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Lecture 12

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17 views8 pages

Lecture 12

Uploaded by

Rudra Shankha Nandy
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MA 201 Complex Analysis

Lecture 12: Taylor’s Theorem

Lecture 12 Taylor’s Theorem


Taylor Series

Question: Let f : B(z0 , R) → C analytic. Can we represent f as a power


series around z0 ?
Taylor’s Theorem: Let f be analytic on D = B(z0 , R). Then
∞
X
f (z) = an (z − z0 )n , for all z ∈ D,
n=0

f n (z0 )
where an = for n = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
n!

Proof. Without loss of generality we consider z0 = 0. Fix z ∈ B(z0 , R)


and let |z| = r . Let C0 be a circle with center 0 and radius r0 such that
r < r0 < R. Thus for two complex numbers w and z we can write
(check!)

1 1 z z2 z n−1 zn
= + 2 + 3 + .... + + .
w −z w w w w n (w − z)w n

Lecture 12 Taylor’s Theorem


Taylor Series

By Cauchy integral formula we now have


Z
1 f (w )dw
f (z) =
2πi |w |=r0 w − z
z n−1 zn
Z   Z
1 1 z f (w )dw
= f (w ) + 2 + ... + dw +
2πi |w |=r0 w w wn 2πi |w |=r0 (w − z)w n
f 0 (0) f 00 (0) 2 f n−1 (0) n−1
= f (0) + z+ z + ..... + z + ρn (z)
1! 2! (n − 1)!
n−1 k
X f (0) k
= z + ρn (z)
k!
k=0

zn
Z
f (w )dw
where ρn (z) = .
2πi C0 (w − z)w n

Now, we just need to show that lim |ρn (z)| = 0.


n→∞

Lecture 12 Taylor’s Theorem


Taylor Series

f (w )
Note that the function w → is continuous and hence bounded on
w −z
the circle C0 .

f (w )
If ≤ K for all w ∈ C0 then by ML inequality it follows that
w −z
z n
|ρn (z)| ≤ Kr0 .
r0

Since |z| = r < r0 and |w | = r0 implies lim |ρn (z)| = 0 as n → ∞.


n→∞

Remark: If f is an entire function then


∞
X
f (z) = an z n , for all z ∈ C,
n=0

f n (0)
where an = for n = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
n!

Lecture 12 Taylor’s Theorem


Exponential function
∞
X 1 n
The power series z has radius of convergence ∞. If we define
n=0
n!
∞
X 1 n
f (z) = z then f is an entire function.
n=0
n!

∞ ∞
X n n−1 X 1 n
1 f 0 (z) = z = z = f (z).
n=1
n! n=0
n!

d z
2 We know that e = e z . Is f (z) = e z ?
dz

f (z)
3 Yes. If h(z) = then h0 (z) = 0 for all z ∈ C. Therefore f (z) = ce z .
ez
0
But f (0) = e = 1 = c.
Now we will define exponential function as a power series
∞
X zn
exp(z) = e z = .
n=0
n!

Lecture 12 Taylor’s Theorem


Sine and Cosine function

The sin z and cos z functions can also be written as a power series by using the
exponential series.

" ∞ ∞
# ∞
e iz − e −iz 1 X (iz)n X (−iz)n X z 2n+1
sin z = = − = (−1)n ,
2i 2i n=0
n! n=0
n! n=0
(2n + 1)!

similarly,
"∞ ∞
# ∞
e iz + e −iz 1 X (iz)n X (−iz)n X z 2n
cos z = = + = (−1)n .
2 2 n=0 n! n=0
n! n=0
(2n)!

Lecture 12 Taylor’s Theorem


Exponential function

Euler’s Formula:
∞
X (iθ)n
e iθ =
n=0
n!
∞  
X 1 1
= (iθ)2n + (iθ)2n+1
n=0
(2n)! (2n + 1)!
∞
X θ2n (i 2 )n θ2n+1 (i 2 )n
 
= +i
n=0
(2n!) (2n + 1)!
= cos θ + i sin θ.

Lecture 12 Taylor’s Theorem


Polynomial function

If P(z) = an z n + an−1 z n−1 + .... + a0 is a polynomial in C of degree n ≥ 1


then |p(z)| ≤ M|z|n for |z| > 1.

Question: Let f is an entire function such that |f (z)| ≤ M|z|n for


|z| > 1. Can we say that f is a polynomial of degree at most n?
X
Yes! Since f is an entire function, therefore f (z) = ak z k .

By Cauchy’s estimate,
k!MR n k!M
|f k (0)| ≤ = (k−n) → 0
Rk R
as R → ∞ for each k > n.

By above observation ak = 0 for all k > n. i.e f is a polynomial of degree


at most n.

Lecture 12 Taylor’s Theorem

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