Introduction to Electric Motors

Smt. P. M. Shinde
Lecturer in Electrical Engg.
 Electric Motor
• Electrical machine that converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy.
• Electrical generator-Electrical machine that
converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy.
 Classification of motors
• Classified based on
1. Power source type
2. Internal construction
3. Application
4. Type of output Types of motors

DC motors AC motors
Special Motors
1. DC Series 1. Induction motors
1. Stepper motor
2. DC Shunt 2. Synchronous
Motors 2. Universal motor
3. Compound
3. Servo Motor
 DC Machine
1. DC Motor 2. DC Generator
Windings in DC machine
1. Field Winding 2. Armature Winding
 Faraday’s law (First Law)
• Any change in the magnetic field of a coil of wire will
cause an emf to be induced in the coil. This emf
induced is called induced emf and if the conductor
circuit is closed, the current will also circulate through
the circuit and this current is called induced current.
Method to change the magnetic field:
• By moving a magnet towards or away from the coil
• By moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field
• By changing the area of a coil placed in the magnetic field
• By rotating the coil relative to the magnet
Faraday’s law (First Law)
 Faraday’s Second Law
• It states that the magnitude of emf induced in the coil is equal
to the rate of change of flux that linkages with the coil.
• The flux linkage of the coil is the product of the number of
turns in the coil and flux associated with the coil.
 Lenz’s Law
• Lenz's law states that the direction of
the electric current induced in a conductor by
a changing magnetic field is such that the
magnetic field created by the induced current
opposes changes in the initial magnetic field
 Fleming's Left hand rule
Fleming’s left- hand rule states that if we stretch the thumb, middle finger and
the index finger of the left hand in such a way that they make an angle of 90
degrees (Perpendicular to each other) and the conductor placed in the
magnetic field experiences Magnetic force.

Then the direction for each finger is represented as follows:

Thumb: It points towards the direction of force (F)

Middle finger: It represents the direction of the current (I)

Index finger: It represents the direction of the magnetic field (B)

 Fleming’s Right hand rule
• The right hand is held with the thumb, index finger and middle
finger mutually perpendicular to each other (at right angles), as shown in
the diagram.[1]
• The thumb is pointed in the direction of the motion of the conductor
relative to the magnetic field.
• The first finger is pointed in the direction of the magnetic field. By
convention, it's the direction from North to South magnetic pole.
• Then the second finger represents the direction of the induced or
generated current within the conductor
DC Motor Principle
Production of fields
Interaction of Two Fields
Magnitude of Force
 Construction of DC Motor
1. Yoke
Field Winding
Armature
Pole
Commutator
Brushes
 1. Yoke
• Outer cover of DC motor which protects motor
parts from moisture, dust. Ect.
• Also provides magnetic path for field flux
• Supports filed poles
• Material: Cast iron, rolled
steel, cast steel (Low reluctance)
 Poles
• Electromagnet
• Bare field winding
• Produces magnetic field
• Pole shoe is extended pole
• Used to pass more flux to
Armature
• Material: Cast steel, cast iron
• Laminated to reduce eddy
current losses
Field Winding
 Armature Core
• Cylindrical drum type
• Provides large number of slots
• Provides low reluctance path for armature flux
• Material: High permeability low reluctance material
Cast steel / Cast iron
• Air holes to provide air circulation
• Constructed with laminations to minimize eddy
current losses
 Armature Winding
• Material : Copper
• Placed in armature slots present on armature
periphery
• Connected to external DC supply
• Produces armature magnetic field
 Commutator
• Cylindrical drum
• Made up of large number
of wedge shaped segments
• Insulating layer of mica
between laminations
• Armature windings tapping's
are connected to segments of
commutator
• In Dc generator: Rectifier
• In Dc Motor: Inverter
• Material: Copper and
• Insulating material : Mica
 Brushes
• Function: Collect current from commutator
• Material: carbon/Graphite (Rectangular)
 Induction Machine
• External energy source is connected to stator
• Works on principle of induction
• Single phase/ Three phase
• 85% applications
 Construction
• 1. Stator
• 2. Rotor

1. Stator
• Stationary part
• Material: Silicon Steel stampings (laminated)
• Open slots/semi closed slots/ closed slots
• Single phase /three phase winding
• Terminal box – to give supply
• Stator winding material: Copper
 Rotor
1. Squirrel cage rotor
 Rotor
• Slip Ring Rotor (Wound Type)
-rotor is wound with same number of poles as stator
-laminated with slots on outer periphery
-three phase star connected
-three terminals are connected to slip rings
-material of slip rings – Copper/Phosphor/ Bronze
-Three brushes on slip rings
-under normal running condition
slip rings are sorted
 Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF)
-Principle of operation of I. M. depends on RMF
-Produced by stator three phase winding between stator and
rotor air gap
-Three phase currents are 120 degree apart from each other
-
 Working Principle of 3 Phase Induction
Motor
• The stator of the motor consists of overlapping winding offset by an electrical angle of
120o. When we connect the primary winding, or the stator to a 3 phase AC source, it
establishes rotating magnetic field which rotates at the synchronous speed.
• According to Faraday’s law an emf induced in any circuit is due to the rate of change of
magnetic flux linkage through the circuit. As the rotor winding in an induction motor are
either closed through an external resistance or directly shorted by end ring, and cut the
stator rotating magnetic field, an emf is induced in the rotor copper bar and due to this
emf a current flows through the rotor conductor.
• Here the relative speed between the rotating flux and static rotor conductor is the cause
of current generation; hence as per Lenz’s law, the rotor will rotate in the same direction
to reduce the cause, i.e., the relative velocity.
• Thus from the working principle of three phase induction motor, it may be observed that
the rotor speed should not reach the synchronous speed produced by the stator. If the
speeds become equal, there would be no such relative speed, so no emf induced in the
rotor, and no current would be flowing, and therefore no torque would be generated.
Consequently, the rotor cannot reach the synchronous speed. The difference between the
stator (synchronous speed) and rotor speeds is called the slip. The rotation of the
magnetic field in an induction motor has the advantage that no electrical connections
need to be made to the rotor.
• Slip Speed = Ns-N
 Single Phase Induction Motor
• A single phase induction motor consists of a single phase winding on
the stator and a cage winding on the rotor.
• When a 1 phase supply is connected to the stator winding, a pulsating
magnetic field is produced.
• In the pulsating field, the rotor does not rotate due to inertia.
• Therefore a single phase induction motor is not self-starting and
requires some particular starting means.
• Two theories have been suggested to find the performance of a single
phase induction motor.
1. Double revolving field theory.
2. Cross-field theory.
 1. Double revolving field theory.
• According to the double revolving field theory of single-phase induction
motor, a stationary pulsating magnetic field can be resolved into two
rotating magnetic fields.
• Both the magnetic fields are of equal magnitude but rotating in opposite
directions.
• The motor responds to each magnetic field separately and the net torque
produced in the motor is equal to the sum of the torques due to each of
the two magnetic fields.
• The magnetic field rotating in positive θ direction is known as the forward
rotating field, while the magnetic field rotating in the negative θ direction
is known as the backward rotating field.
• The positive direction is the direction in which the single-phase induction
motor is started initially. Both the magnetic fields rotate at synchronous
speed in opposite direction
• When the rotor is stationary, the two torques produced are equal and
opposite.
• Hence, at standstill, the net torque is zero.
• However, if the rotor is given an initial rotation by some auxiliary means in
either directions, then the torque due to the rotating magnetic field acting
in the either direction of initial rotation will be more than the torque due
to the other rotating magnetic field.
• Thus, the motor develops a net torque in the same direction as the initial
rotation.
• Therefore, the motor will keep running in the same direction of the initial
rotation.
Construction of Single phase induction
motor
• Stator
• The stator of the single-phase induction motor has laminated stamping to
reduce eddy current losses
• on its periphery The slots are provided on its stamping to carry stator or
main winding.
• Stampings are made up of silicon steel to reduce the hysteresis losses.
• When we apply a single phase AC supply to the stator winding, the
magnetic field gets produced, and the motor rotates at speed slightly less
than the synchronous speed Ns. Synchronous speed Ns is given by
Where,
f = supply voltage frequency,
P = No. of poles of the motor.
• Rotor

• The construction of the rotor of the single-phase induction motor is similar to the
squirrel cage three-phase induction motor.
• The rotor is cylindrical and has slots all over its periphery. The slots are not made
parallel to each other but are a little bit skewed as the skewing prevents magnetic
locking of stator and rotor teeth and makes the working of induction motor more
smooth and quieter (i.e. less noisy).
• The squirrel cage rotor consists of aluminum, brass or copper bars. These aluminum or
copper bars are called rotor conductors and placed in the slots on the periphery of the
rotor.
• The copper or aluminum rings permanently short the rotor conductors called the end
rings.
• To provide mechanical strength, these rotor conductors are braced to the end ring and
hence form a complete closed circuit resembling a cage and hence got its name as
squirrel cage induction motor.
• As end rings permanently short the bars, the rotor electrical resistance is very small
and it is not possible to add external resistance as the bars get permanently shorted.
• The absence of slip ring and brushes make the construction of single phase induction
motor very simple and robust.
Working Principle
 Self Starting???
• if we make the stator flux rotating type, rather than alternating type, which
rotates in one particular direction only. Then the induction motor will become
self-starting.
• for producing this rotating magnetic field, we require two alternating flux, having
some phase difference angle between them. When these two fluxes interact
with each other, they will produce a resultant flux. This resultant flux is rotating
in nature and rotates in space in one particular direction only.
• Once the motor starts running, we can remove the additional flux. The motor
will continue to run under the influence of the main flux only. Depending upon
the methods for making asynchronous motor as Self Starting Motor, there are
mainly four types of single phase induction motor namely,
• Split phase induction motor,
• Capacitor start inductor motor,
• Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor,
• Shaded pole induction motor.
• Permanent split capacitor motor or single value capacitor motor.
 Split phase induction motor
• The Split Phase Motor is also known as a Resistance Start Motor. It has a single
cage rotor, and its stator has two windings known as main winding and starting
winding. Both the windings are displaced 90 degrees in space. The main winding
has very low resistance and a high inductive reactance whereas the starting
winding has high resistance and low inductive reactance
• A resistor is connected in series with the auxiliary winding. The current in the
two windings is not equal as a result, the rotating field is not uniform. Hence, the
starting torque is small, of the order of 1.5 to 2 times the stated running torque.
At the starting of the motor both the windings are connected in parallel.
• As soon as the motor reaches the speed of about 70 to 80 % of the synchronous
speed the starting winding is disconnected automatically from the supply mains.
a centrifugal switch is used to disconnect the starting winding and for the
smaller rating motors relay is used for the disconnecting of the winding.
 Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor
• The Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor has a cage rotor, and its stator has two
windings known as Main and Auxiliary Windings.
• The two windings are displaced 90 degrees in space.
• There are two capacitors in this method one is used at the time of the starting and
is known as starting capacitor. The other one is used for continuous running of the
motor and is known as RUN capacitor.
• There are two capacitors in this motor represented by CS and CR. In the starting,
the two capacitors are connected in parallel. The capacitor Cs is the Starting
capacitor is short time rated. It is almost electrolytic. A large amount of current is
required to obtain the starting torque. Therefore, the value of the capacitive
reactance X should be low in the starting winding.
• used in pumping equipment, refrigeration, air compressors, etc.
 Capacitor start induction Run
• The capacitor start motor has a cage rotor and has two windings on the stator.
They are known as the main winding and the auxiliary or the starting winding.
• The two windings are placed 90 degrees apart. A capacitor CS is connected in series
with the starting winding. A centrifugal switch SC is also connected to the circuit.
• These motors are used for the loads of higher inertia where frequent starting is
required.
• Used in pumps and compressors
• Used in the refrigerator and air conditioner compressors.
• They are also used for conveyors and machine tools.
 Shaded Pole Induction Motor
• The shaded pole induction motor is simply a self-starting single-phase
induction motor whose poles are shaded by the copper ring.
• The copper ring is also called the shaded ring. This copper ring acts as a
secondary winding for the motor.
• The shaded pole motor rotates only in one particular direction, and the
reverse movement of the motor is not possible
• They are suitable for small devices like relays and fans because of their low
cost and easy starting.
• Used in exhaust fans, hairdryers, and also table fans.
• Used in air conditioning and refrigeration equipment and cooling fans.
• Record players, tape recorders, projectors, photocopying machines.
• Used for starting electronic clocks and single-phase synchronous timing
motors.
• used to drive devices that require low starting torque.
 Synchronous Machine
• Synchronous Machine constitutes of both synchronous motors as well as
synchronous generators.
• An AC system has some advantages over a DC system. Therefore, the AC system is
exclusively used for the generation, transmission, and distribution of electric
power.
• The machine which converts mechanical power into AC electrical power is called
a Synchronous Generator or Alternator.
• However, if the same machine can be operated as a motor is known
as Synchronous Motor.

•
Alternator/Synchronous Generator
• Rotor: Field Winding
• Stator: Armature Winding
• Field winding connected to DC supply called
Exciter through slip rings
• 3 phase Armature Winding on stator
• Prime Mover
 Stator Construction
• Laminated stator core
• Material steel
• Slots on periphery
 Rotor Construction
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JC73hjt6Plw
 Servo Motor
• A servo motor is a linear or rotary actuator that provides fast precision position
control for closed-loop position control applications. Unlike large industrial
motors, a servo motor is not used for continuous energy conversion.
• Servo motors have a high speed response due to low inertia and are designed
with small diameter and long rotor length.
• Servo motors work on servo mechanism that uses position feedback to control
the speed and final position of the motor. Internally, a servo motor combines a
motor, feedback circuit, controller and other electronic circuit.
• It uses encoder or speed sensor to provide speed feedback and position. This
feedback signal is compared with input command position (desired position of
the motor corresponding to a load), and produces the error signal (if there exist
a difference between them).
• The error signal available at the output of error detector is not enough to drive
the motor. So the error detector followed by a servo amplifier raises the voltage
and power level of the error signal and then turns the shaft of the motor to
desired position.
 DC Servo Motor
• A DC servo motor consists of a small DC motor, feedback potentiometer,
gearbox, motor drive electronic circuit and electronic feedback control
loop. It is more or less similar to the normal DC motor.
• The stator of the motor consists of a cylindrical frame and the magnet is
attached to the inside of the frame.
• AC servo motors are basically two-phase squirrel cage induction motors
and are used for low power applications. Nowadays, three phase squirrel
cage induction motors have been modified such that they can be used in
high power servo systems.
• The main difference between a standard split-phase induction motor and
AC motor is that the squirrel cage rotor of a servo motor has made with
thinner conducting bars, so that the motor resistance is higher.
• Based on the construction there are two distinct types of AC servo motors,
they are synchronous type AC servo motor and induction type AC servo
motor.