CSEg 1101 Introduction to Computing

Lecture 13

Fall 2023/24

Computer science and Engineering

The School of EE & Computing
Adama Science & Technology University
OUTLINES ASTU

Dictionaries (Chapter 10 of the textbook)

Named parameters
Files (Chapter 11 of the textbook)
Formatting
String methods

Reading assignment:
Chapter 13 of the textbook (Classes and functions)
Sections 14.1~14.5 in Chapter 14 of the textbook
(Classes and methods)

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 DICTIONARIES ASTU

Given the name of a country(key),

how can we know the medal information of this
country(value)?

Use a dictionary!

A dictionary is a collection of items( or elements).

It is an object of type dict. Every item(or element) of
a dictionary consists of a key and a value.
The key is a value of any immutable type and
used as an index of the item.

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 ASTU

medals = {}
medals = {“United States”: (46, 29, 29),
“China”: (38, 27, 23),
“Great Britain”:(29, 17, 19),
“Rep. of Korea”: (13, 8, 7)
“Australia”: (7, 16, 12)}

>>>medals[“United States”]
(46, 29, 29)
>>>medals[“Rep. of Korea”]
(13, 8, 7)

>>>medals[1]
KeyError: 1

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 ASTU

Creating a dictionary
txt = (“one”, “two”, “three”, “four”, “five”)
num = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
dict1 = {}
for i in range(len(txt)):
dict1[txt[i]] = num[i]
print (dict1)

{'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3, 'four': 4,

'five': 5}

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 ASTU

Search and change

>>>dict1 = {'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3,
'four': 4, 'five': 5}
>>>dict1[“three”]
3
>>>dict1[“five”]
5
>>>dict1[“one”] = “nice”
>>>dict1
{'one': 'nice', 'two': 2, 'three': 3, 'four': 4, 'five':
5}
>>>dict1[“one”] = 1
>>>dict1
{'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3, 'four': 4, 'five': 5}

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 ASTU

Add and remove

>>>dict1[“nine”] = 9
>>>dict1
{'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3, 'four': 4, 'five': 5,
'nine': 9}
>>>dict1.pop(“nine”)
>>>dict1
{'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3, 'four': 4, 'five': 5}

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 ASTU

Traversing a dictionary
>>>dict1={'one': 1,'two': 2,'three': 3,'four': 4,'five': 5}
>>>for key in dict1:
print (key, dict1[key])

one 1
two 2
three 3
four 4
five 5

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 ASTU

Converting to a list

>>>dict1={'one': 1,'two': 2,'three': 3,'four': 4,'five': 5}

>>>lst = dict1.items()
>>>lst
dict_items([('one', 1), ('two', 2), ('three', 3), ('four', 4),
('five', 5)])

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 ASTU

Case study

Given a string, count the number of every character that

appears in it, using a dictionary.

stg = “maintain”

m a i n t
1 2 2 2 1

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 ASTU

stg = “maintain”
count = {}
for c in stg:
if c not in count:
count[c] = 1
else:
count[c] += 1
print (count)

{'m': 1, 'a': 2, 'i': 2, 'n': 2, 't': 1}

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Now we are to invert the dictionary. In other words, we

want to use the frequencies as keys.:
{ 1: [“m”, “t”], 2: [a”, “i”, “n”]}

count = {'a': 2, 'i': 2, 'm': 1, 't': 1, 'n': 2}

inverse = {}
for c in count:
frequency = count[c]
if frequency not in inverse:
inverse[frequency] = [c]
else:
inverse[frequency].append(c)
print (inverse)
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NAMED PAREMETERS ASTU

In general, there is a positional correspondence

between parameters and arguments: Arguments are
mapped to parameters one-by-one and left-to-right.

def create_sun(radius, color):

sun = Circle(radius)
sun.setFillColor(color) radius 30
sun.setBorderColor(color) color “yellow”
sun.moveTo(100, 100)
return sun
create_sun(30, “yellow”)

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Default parameters
def create_sun(radius = 30, color = “yellow”):
sun = Circle(radius)
sun.setFillColor(color)
sun.setBorderColor(color)
sun.moveTo(100, 100)
return sun
sun = create_sun()
star = create_sun(2) OK !
moon = create_sun(28, “red”)
moon =create_sun(“red”) Wrong !

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By using the names of parameters in a function call,

the order of arguments does not matter.

moon = create_sun(color = “red”)

moon = create_sun(color = “red”, radius = 28)

moon = create_sun(color = “red”, 28) Wrong!

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FILES ASTU

Creating a file
f = open("cseg1101/planets.txt", “w")
for i in range(8): Mercury
planet = input (“Enter a planet”) Venus
Earth
f.write(planet + “\n”)
Mars
f.close() Jupiter
Saturn
f.writelines((“Mercury\n”, “Venus\n”, … , Uranus
“Neptune”)) Neptune

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Reading from a file

>>> f = open("cseg1101/planets.txt", "r")
>>> s = f.readline()
f is an object
>>> s, len(s) of type file!
('Mercury\n', 8)

line separator
How to get rid of white space?
>>>s.strip(), len(s.strip())
(‘Mercury’, 7)

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Reading the entire file with a single statement

>>>f = open("cseg1101/planets.txt", "r")

>>>f.readlines()
['Mercury\n', 'Venus\n', 'Earth\n',
'Mars\n', 'Jupiter\n', 'Saturn\n',
‘Uranus\n', 'Neptune\n']

We obtain a list with white space appearing again!

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 ASTU

Reading the entire file line by line

f = open("cseg1101/planets.txt", "r")
for line in f: for-loop with the file object f calls
readline() automatically at each
s = line.strip()
iteration and stops after reading
print s, the last line of the file.
f.close()

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus

Neptune

You may also use rstrip. Why?

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 ASTU

Finding the line containing “Earth”

f = open(“cseg1101/planets.txt”, “r”)
count = 0
in_file = False Apply lower() to
for line in f: line.strip().
count += 1
if line.strip().lower() == “earth”
in_file = True
break Get out of the loop.
if in_file:
print (“Earth is in line”, str(count) + “.”)

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Appending a line

>>>f = open(“cce20003/planets.txt”, “a”)

>>>f.write(“ Pluto\n”)

What if we use “w” instead of “a” ?

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FORMATTING ASTU

Format string

lst = [(“Smith Young”, 1000), (“S. Joseph”, 100000),

( “Y. Kim”, 500), (“James Brown”, 10000)]
for name, money in lst:
print (name, money)

Smith Young 1000 Smith Young 1000

S. Joseph 100000 S. Joseph 100000
Y. Kim 500 Y. Kim 500
How ?
James Brown 10000
James Brown 10000

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Smith Young 1000

S. Joseph 100000
Y. Kim 500
James Brown 10000
11 2 6

………………………
for name, money in lst:
print (“%-11s %6d” % (name, money))
2 spaces
left-aligned
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 ASTU

x1 = input(“x1 = “) “60”
x2 = input(“x2 = “) “150”
val = int(x1) + int(x2) 210
print (str(val) + “ is “ + x1 + “ + “ + x2 )
210 is 60 + 150
val x1 x2
print (“%d is %s + %s”% (val, x1, x2))

place holders

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 ASTU

Format operators
format string % (arg0, arg1, …..)
Every element in the tuple has its corresponding place
holder in the format string.

Place holders
%d integers in decimal
%s strings
%g floats
%f floats
%.5g # of significant digits is 5
%.5f # of digit after the decimal point
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 ASTU

8.3f: 8 indicates total

Field width: length
>>>”%8.3f %8.3g” % ( 123.456789, 123.456789)
' 123.457 123'
>>>name = “Joseph S. Shin”
>>>amount = 100000
>>>“%20s spent % 10d for shopping.” % (name, amount)
‘ Joseph S. Shin spent 100000 for shopping.'
>>>“%-20s spent % -10d for shopping.” % (name,
amount)
'Joseph S. Shin spent 100000 for shopping.‘
>>>”My name is %-15s .” % name
“My name is Joseph S. Shin .”

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STRING METHODS ASTU

A string is an immutable sequence of characters.

in operator
>>>”abc” in “01234abcdefg”
True
>>>”fgh” in “01234abceefg”
False
A bit different from the
usage for tuples & lists

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 ASTU

String objects have many useful methods:

- upper(), lower(), and capitalize()

- isalpha() and isdigit()
- startswith(prefix) and endswith(suffix)
- find(str), find(str, start), and find(str, start, end)
(return -1 if str is not in the string )
- replace(str1, str2)
- rstrip(), lstrip() and strip() to remove
white space on the right, left, or both ends.

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 ASTU

>>> "joseph is My name".capitalize()

'Joseph is my name‘
>>>”12345”.isdigit()
True
>>>”This book is mine”.startswith(”this”)
False
>>>”This book is mine”.find(“book”)
5
>>>”This book is mine. That is also mine”.replace(“mine”, “yours”)
'This book is yours. That is also yours'

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 ASTU

String methods for converting between list and string

split() to split with white space as separators
split(sep) to split with a given separator sep
join(lt) to create a string by concatenating its
elements
>>> "I like\rthis\ncourse\tvery much.".split()
['I', 'like', 'this', 'course', 'very', 'much.']
>>>lt = ['I', 'like', 'this', 'course', 'very',
'much.']
>>>” “.join(lt)
‘I like this course very much.’

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