the original.

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You can write a good paraphrase if you follow these steps.
Step 1: Read the original passage several times until you
understand it fully.
Look up unfamiliar words, and find synonyms for them. It may
not be possible to find synonyms for every word, especially
technical vocabulary. In this case, use the original word.
Step 2: It helps to take notes. Write down only a few words for
each idea - not complete sentences. For example:

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language - people use to communicate - but so many - difficult to
understand one another - people wish - universal international language
- reasons: cultural, economic bonds, better feelings between countries
It may be helpful to make a brief outline such as the following:
A. Language-people use to communicate
1. So many languages make it difficult to understand one another.
2. People wish for one universal international language.
B. Reasons
1. Cultural, economic bonds
2. Better feelings between countries
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 Step 3: Write your paraphrase from your notes. Don't look at
the original while you are writing.
Step 4: Check your paraphrase against the original to make
sure you have not copied vocabulary or the sentence structure
too closely. More importantly, make sure that you have not
changed the meaning of the original or given any wrong
information.
Step 5: Add an in-text citation at the end.

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PRACTICE
Choosing the best paraphrase
Step 1: Read the original passages
Step 2: Choose the best paraphrase from the choices given and
mark it "Best.”
Step 3: Mark the others ‘Too similar’, ‘No citation’ if there is no
in-text citation, or ‘incomplete’ and/or ‘inaccurate’ information.

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 Original Passage 1:
Source: Page 16 of a three-page article in the October 15,
2003, issue of Space Science magazine. The title of the article
is "Manned Mars Flight: Impossible Dream?" The author is
Patrick Clinton, a NASA (National Aeronautics and Space
Administration) physician.
Living aboard a space station in orbit around Earth for
months at a time poses problems for astronauts' bodies as
well as for their minds.

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A. ______ An article in Space Science magazine reports that lengthy space
station duty may lead to physical and mental problems for astronauts
(Clinton, p.16).
B. ______ An article in Space Science magazine reports that astronauts who
live aboard space stations for long periods of time may experience
physical as well as mental problems.
C. ______ An article in Space Science reports that living in a space station
orbiting Earth for a long time can cause difficulties for astronauts' bodies
and minds (Clinton, p.16).
D. ______ An article in Space Science reports that astronauts will become
physically sick and have mental problems if they visit a space station
(Clinton, p.16).
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Original Passage 2
Source: Page 16 of the same article in passage 1.
One major problem is maintaining astronauts' physical health.
Medical treatment may be days or even weeks away, as there
may not be a doctor on board. Illnesses such as appendicitis or
ulcers, routinely treated on Earth, could be fatal in space because
of the delay in getting to a doctor.

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A. _____ NASA physician Patrick Clinton states that one problem is astronauts'
physical health. With no doctor on board, common illnesses like appendicitis and ulcers
could be fatal to astronauts because it would take too long to get them back to Earth.
B. _____ NASA physician Patrick Clinton states that one problem is astronauts'
physical health. With no doctor on board, common illnesses like appendicitis and ulcers
could be fatal to astronauts because it would take too long to get them back to Earth.
C. _____ NASA physician Patrick Clinton states that the physical health of astronauts is
a huge problem. Spaceships do not usually have medical doctors among the crew, so
astronauts who get appendicitis on a long space journey will die (p.16).
D. _____ NASA physician Patrick Clinton states that one big problem is keeping
astronauts in good physical health. Medical treatment might take days or weeks to get
because there may not be a doctor on the spaceship. Ordinary illnesses such as
appendicitis and ulcers could be deadly because it would take too long to get to a doctor
(p.16).
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A. _____ NASA physician Patrick Clinton states that one
problem is astronauts' physical health. With no doctor on board,
common illnesses like appendicitis and ulcers could be fatal to
astronauts because it would take too long to get them back to
Earth.
B. _____ NASA physician Patrick Clinton states that one
problem is astronauts' physical health. With no doctor on board,
common illnesses like appendicitis and ulcers could be fatal to
astronauts because it would take too long to get them back to
Earth.

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C. _____ NASA physician Patrick Clinton states that the
physical health of astronauts is a huge problem. Spaceships do
not usually have medical doctors among the crew, so astronauts
who get appendicitis on a long space journey will die (p.16).
D. _____ NASA physician Patrick Clinton states that one big
problem is keeping astronauts in good physical health. Medical
treatment might take days or weeks to get because there may not
be a doctor on the spaceship. Ordinary illnesses such as
appendicitis and ulcers could be deadly because it would take too
long to get to a doctor (p.16).

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Original Passage 3
Source: Page 17 of the same article as in passages 1 and 2.
Another health problem is the potential for bone deterioration. In a
weightless environment, the body produces less calcium. Astronauts
must exercise at least three hours a day to prevent bone loss.

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A._____ Another problem is the possibility of bone loss, according to NASA
physician Patrick Clinton. In weightless space, the body makes less calcium.
Astronauts have to exercise a minimum of three hours a day to avoid losing bone
(p.17).
B._____ According to NASA physician Patrick Clinton, weight can be a problem.
Astronauts must take extra calcium and exercise at least three hours a day to keep
from gaining weight and to prevent bone damage (p.17).
C. _____ According to NASA physician Patrick Clinton, astronauts could suffer
bone loss. Being weightless causes the body to lose calcium, which is important for
strength, so exercising at least three hours daily is necessary to keep their bones
strong.
D._____ According to NASA physician Patrick Clinton, astronauts also face
possible bone loss. Because weightlessness causes the body to lose calcium,
exercising at least three hours daily is necessary to keep their bones strong (p.17).
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A._____ Another problem is the possibility of bone loss,
according to NASA physician Patrick Clinton. In weightless
space, the body makes less calcium. Astronauts have to exercise a
minimum of three hours a day to avoid losing bone (p.17).
B._____ According to NASA physician Patrick Clinton, weight
can be a problem. Astronauts must take extra calcium and exercise
at least three hours a day to keep from gaining weight and to
prevent bone damage (p.17).

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C. _____ According to NASA physician Patrick Clinton,
astronauts could suffer bone loss. Being weightless causes the
body to lose calcium, which is important for strength, so exercising
at least three hours daily is necessary to keep their bones strong.
D._____ According to NASA physician Patrick Clinton, astronauts
also face possible bone loss. Because weightlessness causes the
body to lose calcium, exercising at least three hours daily is
necessary to keep tl1eir bones strong (p.17).

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PRACTICE: WRITING PARAPHRASES
Step 1: Read the original passage several times until you understand it well.
You may find it helpful to underline the main points.
Step 2: Make notes in the space provided, changing vocabulary words
wherever possible.
Step 3: Write your paraphrase in your own words. Remember to change
both vocabulary and sentence structure.
Step 4: Check your paraphrase to make sure you have not changed the
meaning of the original passage.
Step 5: Add an in-text citation in the proper form at the end of each
paraphrase.
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 Original Passage 1
 Source: Page 18 of a three-page article in the October 15,2003,
issue of Space Science magazine. The title of the article is
"Manned Mars Flight: Impossible Dream?" The author is
Patrick Clinton, a NASA physician.
 A second major problem is maintaining astronauts' mental
health. Being confined for long periods of time in dark and
hostile space undoubtedly produces anxiety. Loneliness and
boredom are other psychological concerns.

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YOUR PARAPHRASE (1)

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 Original Passage 2
 Source: Page 18 of the same article as in passage 1.
 Finally, how can astronauts "let off steam" when interpersonal
conflicts develop? Even best friends can irritate each other
when forced to spend weeks together in isolation. Space stations
are small, cramped, busy workplaces, and there is little privacy.
Also, space exploration is dangerous, which adds to the stress
aboard a spaceship.

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YOUR PARAPHRASE (2)

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 Original Passage 3
Source: A Letter to the Editor written by Cory Brunish, which appeared
on page 9 of the February 16,2004, issue of Time magazine.
Why should we spend vast amounts to reach Mars when there is a very
high chance of its not providing anything that would improve our lot
here on Earth? Why not allocate those billions for "home
improvement"? Think of the progress that could be made in curing
cancer, AIDS, and other diseases; in cleaning our water, air, and soil;
and in feeding hungry nations. Why confront the hazards of outer
space when we should be fighting homelessness, poverty, and
unemployment on Earth?
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 YOUR PARAPHRASE (3)

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 Original Passage 4
 Source: Page 48 of a nine-page magazine article written by Jeffrey Kluger.
The article appeared on pages 42-50 in the January 26, 2004, issue of Time
magazine. The title of the article is "Mission to Mars: First the Rover Lands,
and Now Bush Wants to Send People. We Can Do It Even Faster Than
Planned, but Here Is What It Will Take."
 Speed is everything on the way to Mars and not only because a seven-month
trip in a confined space can be torturous. The bigger problem is that it can be
lethal because of radiation exposure in deep space, where the absence of
Earth's magnetic field leaves astronauts far more exposed to deadly cosmic
energy than they are in orbit or on the way to the moon.

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 YOUR PARAPHRASE (4)

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