UNIT - II

DevOps Definition

Here are definitions of DevOps from various sources:

1. Amazon Web Services (AWS):

- Definition: DevOps is a set of practices that combines software development (Dev) and
IT operations (Ops) to shorten the systems development life cycle. The goal is to deliver
features, fixes, and updates frequently in close alignment with business objectives.
- Source: AWS DevOps (https://aws.amazon.com/devops/what-is-devops/)

2. Microsoft Azure:
- Definition: DevOps is a cultural and professional movement that focuses on how to
build, deploy, and manage software applications more efficiently. It emphasizes
collaboration between developers and operations teams to automate and improve
processes, which ultimately accelerates software delivery and enhances quality.
- Source: Microsoft DevOps (https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/overview/devops/)

3. Google Cloud:
- Definition: DevOps is a set of practices that promotes a collaborative approach between
software developers and IT operations to improve and streamline the software
development and deployment process. The aim is to increase the speed and reliability of
software releases by integrating development, operations, and quality assurance teams.
- Source: Google Cloud DevOps (https://cloud.google.com/solutions/devops)

4. Atlassian:
- Definition: DevOps is a culture, movement, or philosophy that seeks to bring together
the traditionally siloed development and operations teams. It encourages a set of
practices that improve collaboration, automation, and monitoring throughout the entire
software development lifecycle to deliver better software faster.
- Source: Atlassian DevOps (https://www.atlassian.com/devops)

5. Wikipedia:
- Definition: DevOps is a set of practices and cultural philosophies that aims to improve
collaboration between software developers and IT operations professionals. It
emphasizes automation, continuous integration and delivery, and monitoring to enable
faster development cycles, more frequent releases, and higher-quality software.
- Source: Wikipedia DevOps (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DevOps)

These definitions reflect the broad, multidisciplinary nature of DevOps, emphasizing its role
in fostering collaboration, automation, and efficiency in software development and
operations.

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History of DevOps

1. Origins and Early Influences (Pre-2009)

- Software Development and IT Operations: Historically, software development (Dev)
and IT operations (Ops) were distinct functions. Developers focused on creating code,
while operations teams managed the deployment and maintenance of software systems.
- Challenges: This separation often led to friction, inefficiencies, and slower delivery
cycles. Issues included poor communication, misaligned goals, and the "Dev vs. Ops"
mentality.

2. The Emergence of Agile (Early 2000s)

- Agile Manifesto (2001): The Agile Manifesto was introduced by a group of software
developers. It emphasized iterative development, collaboration, and customer feedback.
- Impact on Development: Agile methodologies improved the speed and adaptability of
development processes, but deployment and operations processes often lagged behind,
creating a gap between development and operations.

3. Birth of DevOps (2009)

- DevOps Movement: The term "DevOps" was coined in 2009 by Patrick Debois, who
organized the first DevOpsDays conference in Belgium. The movement aimed to bridge
the gap between development and operations.
- Key Objectives: DevOps focuses on collaboration, integration, and automation to
improve the efficiency and speed of software delivery.

4. Growth and Evolution (2010s)

- Cultural Shift: DevOps introduced a cultural shift in organizations, promoting shared
responsibilities and breaking down silos between Dev and Ops teams.
- DevOps Practices: Key practices such as Continuous Integration (CI), Continuous
Delivery (CD), Infrastructure as Code (IaC), and automated testing gained traction.
- Tools and Technologies: The rise of tools like Jenkins, Docker, Kubernetes, and
Terraform played a significant role in the implementation of DevOps practices.
- Case Studies and Success Stories: Companies like Amazon, Netflix, and Etsy
showcased the benefits of DevOps, leading to widespread adoption.

5. DevOps Today (2020s and Beyond)

- Mature Practices: DevOps has become a mainstream approach in software development
and IT operations. Organizations now focus on advanced practices like Site Reliability
Engineering (SRE) and the adoption of AI and machine learning in DevOps.
- Integration with Other Movements: DevOps integrates with other modern practices
such as Agile, Lean, and ITIL, creating a comprehensive approach to software delivery
and operations.
- Global Adoption: DevOps is now widely adopted across various industries and regions,
with continuous innovation and evolving practices.

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6. Key Influences and Contributors
- Patrick Debois: Often referred to as the "Father of DevOps" for his role in coining the
term and organizing the first DevOpsDays conference.
- John Allspaw and Jez Humble: Their work, especially the book "The Phoenix Project",
has been influential in shaping the DevOps movement.

7. Future Trends
- Automation and AI: Increasing use of AI and machine learning for predictive analysis,
anomaly detection, and automated decision-making.
- Security Integration: Emphasis on integrating security practices (DevSecOps) into the
DevOps pipeline to ensure secure software delivery.
- Serverless Architectures: Growth in serverless computing and its impact on DevOps
practices.

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DevOps Roles

1. DevOps Engineer
- Responsibilities: DevOps Engineers bridge the gap between development and
operations. They focus on automating and optimizing the deployment pipeline,
managing infrastructure, and ensuring smooth software releases.
- Key Skills: Expertise in CI/CD pipelines, automation tools, cloud services, scripting
languages (e.g., Python, Bash), and configuration management tools (e.g., Ansible,
Puppet).
- Tools: Jenkins, Docker, Kubernetes, Terraform, Ansible.

2. Site Reliability Engineer (SRE)

- Responsibilities: SREs are responsible for ensuring the reliability, availability, and
performance of applications. They use software engineering principles to automate
operations tasks and improve system reliability.
- Key Skills: Knowledge in system administration, monitoring and alerting, capacity
planning, and incident management.
- - Tools: Prometheus, Grafana, Nagios, Splunk.

3. Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) Engineer

- Responsibilities: CI/CD Engineers focus on building and maintaining the CI/CD
pipeline that automates the integration and delivery of code changes. They ensure that
the pipeline is efficient and reliable.
- Key Skills: Expertise in CI/CD tools, version control systems (e.g., Git), and scripting.
- Tools: Jenkins, GitLab CI, Travis CI, CircleCI.

4. Cloud Engineer
- Responsibilities: Cloud Engineers design, implement, and manage cloud-based
infrastructure and services. They ensure that cloud resources are utilized efficiently and
securely.
- Key Skills: Proficiency in cloud platforms (e.g., AWS, Azure, Google Cloud), cloud
architecture, and security practices.
- Tools: AWS CloudFormation, Azure Resource Manager, Google Cloud Deployment
Manager.

5. Automation Engineer
- Responsibilities: Automation Engineers focus on automating repetitive tasks and
processes to improve efficiency and reduce manual errors. They develop scripts and
tools to automate system configurations and deployments.
- Key Skills: Strong scripting skills, knowledge of automation tools, and experience with
infrastructure automation.
- Tools: Puppet, Chef, SaltStack.

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6. Release Manager
- Responsibilities: Release Managers oversee the process of deploying new software
releases. They coordinate between development, operations, and quality assurance
teams to ensure successful releases.
- Key Skills: Project management, knowledge of release processes, and coordination
skills.
- Tools: Release management tools like Jenkins, Jira, or Azure DevOps.

7. Security Engineer (DevSecOps)

- Responsibilities: Security Engineers integrate security practices into the DevOps
process. They focus on identifying and mitigating security risks throughout the
development lifecycle.
- Key Skills: Expertise in security practices, vulnerability assessment, and secure coding
practices.
- Tools: OWASP ZAP, SonarQube, Nessus.

8. Performance Engineer
- Responsibilities: Performance Engineers focus on optimizing the performance and
scalability of applications. They conduct performance testing and tuning to ensure
applications can handle expected load and performance requirements.
- Key Skills: Performance testing, load testing, and optimization techniques.
- Tools: JMeter, Gatling, New Relic.

9. Infrastructure Engineer
- Responsibilities: Infrastructure Engineers design, implement, and maintain the
underlying hardware and software infrastructure required to support applications. They
ensure that the infrastructure is reliable and scalable.
- Key Skills: Knowledge of network architecture, server management, and hardware-
software integration.
- Tools: Terraform, Kubernetes, Docker.

10. DevOps Architect

- Responsibilities: DevOps Architects design and oversee the implementation of DevOps
practices and strategies. They work on creating a DevOps culture and ensuring that the
practices align with organizational goals.
- Key Skills: Experience in designing scalable DevOps solutions, strong knowledge of
cloud platforms, and leadership skills.
- Tools: Various DevOps tools, cloud platforms, and CI/CD tools.

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The Need for DevOps

1. Addressing Traditional Challenges

- Siloed Teams: Traditionally, development (Dev) and operations (Ops) teams worked
in silos, leading to communication barriers and inefficiencies. DevOps seeks to
integrate these teams, fostering collaboration and shared responsibility.

- Slow Release Cycles: Traditional development and deployment processes often result
in long release cycles, delaying the delivery of features and bug fixes. DevOps
emphasizes automation and continuous integration to accelerate these cycles.

- Manual Processes: Many traditional practices involve manual configuration and

deployment processes, which are prone to errors and inefficiencies. DevOps
advocates for automation to reduce manual intervention and improve consistency.

2. Enhancing Software Quality

- Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery (CI/CD): DevOps promotes CI/CD

practices, which ensure that code changes are automatically tested and integrated into
the main codebase. This approach helps in detecting issues early and improves
software quality.

- Automated Testing: By incorporating automated testing into the CI/CD pipeline,

DevOps ensures that code is thoroughly tested before deployment, reducing the
likelihood of defects in production.

3. Improving Collaboration

- Cross-Functional Teams: DevOps encourages the formation of cross-functional teams

that include members from development, operations, and quality assurance. This
collaborative approach ensures that all perspectives are considered, leading to better
decision-making and faster problem resolution.

- Shared Responsibility: In a DevOps culture, both development and operations teams

share the responsibility for the entire lifecycle of the application, from development to
deployment and maintenance. This shared ownership fosters a more integrated
approach to problem-solving and innovation.

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4. Increasing Agility and Flexibility

- Faster Delivery: DevOps practices enable faster and more frequent software releases.
By automating processes and implementing CI/CD, organizations can respond quickly
to market changes and customer needs.

- Adaptability: DevOps facilitates a more flexible approach to development and

deployment, allowing teams to adapt to changing requirements and incorporate
feedback more rapidly.

5. Enhancing System Reliability

- Infrastructure as Code (IaC): DevOps promotes the use of IaC to manage and
provision infrastructure through code. This approach improves consistency, reduces
manual configuration errors, and enhances the reliability of the deployment process.

- Monitoring and Feedback: Continuous monitoring and feedback mechanisms are

integral to DevOps. By tracking application performance and user feedback, teams
can identify and address issues promptly, leading to more reliable systems.

6. Cost Efficiency

- Resource Optimization: Automation and efficient resource management in DevOps

help reduce operational costs. By minimizing manual interventions and optimizing
infrastructure usage, organizations can achieve cost savings.

- Reduced Downtime: Improved deployment practices and proactive monitoring reduce

the likelihood of system outages and downtime, minimizing the associated costs and
impact on business operations.

7. Enabling Innovation

- Rapid Experimentation: DevOps practices enable rapid experimentation and

deployment of new features. Teams can quickly test and iterate on new ideas,
fostering innovation and allowing organizations to stay competitive.

- Scalability: DevOps supports scalable architectures and practices, allowing

organizations to handle increased workloads and scale their applications efficiently as
they grow.

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8. Meeting Regulatory and Compliance Requirements

- Compliance Automation: DevOps helps in automating compliance checks and

ensuring that regulatory requirements are met consistently. Automated compliance
processes reduce the risk of human error and streamline audits.

- Security Integration (DevSecOps): Integrating security practices into the DevOps

pipeline (known as DevSecOps) ensures that security is a continuous consideration
throughout the development lifecycle, rather than an afterthought.

DevOps Problems & Solutions

1. Problem: Communication and Collaboration Issues

- Description: DevOps aims to bridge the gap between development and operations
teams, but poor communication and collaboration can still persist. Traditional silos and
misaligned goals often lead to conflicts and inefficiencies.

- Solution:
- Foster a Collaborative Culture: Encourage cross-functional teams and regular
communication between Dev and Ops. Promote a culture of shared responsibility and
mutual respect.
- Implement Collaboration Tools: Use tools like Slack, Microsoft Teams, or Jira to
facilitate communication and track work progress. Implement collaborative platforms
for code reviews and project management.

2. Problem: Lack of Automation

- Description: Manual processes in deployment, configuration, and testing can lead to

errors, inefficiencies, and slower release cycles.

- Solution:
- Adopt Automation Tools: Implement tools for Continuous Integration (CI) and
Continuous Delivery (CD) such as Jenkins, GitLab CI, or CircleCI. Use automation for
infrastructure provisioning with tools like Terraform or Ansible.
- Automate Testing: Integrate automated testing frameworks (e.g., Selenium, JUnit) into
the CI/CD pipeline to ensure consistent and reliable testing.

3. Problem: Difficulty in Scaling

- Description: As applications and infrastructure grow, scaling can become complex and
challenging. Traditional methods may not be sufficient to handle increased loads.
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 - Solution:
- Use Containerization: Implement containerization technologies like Docker and
orchestration tools like Kubernetes to manage and scale applications efficiently.
- Adopt Microservices Architecture: Break down monolithic applications into
microservices to enable better scalability and flexibility.

4. Problem: Security Vulnerabilities

- Description: Integrating security into the DevOps pipeline (DevSecOps) can be

challenging, and security vulnerabilities may arise if not properly addressed.

- Solution:
- Integrate Security Practices: Embed security practices into the CI/CD pipeline. Use
tools for static and dynamic analysis (e.g., SonarQube, OWASP ZAP) to identify
vulnerabilities early.
- Implement Continuous Monitoring: Use monitoring and alerting tools (e.g.,
Prometheus, Grafana) to track security metrics and detect potential threats in real-time.

5. Problem: Complexity in Managing Infrastructure

- Description: Managing and provisioning infrastructure can become complex, especially

with dynamic and scalable environments.

- Solution:
- Adopt Infrastructure as Code (IaC): Use IaC tools like Terraform or AWS
CloudFormation to automate the management and provisioning of infrastructure.
- Implement Configuration Management: Use configuration management tools (e.g.,
Ansible, Puppet) to maintain consistency and manage configurations across
environments.

6. Problem: Inconsistent Environments

- Description: Differences between development, testing, and production environments

can lead to issues that only become apparent after deployment.

- Solution:
- Use Containerization: Containers ensure that applications run consistently across
different environments by encapsulating dependencies and configurations.
- Implement Environment Standardization: Define and enforce standardized environment
configurations to minimize discrepancies between development, testing, and
production.

7. Problem: Ineffective Monitoring and Incident Management

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 - Description: Inadequate monitoring and incident management can lead to slow
detection and resolution of issues, impacting application performance and reliability.

- Solution:
- Deploy Comprehensive Monitoring: Implement monitoring solutions that provide real-
time visibility into application performance and infrastructure health. Tools like ELK
Stack, Datadog, and New Relic can be useful.
- Establish Incident Response Procedures: Develop and document incident response
procedures. Conduct regular drills and ensure that teams are trained to handle incidents
effectively.

8. Problem: Resistance to Change

- Description: Resistance to adopting DevOps practices and tools can be a barrier to

successful implementation.

- Solution:
- Promote DevOps Culture: Educate teams about the benefits of DevOps and involve
them in the transformation process. Address concerns and provide support to ease the
transition.
- Provide Training and Support: Offer training sessions and resources to help team
members understand and adopt new tools and practices.

9. Problem: Complexity in Managing Dependencies

- Description: Managing dependencies between different components and services can

become complex, especially in large-scale environments.

- Solution:
- Use Dependency Management Tools: Implement tools and practices for managing
dependencies, such as package managers (e.g., npm, Maven) and dependency injection
frameworks.
- Implement Version Control: Maintain version control of dependencies and use semantic
versioning to manage updates and compatibility.

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Main Objectives of DevOps

1. Improve Collaboration and Communication

- Objective: Foster better collaboration and communication between development (Dev)

and operations (Ops) teams.
- Explanation: By breaking down traditional silos and encouraging cross-functional
teams, DevOps aims to improve the flow of information and ensure that both teams
work towards common goals. This collaboration helps in addressing issues more
efficiently and aligning development with operational needs.

2. Enhance Deployment Frequency

- Objective: Increase the frequency and speed of software releases.

- Explanation: DevOps practices, such as Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous
Delivery (CD), enable more frequent and reliable software deployments. This rapid
deployment helps organizations respond quickly to market demands, user feedback, and
competitive pressures.

3. Improve Quality and Reliability

- Objective: Deliver high-quality and reliable software.

- Explanation: By integrating automated testing, continuous integration, and continuous
monitoring into the development lifecycle, DevOps ensures that software is tested
thoroughly and issues are detected early. This results in fewer defects and more stable
releases.

4. Automate Processes

- Objective: Automate repetitive and manual tasks to reduce errors and improve
efficiency.
- Explanation: DevOps emphasizes automation in areas such as build, test, deployment,
and infrastructure provisioning. Automation reduces the likelihood of human errors,
speeds up processes, and allows teams to focus on more strategic tasks.

5. Increase Agility and Flexibility

- Objective: Enable teams to adapt quickly to changing requirements and market

conditions.
- Explanation: DevOps practices, including agile methodologies and iterative
development, allow teams to make incremental changes and deploy updates rapidly.
This agility supports continuous improvement and innovation.
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6. Enhance System Scalability

- Objective: Ensure that systems can scale effectively to handle increased load and
demand.
- Explanation: DevOps supports scalable architectures and practices, such as
microservices and containerization, that allow applications to scale horizontally and
manage increased traffic efficiently.

7. Improve Efficiency and Reduce Costs

- Objective: Optimize resource usage and reduce operational costs.

- Explanation: Automation and efficient resource management in DevOps lead to cost
savings. By minimizing manual interventions and optimizing infrastructure usage,
organizations can achieve better cost efficiency.

8. Foster Continuous Improvement

- Objective: Promote a culture of continuous improvement and learning.

- Explanation: DevOps encourages regular feedback and iterative improvements. Teams
are empowered to experiment, learn from failures, and make continuous enhancements
to processes and products.

9. Enhance Security

- Objective: Integrate security practices into the development and deployment pipeline.
- Explanation: DevOps incorporates security measures early in the development lifecycle
(DevSecOps) to ensure that security vulnerabilities are addressed proactively. This
integration helps in maintaining robust and secure systems.

10. Ensure Faster Time-to-Market

- Objective: Reduce the time it takes to deliver new features and updates to the market.
- Explanation: By streamlining development and deployment processes, DevOps enables
quicker delivery of features and improvements. This rapid time-to-market helps
organizations stay competitive and meet customer demands effectively.

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Continuous Delivery (CD) in DevOps

1. Definition of Continuous Delivery

- Continuous Delivery (CD) is a software engineering practice where code changes are
automatically built, tested, and prepared for release to production. The goal is to ensure
that code changes are always in a deployable state and can be released at any time with
minimal manual intervention.

- Key Components:
- Automated Builds: Code changes are automatically built and compiled.
- Automated Testing: Code is tested through automated tests to ensure quality and
functionality.
- Deployment Automation: Code is deployed to staging or production environments in an
automated manner.

2. How Continuous Delivery Works

- Code Commit: Developers commit code changes to a version control system (e.g.,
Git).
- Automated Build: A CI/CD pipeline triggers an automated build process.
- Automated Testing: The build is tested automatically through unit tests, integration
tests, and other testing methodologies.
- Staging Deployment: The tested code is deployed to a staging environment that
mirrors the production environment.
- Manual Approval: (Optional) Some organizations may require manual approval
before deploying to production.
- Production Deployment: The code is deployed to the production environment if it
passes all tests and quality checks.

3. Benefits of Continuous Delivery

- Faster Time-to-Market:
- Explanation: CD allows for quicker delivery of features and updates by automating the
build, test, and deployment processes. This reduces the time it takes to release new
functionality or fixes.
- Impact: Organizations can respond faster to market demands, customer feedback, and
competitive pressures.

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- Improved Code Quality:
- Explanation: Automated testing and frequent deployments help identify and fix
defects early in the development cycle. Continuous feedback from automated tests
ensures that code quality is maintained.
- Impact: Fewer defects are found in production, leading to a more stable and reliable
application.

- Reduced Deployment Risk:

- Explanation: By deploying smaller and more frequent changes, CD reduces the
complexity and risk associated with large deployments. Issues can be detected and
addressed more easily in smaller increments.
- Impact: The likelihood of deployment failures and rollback scenarios is minimized.

- Increased Developer Productivity:

- Explanation: Automation of repetitive tasks, such as builds and tests, frees developers
from manual processes. This allows them to focus on writing code and solving
problems.
- Impact: Faster development cycles and higher productivity lead to more innovative
and efficient development processes.

- Enhanced Collaboration:
- Explanation: CD promotes collaboration between development, testing, and
operations teams by integrating their workflows and providing a shared view of the
deployment pipeline.
- Impact: Improved communication and collaboration lead to more efficient problem-
solving and a more cohesive team environment.

- Consistent and Reliable Deployments:

- Explanation: Automation ensures that deployments are consistent and repeatable. This
reduces the risk of errors caused by manual deployment processes.
- Impact: Reliable and predictable deployments contribute to overall system stability
and user satisfaction.

- Immediate Feedback:
- Explanation: CD provides immediate feedback on code changes through automated
tests and deployments. Developers receive timely information on the quality and
readiness of their code.
- Impact: Faster feedback allows for quicker adjustments and improvements, leading to
a more agile development process.

- Reduced Manual Intervention:

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 - Explanation: By automating the deployment pipeline, CD reduces the need for manual
intervention in the release process. This minimizes human errors and ensures a more
streamlined workflow.
- Impact: Reduced manual tasks lead to fewer mistakes and a more efficient release
process.

- Better Customer Experience:

- Explanation: Faster and more reliable releases lead to improved user experiences.
New features and bug fixes reach users more quickly and with higher quality.
- Impact: Enhanced customer satisfaction and competitive advantage in the market.

4. Key Tools for Continuous Delivery

- Build Automation: Jenkins, GitLab CI, CircleCI

- Testing Automation: Selenium, JUnit, TestNG
- Deployment Automation: Docker, Kubernetes, Ansible, Terraform
- Monitoring and Feedback: Prometheus, Grafana, New Relic
- Certainly! Here are detailed notes that integrate DevOps with the Software
Development Life Cycle (SDLC) models: Waterfall, Agile, and its application on
Cloud:

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DevOps and Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

1. Waterfall Model

- Overview: The Waterfall Model is a linear and sequential approach where each phase
must be completed before moving to the next.

- Steps in the Waterfall Model:

1. Requirements Analysis
- Objective: Gather and document all requirements from stakeholders.
- Activities: Conduct interviews, surveys, and workshops.
- DevOps Integration: Plan for integration and deployment requirements to ensure
alignment with future phases.

2. System Design
- Objective: Create detailed architecture and design specifications.
- Activities: Develop system architecture and detailed design documents.
- DevOps Integration: Consider automation needs for build and deployment during the
design phase.

3. Implementation

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 - Objective: Write and compile code based on design specifications.
- Activities: Develop software according to design documents.
- DevOps Integration: Implement Continuous Integration (CI) to automate builds and
early testing.

4. Verification
- Objective: Ensure the software meets requirements and design specifications.
- Activities: Conduct unit tests, integration tests, and system tests.
- DevOps Integration: Use automated testing tools to facilitate continuous testing.

5. Maintenance
- Objective: Address issues and make necessary updates post-deployment.
- Activities: Fix bugs, update software, and provide ongoing support.
- DevOps Integration: Adopt Continuous Deployment (CD) to streamline updates and
ensure reliable delivery of fixes.

- Challenges with DevOps:

- Inflexibility: Adapting DevOps practices within the rigid structure of Waterfall can be
challenging.
- Delayed Feedback: Late discovery of issues due to the sequential nature of the
Waterfall Model.

- Integrating DevOps with Waterfall:

- Hybrid Approach: Incorporate DevOps practices such as automated testing and
deployment within the Waterfall framework.
- Early Testing: Introduce automated testing early in the development process.
- Automated Deployment: Use automation to improve the transition between phases.

2. Agile Model

- Overview: The Agile Model is an iterative and incremental approach that focuses on
flexibility, collaboration, and customer feedback.

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- Steps in the Agile Model:
1. Concept and Planning
- Objective: Define project vision, goals, and initial scope.
- Activities: Develop project plans, prioritize features, and create a product backlog.
- DevOps Integration: Plan for CI/CD pipelines and set up automated processes for
integration and deployment.

2. Iteration/Sprint Planning
- Objective: Break the project into manageable iterations or sprints.
- Activities: Define goals for each iteration, select backlog items, and plan tasks.
- DevOps Integration: Establish automated build and deployment processes to support
continuous integration during sprints.

3. Design and Development

- Objective: Design and develop features based on the iteration plan.
- Activities: Implement code, conduct code reviews, and develop features
incrementally.
- DevOps Integration: Utilize CI tools to continuously integrate and test code changes.

4. Testing
- Objective: Validate that features meet requirements and are free of defects.
- Activities: Perform unit tests, integration tests, and user acceptance testing (UAT).
- DevOps Integration: Use automated testing frameworks for continuous feedback and
quality assurance.

5. Deployment
- Objective: Release features to production or staging environments.
- Activities: Deploy completed features, conduct final testing, and release to users.
- DevOps Integration: Implement CD practices to automate and streamline deployment
processes.

6. Review and Retrospective

- Objective: Evaluate the completed iteration and identify areas for improvement.
- Activities: Conduct sprint reviews, gather feedback, and hold retrospectives.
- DevOps Integration: Apply feedback to improve CI/CD processes and automation
practices.

7. Maintenance and Support

- Objective: Address issues and enhance the software post-deployment.
- Activities: Provide ongoing support, fix bugs, and implement new features.
- DevOps Integration: Continuously integrate and deploy updates to maintain software
quality.

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 - Benefits of Integrating DevOps with Agile:
- Faster Releases: Automate CI/CD to support frequent releases.
- Improved Quality: Continuous testing and deployment ensure high-quality releases.
- Enhanced Collaboration: DevOps tools and practices support Agile’s collaborative
approach.

3. DevOps on Cloud

Overview: DevOps on Cloud leverages cloud computing services to support DevOps

practices, providing scalability, flexibility, and resource management.

- Benefits of DevOps on Cloud:

- Scalability: Cloud platforms offer scalable resources that adjust to DevOps pipeline
demands.
- Resource Efficiency: Cloud services optimize costs and reduce the need for physical
infrastructure.
- Automation and Orchestration: Cloud environments support automation tools and
orchestration services integrated with DevOps practices.
- Global Accessibility: Cloud-based tools enable remote collaboration and support
distributed teams.
- Continuous Integration and Deployment: Cloud services offer CI/CD platforms (e.g.,
AWS CodePipeline, Azure DevOps, Google Cloud Build) that streamline integration
and deployment.

- Common Cloud-Based DevOps Tools:

- CI/CD: Jenkins, GitLab CI, AWS CodePipeline, Azure DevOps, Google Cloud Build
- Configuration Management: Ansible, Chef, Puppet
- Containerization and Orchestration: Docker, Kubernetes, Amazon ECS, Google
Kubernetes Engine
- Monitoring and Logging: AWS CloudWatch, Azure Monitor, Google Stackdriver,
Prometheus, Grafana

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Git Features

Git is a distributed version control system that is widely used for managing source code in
software development. It offers a range of features that facilitate efficient version control,
collaboration, and code management.

1. Distributed Version Control

- Overview: Unlike centralized version control systems, Git is distributed, meaning

each user has a complete copy of the repository history.
- Benefits:
- Offline Work: Developers can work offline and perform most operations locally.
- Redundancy: Each clone of the repository is a full backup, reducing the risk of data
loss.

2. Branching and Merging

- Branching:
- Overview: Git allows you to create branches to work on different features or fixes
simultaneously without affecting the main codebase.
- Features:
- Branch Creation: `git branch <branch-name>`
- Branch Switching: `git checkout <branch-name>` or `git switch <branch-name>`
- Branch Deletion: `git branch -d <branch-name>`

- Merging:
- Overview: Merging combines changes from different branches into a single branch.
- Features:
- Merge: `git merge <branch-name>` merges the specified branch into the current
branch.
- Conflict Resolution: Git handles merge conflicts and provides tools to resolve them
manually.

3. Staging Area

- Overview: The staging area (or index) allows you to prepare changes before
committing them to the repository.
- Features:
- Stage Changes: `git add <file-name>` adds files to the staging area.
- Unstage Changes: `git reset <file-name>` removes files from the staging area.

4. Commit History

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 - Overview: Git maintains a history of commits, each representing a snapshot of the
project at a specific point in time.
- Features:
- Commit Changes: `git commit -m "commit message"` creates a commit with a
descriptive message.
- View History: `git log` displays a log of commits.
- Amend Commit: `git commit --amend` allows you to modify the last commit.

5. Remote Repositories

- Overview: Git supports collaboration through remote repositories hosted on platforms

like GitHub, GitLab, and Bitbucket.
- Features:
- Add Remote: `git remote add <remote-name> <url>` adds a new remote repository.
- Push Changes: `git push <remote-name> <branch-name>` uploads changes to the
remote repository.
- Pull Changes: `git pull <remote-name> <branch-name>` fetches and merges changes
from the remote repository.

6. Tags

- Overview: Tags are used to mark specific points in the commit history, often used for
release versions.
- Features:
- Create Tag: `git tag <tag-name>` creates a lightweight tag.
- Annotated Tag: `git tag -a <tag-name> -m "message"` creates a tag with metadata.
- Push Tag: `git push <remote-name> <tag-name>` pushes a tag to the remote
repository.

7. Rebase and Cherry-Pick

- Rebase:
- Overview: Rebasing is used to apply commits from one branch onto another branch,
rewriting commit history.
- Features:
- Rebase Branch: `git rebase <branch-name>` applies changes from the specified
branch onto the current branch.
- Interactive Rebase: `git rebase -i <commit-hash>` allows for editing, reordering, or
squashing commits.

- Cherry-Pick:
- Overview: Cherry-picking applies specific commits from one branch to another.
- Features:

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 - Cherry-Pick Commit: `git cherry-pick <commit-hash>` applies the changes from the
specified commit.

8. Conflict Resolution

- Overview: Git provides mechanisms to handle conflicts that arise during merging or
rebasing.
- Features:
- Conflict Markers: Git inserts conflict markers into files, showing conflicting changes.
- Conflict Resolution Tools: Git integrates with external tools to assist with resolving
conflicts.

9. Git Hooks

- Overview: Git hooks are scripts that run automatically at various points in the Git
workflow.
- Features:
- Pre-commit Hook: Runs before a commit is created, useful for linting or validating
code.
- Post-commit Hook: Runs after a commit is created, useful for notifications or
automated tasks.

10. Submodules

- Overview: Submodules allow you to include and manage external repositories within
a Git repository.
- Features:
- Add Submodule: `git submodule add <url>` adds a submodule to the repository.
- Update Submodules: `git submodule update` updates the submodules to the latest
commit.

11. Git Aliases

- Overview: Aliases are shortcuts for common Git commands.

- Features:
- Create Alias: `git config --global alias.<alias-name> <command>` creates a custom
alias.
- Example: `git config --global alias.co checkout` creates an alias `co` for `git
checkout`.

These features of Git provide a comprehensive toolkit for version control, collaboration, and
code management. Each feature supports different aspects of development and can be utilized
based on project needs and workflows

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3-Tier Architecture Overview

The three layers are:

 Working directory: This is created when a Git project is initialized onto your local
machine and allows you to edit the source code copied.
 Staging area: Post the edits, the code is staged in the staging area by applying the
command, git add. This displays a preview for the next stage. In case further
modifications are made in the working directory, the snapshots for these two layers
will be different. However, these can be synced by using the same ‘git add’ command.
 Local repository: If no further edits are required to be done, then you can go ahead
and apply the git commit command. This replicates the latest snapshots in all three
stages, making them in sync with each other.
Benefits of 3-Tier Architecture

The three-stage architecture in Git is essential for effective version control and collaboration
among team members.

Granular control over changes

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The staging area provides developers with granular control over which changes to commit
means you will have the advantage of clear details of every distinct part of files in the staging
area. This allows developers to selectively commit changes to the repository, ensuring that
only relevant changes are saved.

Collaborative development
The three-stage architecture facilitates collaborative development by enabling team members
to work on different parts of the codebase simultaneously. Each team member can work in
their own working directory and merge their changes into the repository as needed.

Easy Version Control

The repository provides a complete history of all changes made to the codebase. This makes
it easy for developers to roll back to a previous version of the codebase if needed like in the
case if pushed changes are not working fine, they can easily roll back to the previous version.

Typical Flow in 3-Tier Architecture

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GIT – Clone, Commit, Push

1. `git clone`

Overview
The `git clone` command is used to create a copy of an existing Git repository. This command
initializes a new Git repository and fetches all the files and history from the remote
repository.

Usage

git clone <repository-url>

Details
- `<repository-url>`: This is the URL of the remote repository you want to clone. It can be an
HTTP(S), SSH, or Git protocol URL.

Example

git clone https://github.com/example/repository.git

Outcome
- Local Repository: Creates a new directory with the name of the repository, initializes a `.git`
directory, and fetches all data from the remote repository.
- Branch: By default, it checks out the master branch (or main branch if the repository uses it)
and sets up a tracking branch for it.

2. `git commit`

Overview
The `git commit` command records changes to the local repository. It takes the changes that
have been staged (using `git add`) and saves them as a new commit in the local repository.

Usage

git commit -m "commit message"

Details
- `-m "commit message"`: Provides a descriptive message for the commit. This message
should explain the changes made in the commit.

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Example

git commit -m "Fix bug in user authentication"

Options
- `-a`: Automatically stages all tracked files before committing. Example: `git commit -a -m
"Update documentation"`
- `-p`: Allows interactive staging of changes. Example: `git commit -p`

Outcome
- Commit Record: Creates a new commit with a unique ID in the local repository. Each
commit includes a snapshot of the changes, a commit message, author information, and
timestamp.

3. `git push`

Overview
The `git push` command is used to upload local repository changes to a remote repository. It
transfers commits from the local branch to the corresponding branch on the remote.

Usage

git push <remote-name> <branch-name>

Details
- `<remote-name>`: The name of the remote repository (e.g., `origin`).
- `<branch-name>`: The name of the branch you want to push (e.g., `main`, `feature-branch`).

Example

git push origin main

Options
- `--set-upstream`: Sets the default remote branch for the local branch. Example: `git push --
set-upstream origin feature-branch`
- `-u`: Short for `--set-upstream`, used for the initial push of a branch. Example: `git push -u
origin new-branch`

Outcome
- Remote Repository: Updates the remote repository with your local commits. If the branch
doesn’t exist on the remote, it will be created.

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- Branch Tracking: Sets up tracking information if the branch is new.

Typical Workflow

1. Clone a Repository:

git clone https://github.com/example/repository.git

2. Make Changes:
- Edit files or add new files.

3. Stage Changes:

git add <file-name>

Or stage all changes:

git add .

4. Commit Changes:

git commit -m "Describe the changes made"

5. Push Changes:

git push origin main

This process of cloning, committing, and pushing forms the backbone of collaborative work
in Git, allowing multiple developers to contribute to the same project efficiently.

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GitHub Projects Overview

GitHub Projects provides a way to organize and manage work related to a repository or
organization using customizable project boards. These boards can include tasks, issues, pull
requests, and notes.

Key Features

1. Project Boards
- Kanban-style Boards: Use columns and cards to track the progress of tasks.
- Customizable Columns: Define columns to represent different stages of work (e.g., To
Do, In Progress, Done).

2. Cards
- Issue Cards: Represent GitHub issues and tasks. Clicking on a card opens the issue for
detailed view and editing.
- Pull Request Cards: Represent ongoing pull requests. Cards show status and links to
the pull request.
- Note Cards: Add custom notes or information that doesn’t correspond to issues or pull
requests.

3. Automation
- Workflow Automation: Automate common tasks such as moving cards between
columns when issues are closed or pull requests are merged.
- Triggers: Set up rules to trigger actions based on events like issue creation, label
changes, etc.

4. Milestones
- Link to Milestones: Associate project cards with GitHub milestones to track progress
towards specific goals.

5. Integration with Issues and Pull Requests

- Linking: Directly link issues and pull requests to project cards, making it easier to
track and manage work.

6. Filters and Search

- Filter Cards: Use filters to view cards based on labels, assignees, or due dates.
- Search: Find specific cards or issues within a project board.

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Creating a GitHub Project

1. Navigate to the Repository or Organization:

- Go to the main page of the repository or organization where you want to create the
project.

2. Access Projects Tab:

- Click on the Projects tab located in the repository’s or organization’s menu.

3. Create a New Project:

- Click on New Project.
- Choose a Template: Select from templates like “Basic Kanban,” “Automated
Kanban,” or “Roadmap” or start with a blank project.
- Enter Project Details: Provide a name, description, and select a visibility setting
(public or private).

4. Set Up Columns:
- Define columns that represent different stages of work (e.g., To Do, In Progress,
Done).

5. Add Cards:
- Create Cards: Add new cards to represent tasks, issues, or pull requests.
- Link Existing Issues: Add existing GitHub issues or pull requests to the project by
searching for them and adding them as cards.

6. Customize Project Board:

- Drag and Drop: Move cards between columns to reflect the current status of tasks.
- Edit Cards: Click on cards to view details, add comments, or update their status.

Managing Projects

1. Tracking Progress
- Monitor the status of tasks and issues through the project board.
- Use automation rules to keep the board updated based on actions like issue closing or
pull request merging.

2. Collaboration
- Collaborators can comment on cards, move them between columns, and update their
status.
- Use project boards to facilitate team discussions and planning.

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3. Archiving and Closing Projects
- Archive: Archive projects that are completed or no longer active to keep the
repository tidy.
- Close: Close projects when they are no longer needed or have reached their goals.

4. Reporting
- Use project boards to generate reports on the progress of work, including completed
tasks and pending items.

Use Cases

- Task Management: Track and manage tasks for ongoing development or maintenance work.
- Sprint Planning: Organize and plan sprints or iterations in Agile development.
- Feature Tracking: Track the progress of features and their related issues or pull requests.
- Bug Tracking: Manage and prioritize bug fixes and related issues.

GitHub Projects helps streamline project management within GitHub, providing a centralized
view of tasks and progress, and facilitating better organization and collaboration among team
members.

GitHub Management involves overseeing and administering GitHub repositories,

organizations, teams, and projects. This includes tasks related to repository configuration,
access control, workflow management, and collaboration. Here’s a comprehensive guide on
GitHub Management:

1. Repository Management

Creating and Configuring Repositories

- Create a Repository:
- Navigate to GitHub and click on the New button in the Repositories tab.
- Provide a repository name, description, and set visibility (public or private).
- Initialize with a README file if desired, and choose a license.

- Repository Settings:
- General: Configure repository details, such as the name, description, and visibility.
- Branches: Set default branches and protect branches to enforce policies.
- Collaborators: Manage who has access to the repository and their permissions.
- Webhooks: Set up webhooks to trigger external services on events like push or pull
requests.

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Managing Repository Content

- Files and Directories: Add, modify, or delete files directly through the GitHub
interface or using Git commands.
- Commits: View commit history and details. Use Git commands to commit changes
locally and push them to the remote repository.

2. Access Control

Collaborators

- Adding Collaborators:
- Go to the repository settings and select the Collaborators & teams section.
- Add collaborators by GitHub username or email address and set their permissions
(Read, Write, Admin).

Teams and Organizations

- Creating an Organization:
- Navigate to your profile and select Your organizations > New organization.
- Provide a name, description, and choose a plan (Free or paid).

- Creating and Managing Teams:

- Within an organization, create teams to group collaborators.
- Set team permissions for repositories (Read, Write, Admin) and manage team membership.

- Repository Access:
- Assign repositories to teams with specific permissions.
- Manage team access to repositories through the organization settings.

3. Workflow Management

Branching and Merging

- Branching:
- Create branches for new features or fixes using Git commands or the GitHub interface.
- Example: `git branch <branch-name>`

- Merging:
- Merge branches through pull requests, which facilitate code review and integration.
- Resolve conflicts if they arise during the merge process.

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Pull Requests

- Creating a Pull Request:

- Navigate to the Pull requests tab and click New pull request.
- Select the base and compare branches, add a title and description, and submit the pull
request.

- Reviewing and Merging:

- Review pull requests, add comments, and request changes if needed.
- Merge the pull request once it is reviewed and approved.

4. Project Management

GitHub Projects

- Creating a Project:
- Go to the repository or organization and select the Projects tab.
- Create a new project board and configure columns and cards.

- Managing Projects:
- Organize tasks using Kanban-style boards with customizable columns.
- Link issues and pull requests to project cards, track progress, and use automation
rules.

5. Security and Compliance

Repository Security

- Branch Protection:
- Set branch protection rules to enforce policies such as required reviews and status
checks before merging.

- Dependabot Alerts:
- Enable Dependabot to automatically detect and alert you about vulnerable
dependencies.

Audit Logs

- Viewing Logs:
- Access audit logs to monitor changes and access to the repositories and organizations.

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6. Collaboration and Communication

Issues and Discussions

- Creating and Managing Issues:

- Use issues to track bugs, tasks, and feature requests. Add labels, milestones, and
assign issues to collaborators.

- Discussions:
- Use GitHub Discussions to engage with the community and have conversations
around topics related to your project.

Notifications

- Notification Settings:
- Configure notification settings to stay informed about activities in repositories you’re
involved with.

7. Automation and Integration

GitHub Actions

- Creating Workflows:
- Use GitHub Actions to automate workflows such as testing, building, and deploying
code.
- Define workflows using YAML files in the `.github/workflows` directory.

- Integrations:
- Integrate with third-party services and tools for CI/CD, code quality, and other
purposes.

Webhooks

- Setting Up Webhooks:
- Configure webhooks to trigger actions on external services based on repository events
(e.g., push, pull requests).

8. Documentation and Help

- README and Wiki:

- Use the README file to provide documentation for the repository. Consider adding a
Wiki for more extensive documentation.
-

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- GitHub Help:
- Access GitHub’s documentation and support resources for help with managing
repositories, organizations, and more.

Git commands and concepts, `rebase`, `merge`, `stash`, `reset`, `checkout`, `clone`, `fetch`,
and `pull`:

1. Git Rebase

Overview
The `git rebase` command is used to integrate changes from one branch into another by
reapplying commits on top of another base branch. It helps in creating a linear history by
moving or combining commits.

Usage
git rebase <base-branch>

Details
- `<base-branch>`: The branch you want to reapply your changes onto (usually `main` or
`master`).

Example

git checkout feature-branch

git rebase main

Types
- Interactive Rebase: Allows you to edit, reorder, or squash commits. Use `git rebase -i
<commit-hash>`.

Benefits
- Creates a clean, linear history.
- Makes it easier to navigate and understand commit history.

Considerations
- Rebase rewrites commit history, so it should be used carefully, especially with shared
branches.

2. Git Merge

Overview
The `git merge` command is used to integrate changes from one branch into another. It
combines the commit histories of the branches.

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 Usage
git merge <branch-name>

Details
- `<branch-name>`: The branch you want to merge into the current branch.

Example
git checkout main
git merge feature-branch

Types
- Fast-Forward Merge: When the current branch is directly ahead of the target branch, it
moves the branch pointer forward.
- Three-Way Merge: Combines changes from the two branches and the common
ancestor.

Considerations
- May result in merge conflicts that need to be resolved manually.

3. Git Stash

Overview
The `git stash` command temporarily saves changes in a working directory that are not ready
to be committed. It allows you to switch branches or pull updates without losing your work.

Usage
git stash

Details
- `git stash save "message"`: Save changes with a descriptive message.
- `git stash pop`: Reapply the stashed changes and remove them from the stash list.
- `git stash list`: List all stashed changes.
- `git stash apply <stash-id>`: Apply a specific stash without removing it.

Example

git stash
git checkout main
git pull
git checkout feature-branch
git stash pop

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4. Git Reset

Overview
The `git reset` command is used to undo changes and move the current branch to a specific
commit. It has three modes: `--soft`, `--mixed`, and `--hard`.

Usage
git reset [--soft|--mixed|--hard] <commit>

Details
- `--soft`: Moves the HEAD to the specified commit but keeps changes in the staging area.
- `--mixed`: Moves the HEAD to the specified commit and unstages changes.
- `--hard`: Moves the HEAD to the specified commit and discards all changes in the working
directory and staging area.

Example

git reset --hard HEAD~1

5. Git Checkout

Overview
The `git checkout` command is used to switch branches or restore working directory files.

Usage
git checkout <branch-name>

Details
- `<branch-name>`: The name of the branch you want to switch to.
- Restore Files: Use `git checkout <file-name>` to restore specific files from the
commit history.

Example

git checkout feature-branch

git checkout main -- README.md

6. Git Clone

Overview
The `git clone` command is used to create a copy of an existing repository.

36
Usage
git clone <repository-url>

Details
- `<repository-url>`: URL of the remote repository.

Example

git clone https://github.com/example/repository.git

7. Git Fetch

Overview
The `git fetch` command retrieves updates from a remote repository without merging them
into the local branch. It updates the local repository with the latest changes from the remote
but does not affect the working directory or staging area.

Usage
git fetch <remote-name>

Details
- `<remote-name>`: The name of the remote repository (e.g., `origin`).

Example
git fetch origin

8. Git Pull

Overview
The `git pull` command is used to fetch and integrate changes from a remote repository into
the current branch. It combines `git fetch` and `git merge` in one step.

Usage
git pull [<remote-name> [<branch-name>]]

Details
- `<remote-name>`: The name of the remote repository (e.g., `origin`).
- `<branch-name>`: The branch to pull changes from.

Example
git pull origin main

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Considerations
- Can lead to merge conflicts if there are conflicting changes between the local and remote
branches.

These Git commands and concepts are essential for effective version control and
collaboration in software development. They help in managing code changes, maintaining
clean history, and ensuring smooth workflows.

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