CHAPTER 4

INTEGRATION

4.1 Integration of hyperbolic functions

4.2 Integration of inverse trigonometric functions
4.3 Integration of inverse hyperbolic functions
4.4 Further Applications of Integrations

Recall: Methods involved:

- Substitution of u
- By parts
- Tabular method
- Partial fractions

1
4.1 Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions

Integral Formulae

1.  sinh xdx  cosh x  C

2.  cosh xdx  sinh x  C

3.  sec h2 xdx  tanh x  C

4.  cosech 2 xdx   coth x  C

5.  sec hx tanh xdx   sec hx  C

6.  cos echx coth xdx   cos echx  C

2
Example 1:
Integrate the following hyperbolic functions using appropriate
technique (definition, identities, etc) and method (substitution, by
parts, tabular, etc).

a)  sinh 2 x cosh3x dx

cosh x
b)  dx
2  3sinh x

 sinh x dx
3
c)

d)  x cosh 2 x dx

 x  x
e)  sinh   cosh   dx
 
2 2

 tanh x sec h x dx
2
f)

3
4.2 Integration of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Integration formulae of the Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Differentiation Integration
d 1 dx
dx
(sin 1 x) 
1 x2
 1 x2
 sin 1 x  C

d 1  dx
dx
1
(cos x) 
1 x2
 1 x2
 cos 1 x  C

d 1 dx
(tan 1
x) 1 x2  tan 1 x  C
dx 1 x 2

d 1  dx
dx
(cot 1
x)
1 x 2 1 x2  cot 1 x  C

d 1 dx
dx
(sec 1
x)
x x 12 x x2 1
 sec 1 x  C

1  dx
x
d
(csc 1
x)  csc 1 x  C
dx x x 12 x2 1

4
Example 2 :
1. Evaluate the following integrals

2. Use partial fraction decomposition to solve

1 x2  2 x
 dx .
0 (2 x  1)( x  1)
2

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Example 3 : Evaluate the following integrals

3. Use completing the square technique to solve:

 x
4. By using substitution t  tan   , show that
2
dx 2 1  1  x  
  tan  tan     C
5  4cos x 3  3  2 
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 4.3 Integration involving Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Integration formulae of the Inverse Hyperbolic Functions:

Differentiation Integration


d 1 dx
1
(sinh x)   sinh 1 x  C
dx 1  x2 1 x 2


d 1 dx
(cosh 1 x)   cosh 1 x  C
dx x2 1 x2 1

1  x2
d 1 dx
(tanh 1 x)   tanh 1 x  C
dx 1 x2

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Example 4:
1. Solve the following:

a)

b)

c)

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4.4 Further Applications of Integrations

4.4.1 a) Arc Length in Parametric Form

The length of the parametric curve ( x(t ), y(t )) as t varies from t0 to

t1 is given by

Example 5:

Consider the curve given by x(t) = cos t, y(t) = sin t ,0 ≤ t ≤ π. Find

the length of the curve. (ans: pi)

Its length is:

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4.4.1 b) Arc Length in Cartesian Form

If we wish to find the length of a Cartesian curve which is the graph

of a function
y  f ( x) , a  x  b ,
we let
x(t )  t , y(t )  f ( x(t ))  f ( x)
and we get
x '(t )  1 and y '(t )  f '( x(t )) x '(t )  f '( x) ,
so we have a simple formula for the length:

Similarly, if we have a curve x  g (y) , c  y  d , we get

Example 6:

Find the length of the curve

3
1 2
a) y  ( x  2) 2 , 0  x  3. (ans:12)
3
3
2
b) x  ( y  1) 2 , 1  y  4. (ans:14/3)
3

Example 7:
Find the length of the arc of the parabola y 2  x from (0, 0) to (1, 1).

Ans:
10
4.4.2 Arc Length in Polar Coordinates

The length of a curve with polar equation r = f(θ), a ≤ θ ≤ b, is

Example 8:
a) Find the length of the curve r   , 0    1.

b) Find the length of the cardioid r  1  cos , 0    2 .

Ans: 8

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4.4.3 Area of Surface of Revolution in Cartesian Form

Consider two cones, with one being a subset of the other; we can
calculate the area of the region between the bases of the two cones.
This region is called a frustum.

Frustum

Let the larger and smaller cones have heights and radii h2 and r2 and
h1 and r1.

R1 h1

R2
h2

It is clear that R1  r12  h12 and R2  r2 2  h2 2 . Therefore,

area of larger cone, A2   r2 R2   r2 r2 2  h2 2 ,
area of smaller cone, A1   r1R1   r1 r12  h12 .
The area of the frustum, thus,
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 A  A2  A1
  r2 r2 2  h2 2   r1 r12  h12
   r2 r2 2  h2 2  r1 r12  h12 
 
  (r2 R2  r1R1 )
r1  r2
 2 rR where R  R2  R1 and r 
2

We can then use this formula to derive a formula for the area of the
surface obtained by rotating the curve (x(t),y(t)), t1 ≤ t ≤ t2 about the
x- and y−axes respectively:

If the curve is the graph of a function y = f(x), a ≤ x ≤ b, then the

area of the surface obtained by revolving the curve about the x-axis
is

and the area of the surface obtained by revolving the curve about the
y-axis is

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If the curve is the graph of a function x = g(y), c ≤ x ≤ d, then the
area of the surface obtained by revolving the curve about the x-axis
is

and the area of the surface obtained by revolving the curve about the
y-axis is

Example 9:

a) Find the area of the surface obtained by rotating the curve

y 2  4 x  4 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 8, about the x-axis.

Ans:

b) Find the area of the surface obtained by rotating the curve

x  1  2 y 2 , 1 ≤ y ≤ 2, about the x-axis.
Ans:

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4.4.4 Area of a Surface of Revolution in Polar Form

The areas of the surfaces generated by revolving the curve

r  f ( ), a    b about the x- and y-axis are given by the following
formulas:

 Revolution about x-axis, ( y  0 ):

2
b
 dr 
S x   2 r sin  r 2    d
a  d 

 Revolution about y-axis, x  0 :

2
b
 dr 
S y   2 r cos r    d
2

a  d 

Example 10:

Find the area of the surface generated by revolving


r  cos 2 , 0   
4
about the x-axis.

2
Ans:
2 
2

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 Summary Formula for Area of Revolution:

Type of Revolve about x-axis Revolve about y-axis

Equation
Parametric
x  f (t ),
y  g (t )
y  f ( x)

x  g ( y)

Polar form 2 2

r  f ( ) S x   2 r sin  r    d  dr 
b dr b
2
S y   2 r cos r    d
2

a  d  a  d 

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Appendix:

1. Partial fraction decomposition.

2. Integrations involving Ax 2  Bx  C
Expression Substitution
x2  k 2 x  k tan  or x  k sinh 
x2  k 2 x  k sec or x  k cosh 
k 2  x2 x  k sin  or x  k tanh 

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