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SQL Tutorial

SQL tutorial for beginners

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Harsh Mendapara
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11 views

SQL Tutorial

SQL tutorial for beginners

Uploaded by

Harsh Mendapara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL Tutorial: Step-by-Step Guide

1. Introduction to SQL

Structured Query Language (SQL) is a standard language for managing and manipulating
relational databases.

2. Setting Up the Environment

 Install a database management system (DBMS):


o MySQL
o PostgreSQL
o Microsoft SQL Server
o SQLite
 Install database client tools or use an IDE like DBeaver, MySQL Workbench, or
pgAdmin.

3. Basic SQL Commands

3.1. SELECT Statement

 Retrieve data from a table:

SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name;

 Retrieve all columns:

SELECT * FROM table_name;

3.2. WHERE Clause

 Filter data based on conditions:

SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition;

Example:

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE age > 30;

3.3. ORDER BY Clause

 Sort the results:

SELECT * FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name ASC;


SELECT * FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name DESC;

4. Working with Tables


4.1. Creating Tables

 Define a new table:

CREATE TABLE table_name (


column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
column3 datatype
);

Example:

CREATE TABLE employees (


id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(50),
age INT,
department VARCHAR(50)
);

4.2. Inserting Data

 Add records to a table:

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2) VALUES (value1, value2);

Example:

INSERT INTO employees (id, name, age, department) VALUES (1, 'John Doe', 28,
'HR');

4.3. Updating Data

 Modify existing records:

UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1 WHERE condition;

Example:

UPDATE employees SET age = 30 WHERE id = 1;

4.4. Deleting Data

 Remove records:

DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

Example:

DELETE FROM employees WHERE age < 25;


5. Advanced Queries

5.1. Joins

 Combine data from multiple tables.


 Inner Join:

SELECT columns FROM table1


INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;

 Left Join:

SELECT columns FROM table1


LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;

 Right Join:

SELECT columns FROM table1


RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;

5.2. Aggregate Functions

 Perform calculations:
o COUNT: Count rows.
o SUM: Total values.
o AVG: Average value.
o MAX/MIN: Highest/lowest value. Example:

SELECT department, COUNT(*) AS employee_count


FROM employees
GROUP BY department;

5.3. Subqueries

 Nested queries:

SELECT column FROM table WHERE column IN (SELECT column FROM another_table);

6. Constraints and Keys

 Primary Key: Uniquely identifies a record.


 Foreign Key: Links two tables.
 Unique: Ensures all values in a column are unique.
 Not Null: Ensures a column cannot have NULL values.

7. Indexing
 Improve query performance:

CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name);

8. Transactions

 Manage database changes:

BEGIN TRANSACTION;
-- SQL statements
COMMIT;

 Rollback changes if needed:

ROLLBACK;

9. Views

 Create a virtual table:

CREATE VIEW view_name AS


SELECT columns FROM table WHERE condition;

10. Stored Procedures

 Reusable SQL code:

CREATE PROCEDURE procedure_name (parameters)


BEGIN
-- SQL statements
END;

11. Practice and Real-World Projects

 Build sample databases (e.g., employee management, sales data).


 Write queries for real-world scenarios like:
o Analyzing sales trends.
o Tracking inventory levels.

12. Resources for Further Learning

 Books: “SQL in 10 Minutes” by Ben Forta, “SQL Practice Problems” by Sylvia Moestl
Vasilik.
 Online Platforms: Codecademy, LeetCode, HackerRank.
 Communities: Stack Overflow, SQLServerCentral, Reddit’s r/SQL.

13. Best Practices


 Use consistent formatting for readability.
 Avoid SELECT * in production queries.
 Use indexing wisely to optimize performance.
 Regularly backup databases.

14. Certifications

 Microsoft Certified: Azure Data Fundamentals.


 Oracle Database SQL Certified Associate.
 IBM Certified Database Administrator.

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