Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 NTPP - 21

Chapter : Open System Analysis

Topic : Control Volume Work and SFEE

1. [MSQ, ] 3. [NAT, ]
Air enters a one – inlet, one – outlet control In a steady flow apparatus, 130 kJ of work is
volume at 8 bar, 600 K and 40 m/s through an done by each kg of fluid, the specific volume of
inlet having area of 20 cm2 . Air exits the control the fluid, pressure, and velocity at the inlet are

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volume at 2 bar , 400 K and 350 m/s . Which 0.37 m3 /kg, 600 kPa, and 16 m/s respectively.
one or more of the following statement(s) is/are The inlet is 32 m above the floor, and the
correct? Assume the control volume is at steady discharge pipe is at floor level. The outlet

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state and air behaves as an ideal gas. conditions are 0.62 m3 /kg, 100 kPa, and
A. Mass flow rate of air at the outlet of the 270 m/s. The heat loss between the inlet and

control volume
0.7647 kg/s.
c is 0.7247 kg/s to
discharge is 12 kJ/kg of fluid. The change
(magnitude) in specific internal energy of the
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fluid flowing through the apparatus is
B. Mass flow rate of air at the outlet of the
_____kJ/kg (round off to nearest integer).Take
control volume is 0.3417 kg/s to
g = 9.81m/s2 .
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0.4017 kg/s.
C. The outlet area of control volume is
4. [MSQ, ]
e

5. 996 cm2 to 6.196 cm2 .

Air is heated as it flows at steady state through
D. The outlet area of control volume is
ef

the duct. The inlet and outlet state of the air is

7. 6241 cm2 to 7.6341 cm2 . shown in the figure. Take duct as the control
volume.
R

2. [NAT, ]
Air steadily enters a control volume at 1.05 bar,
300 K and 12 m3 /min . The heat transfer rate
from the control volume to the ambient is
20 kW. If the air exits the control volume at For the above condition of the flow, which one
12 bar & 400 K, then the magnitude of rate of or more of the following statement(s) is/are
control volume work is ____ kW (round off to
correct?
one decimal place). Neglecting changes in KE
A. Control volume work done by the system is
and PE.
zero.
B. Mass flow rate at inlet is more than mass
flow rate at outlet.
 C. Temperature at outlet is 700 K to 712 K. A. The mass flow rate at outlet o is 54.05 kg/s
D. The magnitude of heat transfer per unit to 54.25 kg/s.
B. The mass flow rate at inlet i2 is 20.15 kg/s
mass is 463.15 kJ/kg to 467.15 kJ/kg.
to 20.35 kg/s.
C. Velocity at inlet i2 is 7.2 m/s to 7.4 m/s.
5. [MSQ, ] D. Velocity at inlet i2 is 5.3 m/s to 6.1 m/s.
Methane enters a horizontal constant diameter,
3 cm duct at a pressure of 200 kPa, a 7. [MCQ , ]
temperature of 250 K and a velocity of 20 m/s. Air is heated as it flows at steady state through

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At the duct exit, the velocity reaches 25 m/s. An a constant area duct. At the inlet, the
isothermal steady flow is maintained in the duct. temperature is 300 K, the pressure is 2 bar
Which one or more of the following statement(s) and the velocity is 87 m/s. At the exit, the

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is/are correct ? pressure and velocity are 1.45 bar and
A. The exit pressure is 136 kPa to 138 kPa. 360 m/s, respectively. Neglecting changes in
c
B. The exit pressure is 159 kPa to 161 kPa.
C. Rate at which heat is added to the methane
PE. The heat transfer per unit mass is _______
kJ/kg.
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gas is 2.42 W to 2.48 W. A. 664 B. 784
D. Rate at which heat is added to the methane C. 594 D. 894
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gas is 3.78 W to 3.82 W.

8. [MCQ ,]
e

6. [MSQ , ] A pump steadily delivers water at a volumetric

A feed water heater operating at steady state flow rate of 0.05 m3 /s through a pipe of
ef

has two inlets and one outlet. At inlet i1, water diameter 18 cm located 100 m above the inlet
vapour enters at 7 bar, 200°C with a mass flow pipe which has a diameter of 15 cm. The
pressure is nearly equal to 1 bar at both the
R

rate of 40 kg/s. At inlet i2, sub-cooled liquid

inlet and the outlet, and the temperature is
water at 7 bar, 40°C (v = 1.0078 ×
nearly constant at 20°C throughout. The power
10−3 m3 /kg) enters through an area 25 cm2 . At
required by the pump is kW. Take g =
outlet o , saturated liquid water at 7 bar (v =
9.81 m/s 2 .
1.108 × 10−3 m3 /kg) exits with a volumetric A. 48.9 B. 58.9
flow rate of 0.06 m3 /s. Which one or more of C. 38.9 D. 68.9
the following statement(s) is/are correct ?
 Answer Key
1. (B, C) 5. (B, C)
2. (42.5 to 46.5) 6. (A, D)
3. (17 to 19) 7. (A)
4. (A, D) 8. (A)

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c
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 Solution

1. Answer: B, C mi =i Qi
Pi = 8 bar To = 400 K Pi
Ti = 600 K co = 350 m/s m Qi
RTi
ci = 40 m/s
105×0.2
Ai = 20 cm2 mi =
Po = 2 bar 0.287×300
m = mo mi  0.2439kg/s
m = i Ai ci Wcv = – 20 – 0.2439 × 1.005 × (400– 300)
Pi Wcv  44.512kW

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m= A i ci
RTi
800×20×10 –4 ×40 3. Answer: 17 to 19
m=
0.287×600 Wcv = 130 kj/kg Vo = 0.62m3 /kg

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m  0.3717kg/s vi = 0.37m3 /kg Po = 1000kPa
m =o Aoc o

m
Po
RTo
AoC o
c Pi = 600 kPa
ci = 16 m/s
co = 270m/s
q = – 12kJ/kg
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Zi = 32m
m RT
Ao  o o Zo = 0 m
Po Co
According to SFEE
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0.3717×0.287×400 q = Wcv + ke +pe +h

Ao =
200×350 h = u + Pu
e

Ao = 6.09588 × 10–4 m2
h  u +  Po vo –Pi vi 
A o  6.09588m 2
q = Wcv + ke +pe +u  Po vo –Pi vi 
ef

u = q –  Wcv +ke +pe +  Po vo –Pi vi  

2. Answer: 42.5 to 46.5
R

Pi = 1.05 bar = 105 kPa To = 400K 

u = q –  Wcv +

1
2000

C02 –Ci2 +
g

1000
 Z0 –Zi    Po vo –Pi vi 

Ti = 300K 
u = –12 – 130+
1

2702 –162 +9.81
 0–32   100×0.62–600×0.37 
m3 m3  2000 1000 
Qi = 12 = 0.2
min s u  –18.008kJ/kg
Q = – 20kW
Po = 12 bar = 1200 kPa 4. Answer: A, D
According to SFEE For steady flow
Q =Wcv +kE+PE+H mi = mo
Wcv = Q – H ρi Ai Ci = ρo Ao Co
Wcv = Q – mcp  To –Ti  Pi P
Ai Ci = o A o Co
RTi RTo
mi =i Ai ci
  P  A  C  Pi
To   o  o  o  Ti m A i Ci
 Pi  Ai  Ci  RTi

 15  200  175  R
To      ×300
R=
 3  100  70  M

 0.032   20
200
175
 300 mi  
To =  8.314  4 
7    250
 16 
To  750K
mi  0.0218 kg/s
According to SFEE
q = Wcv + Δke +pe +h 1

×0.0218× 252  202 . 

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Q=
 
1 g 2
q= Co2 – Ci2   Zo – Zi   cP  To –Ti 
2000 1000 Q  2.4525W
q=
1

1752 – 702  
9.81
 4   1.005  750 – 300 

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2000 1000
6. Answer: A, D

5. Answer: B, C
c
CH4 Ideal Gas Ti = To  H = 0
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D = 3cm = 0.03m
Pi = 200kPa
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Ti = 250 K
Ci = 20 m/s
e

Co = 25m/s
mi = mo Pi1 = 7bar Po = 7bar
ef

ρi Ai Ci = ρo Ao Co Ti1 = 200ºC vo = 1.108 m3 /kg

Pi P m11  40kg/s Qo  0.06m3 /s
Ai Ci = o A o Co
RTi RTo Pi2 = 7bar
R

Ci Vi2 = 1.0078 × 10–3 m3 /s

Po = Pi
Co Ai = 25cm2
mo  o Ao C o
20
Po = ×200 mo  o Po
25
Po  160kPa mo 
1
Qo
vo
According to SFEE
Q  Wcv +KE + PE+ H 0.06
mo 
1.108×10–3
1

Q  m C02 –Ci2
2
 mo  54.1516 kg/s
According to conservation of mass

0
 mi  m o 
dm
|cv (Steady flow) To  900 K
dt 1
mi1  m12  mo q = (3602 – 872) + 1.005 (900 – 300)
2000
mi2  mo  mi1 q  664.01 kJ/kg
mi2  54.1516 – 40
mi2  14.1516 kg/s 8. Answer: A

mi2  i2Ai2Ci2
1
mi2  Ai2Ci2

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Vi2
mi2 Vi2
Ci2 
Ai2
14.1516×1.0078×10–3

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Ci2 = Q̇o = 0.05m3 /s
25×10–4
Do = 180cm
Ci2  5.70479 m/s
c Zo – Zi = 100m
Di = 15cm
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7. Answer: A Wcv = kW
Air, Steady flow Co = 360m/s According to SFEE
Ai = Ao q = ______ kJ/kg Q  Wcv +KE + PE+ H .
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Ti = 300 K
Wcv  –[KE + PE]
Pi = 2 bar
 1
 C02 – Ci2  + 1000  Z o – Zi 
e

Ci = 87m/s g
Wcv  m 
Po = 1.45bar  2000 
ef

According to SFEE mo  o Qo
q  w cv +ke + pe + h mo  1000  0.05
q  ke + h
R

mo  50 kg/s
q
1
2000
 
C02 – Ci2 Cp  T o – Ti  Q  A o Co

mi = mo Qo 4Q o
Co = =
 2 4D o2
i Ai Ci  o AoCo Do
4
Pi P 4  0.05
Ci  o Co Co =
RTi RTo  0.182
 P  C  Co  1.9649 m/s
To   o  o  Ti
 Pi  Ci  mi  i Ai Ci
 1.45   360 
To     300
 2   87 

0
 Ci 
mi
i Ai
.
 1
Wcv  –50 
 2000
 
1.96492 – 2.82942 +
9.81
1000
100 

4mi
Ci 
i Di2 Wcv  48.946 kW
4×50
Ci =
 ×1000 × 0.152
Ci = 2.8294m/s

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c
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0
 Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 PYQs - 21

Chapter : Open System Analysis

Topic : Control Volume Work and SFEE

1. [MCQ, ] 3. [MCQ, ]
Consider a steady, reversible flow process in a The first law of thermodynamics takes the form
system with one inlet stream and one outlet W = −∆H when applied to
stream. Potential and kinetic energy effects are A. A closed system undergoing a reversible

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negligibly small. Given: v = specific volume and adiabatic process
p = pressure of the system. The net work done B. An open system undergoing an adiabatic
by the system per unit mass flow rate is process with negligible changes in kinetic and

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A. ∫ pdv B. − ∫ pdv potential energies
C. ∫ vdp
c D. − ∫ vdp
[GATE-2008-PI]
C. A closed system undergoing a reversible
constant volume process
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D. A closed system undergoing a reversible
2. [MCQ,] constant pressure process
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In steady state steady flow process taking place [GATE-1993-ME]

in a device with a single inlet and a single outlet,
e

the work done per unit mass flow rate is given

outlet 4. [MCQ, ]
by w = − ∫inlet vdP, where v is the specific
ef

For reversible adiabatic compression in a steady

volume and P is the pressure. The expression
for w given above flow process, the work transfer per unit mass is
R

A. is valid only if the process is both reversible A. ∫ Pdv B. ∫ vdP

and adiabatic C. ∫ Tds D. ∫ sdT
B. is valid only if the process is both reversible [GATE-1996-ME]
and isothermal
C. is valid for any reversible process 5. [MCQ, ]
outlet A compressor undergoes a reversible, steady
D. is incorrect, it must be w = ∫inlet Pdv
flow process. The gas at inlet and outlet of the
[GATE-2008-ME]
compressor is designated as state 1 and state 2
respectively. Potential and kinetic energy
 changes are to be ignored. The following
notations are used: 7. [MCQ, ]
A pump handling a liquid raises its pressure from
v = specific volume and P = pressure of the gas.
1 bar to 30 bar. Take the density of the liquid as
The specific work required to be supplied to the
990 kg/m3 . The isentropic specific work done by
compressor for this gas compression process is
the pump in kJ/kg is
2 2
A. v
∫1 Pd B. ∫1 vdP A. 0.10 B. 0.30
C. v1(P2 – P1) D. – P2 (v1 – v2) C. 2.50 D. 2.93
[GATE-2009-ME] [GATE-2011-ME]

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6. [MCQ, ] 8. [NAT, ]
Air at 10 bar and 400 K is flowing with a velocity A pump raises pressure of saturated liquid water

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of 20 m/s through a pipe of uniform cross- at 100 kPa (density ρ = 959 kg/m3 ) to 2 MPa.
sectional area of 20 cm2 . The mass flow rate of

A. 0.25 kg/s
c
air in the pipe is approximately
B. 0.35 kg/s
The isentropic efficiency of the pump is 0.92.
The work done by the pump (in J/kg) is ______.
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[GATE-2015-XE]
C. 2.5 kg/s D. 3.5 kg/s
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[GATE-2011-XE]
e
ef
R
 Answer Key

1. (D) 5. (C)
2. (C) 6. (B)
3. (B) 7. (D)
4. (B) 8. (2100 to 2200)

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 Solution

1. Answer: D ΔKĖ ≅ 0, ΔPĖ ≅ 0)

For flow process
0 0
6. Answer: B
δq − δw = dke + dPe + dh ṁ = ρAC
(Negligible) Air → Ideal gas p = ρRT
⇒ Tds − δw = dh ⇒ δw = Tds − dh p
ṁ = AC
RT
⇒ δw = −vdp
10 × 102 × 20 × 10−4 × 20
ṁ =

0 de
⇒ w = − ∫ vdp 0.287 × 400
ṁ ≅ 0.35 kg/s

2. Answer: C

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o 7. Answer: D
w = − ∫i vdP (Int. Rev. Steady flow,
Isentropic specific work
ΔKĖ ≅ 0, ΔPĖ ≅ 0)
c wcv = −v(Po − Pi )
1
wcv = − (Po − Pi )
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3. Answer: B ρ
According to S.F.E.E 1
wcv = − 990 (30 − 1) × 102 kJ/kg
Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ
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For a steady flow open system undergoing an wcv = −2.929 kJ/kg

e

adiabatic process with Negligible changes in

Kinetic & Potential energy. 8. Answer: 2100 to 2200
ef

0
Q̇ = 0 wideal = − ∫ vdp
i
ΔKĖ = 0
wideal = −v(p0 − pi )
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ΔPĖ = 0 1
wideal = − (2 × 106 − 100 × 103 )
Ẇcv + ΔḢ = 0 959
Ẇcv = −ΔḢ wideal = −1981.23 J/kg
wideal
wactual =
ηip
4. Answer: B
o 1981.23
w = − ∫i vdP (Int. Rev. Steady flow, wactual =
0.92
ΔKĖ ≅ 0, ΔPĖ ≅ 0) wactual = 2153.5 J/kg

5. Answer: C
o
w = − ∫i vdP (Int. Rev. Steady flow,
 Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 NTPP - 22

Chapter : Open System Analysis

Topic : Applications of SFEE

1. [MSQ, ] Neglect change in KE and PE, assume air

Air enters a well insulated, horizontal nozzle behaves as a perfect gas.
steadily at 300 kPa, 200°C and 30 m/s and exits A. 4.45 B. 4.02
at 100 kPa, 180 m/s. The inlet area of the C. 0.38 D. 0.45

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nozzle is 80 cm2 . Which one or more of the
following statement(s) is / are correct?
A. Mass flow rate through the nozzle is 4. [MSQ, ]
Air enters a compressor steadily at a pressure of

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0.5104 kg/s to 0.5504 kg/s.
B. Exit temperature of the air is 201.5°C to 1 bar, a temperature of 20°C, and a volumetric

203.5°C.
c
C. Exit area of the nozzle is 44.5 cm2 to
flow rate of 0.25 m3 /s. The air exits at a
pressure of 1 MPa and a velocity of 210 m/s. If
each unit mass of air passing from inlet to outlet
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46.5 cm2 .
undergoes a process described by Pv1.34 =
D. Exit area of the nozzle 37.7 cm2 to 39.7 cm2 . constant, where v is the specific volume. Which
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one or more of the following statement(s) is/are

2. [NAT, ]
correct? Assume air behaves like an ideal gas.
A perfect gas enters in an uninsulated,
e

A. The exit temperature of air is 250.5°C to

horizontal nozzle operating at steady state at
254.5°C.
420 K (h = 423.5 kJ/kg) with negligible
ef

velocity and exits the nozzle at 290 K (h = B. The exit temperature of air is 320.1°C to
289.03 kJ/kg) with a velocity of 460 m/s. The 322.1°C.
R

heat loss per unit mass of perfect gas is C. Cross – sectional area of outlet is 211.5 mm2
____kJ/kg (round off to two decimal places). to 215.5 mm2 .
D. Cross – sectional area of outlet is 411.5 mm2
3. [MCQ, ] to 415.5 mm2 .
Air at 1 bar pressure, 290 K temperature enters
steadily at a rate of 120 m3 /hr into a 5. [MSQ, ]
compressor where its pressure and temperature A perfect gas (cp = 1.053 kJ/kg-K, γ = 1.375)
are raised to 15 bar and 390 K. During the enters a well insulated turbine at 10 bar, 750 K
compression process, the rate of heat loss from and 200 m/s. The perfect gas leaves the turbine
the compressor is 10 percent of the rate of work at 1.25 bar and 40 m/s. The mass flow rate of
input given to the compressor. The rate of heat the perfect gas through the turbine is 1000 kg/
loss from the compressor is (in kW) _____. h. The flow of gas can be assumed as an
isentropic flow. Which one or more of the 6. [NAT , ]
following statement(s) is/are correct? Neglect Argon gas enters an adiabatic turbine steadily at
the changes in potential energy. 900 kPa, 450°C with a velocity of 80 m/s and
A. Temperature of the gas at turbine exit is leaves at 150 kPa, 150 m/s. The inlet area of
361.4°C to 365.4°C. the turbine is 60 cm2 . If the power output of the
B. Temperature of the gas at turbine exit is turbine is 250 kW, then the exit temperature of
150.4°C to 154.4°C. the argon gas is ____ °C (round off to two
C. The power output of the turbine is decimal places). Take R = 0.2081 kJ/kg − K and
76.52 kW to 78.25 kW. cp = 0.5203 kJ/kg − K. Neglect the changes in

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D. The power output of the turbine is potential energy.
99.29 kW to 101.29 kW.

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c
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 Answer Key
1. (A, D) 4. (B, D)
2. (28.62 to 28.72) 5. (265.16 to 269.16)
3. (D) 6. (C)

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 Solution

1. Answer: A, D 0.5304  0.287  457.32

Ao 
100 180
Ao = 3.8675 × 10–3 m2

2. Answer: 28.62 to 28.72

According to SFEE
q = wcv + Δ ke + Δ pe + Δh
q
1
2000
 4602    289.03  423.5
Pi = 300kPa

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q = – 28.67 kJ/kg
Ti = 200°C = 473 K
ci = 30 m/s 3. Answer: D
P0 = 100 kPa Air Pi = 1 bar

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c0 = 180 m/s
Ti = 29K
Ai = 80 cm2
m3 1 3
mi  m 0  m .
m i  i A i c i
c Qi  Ai ci  120

P0 = 15 bar
 m /s
hr 30
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Pi T0 = 390K
mi  Ai ci
RTi Q is 10% of Wcv
300  80  104  30 Q  0.1Wcv  Wcv  10Q
mi 
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0.287  473 Q   ___ kW

mi  0.5304 kg/s
According to SFEE
e

According to SFEE
Q  Wcv  KE  PE  H
Q  Wcv  KE  PE  H
Q  Wcv  H
ef

KE  H  0
9Q  H
Δke + Δh = 0
Δke + cp ΔT = 0 mcp  T0  Ti 
R

Q
 c0  ci   cp  T0  Ti   0
1 2 2 9
2 mi  i Ai Ci
c2  c2 Pi
T0  Ti  0 i mi  Qi
2c p RTi
1802  302 100  1 / 30 
T0  200  mi 
2  1005 0.287  290
T0 = 184.32°C mi  0.04005 kg/s
m o  0 A 0 C 0
0.04005  1.005   390  290 
P Q
m o  o A o Co 9
RTo
Q  447225kW
m RT
Ao  o o 4. Answer: A, C
Po Co
 Pi = 1 bar  P  T  Q 
Ao   i   o   i 
Ti = 20°C = 293K  Po   Ti   co 
Qi = 0.25 m3 /s
 1  525.532  0.25 
Po = 1 MPa Ao     
 10  293  210 
Co = 210 m/s
Ao = 2.1353 × 10–4 m2
Pv1.34 = C
Ao = 213.53 mm2
According to ideal gas equation
Pv = RT
P0 vo 5. Answer: B, D
To 
R Perfect gas

0 de
Pv1.34 = C cp = 1.053 kJ/kg − K
Pi v1.34
i  Po v1.34
0 γ = 1.375
P 
1/1.34 Pi = 10 bar
vo   i  vi Ti = 750 K

I1 o
 Po 
ci = 200 m/s
RTi
vi  Po = 1.25 bar

P 
vo   i 
Pi
1/1.34
RTi
c co = 40 m/s
m  1000kg/hr 
5
kg/s
EG al
 Po  Pi 18
1/1.34 Isentropic flow
P P  RT
To  o  i   i For perfect gas undergoing
N rr

R  Po  Pi 1

P 
1/1.34 1 TP  Constant
To   i  Ti 1 1
e

 Po  TP
i i

T o


1 n 1
ef

TP n
C P  

1 n 1 n
To   i  Ti
Ti Pi n
 To Po n  Po 
Isentropic Flow
R

1 n
P  n 11.375
To   i  Ti  10  1.375
 Po  To     750
 1.25 
11.34
 P  1.34 To = 425.367K
To   i  Ti
 Po  To 152.367°C
11.34 According to SFEE
 P  1.34 H  mcp  To  Ti 
To   i   293
 Po 
Q  Wcv  KE  PE  H
To = 525.532 K
Wcv    KE  H 
To = 252.532°C
mi  m o
i Ai ci  o A o co

0
 5 1  Q  Wcv  KE  PE  H
Wcv      402  2002   1.053  425.367  750 
18  2000  Wcv  KE  H  0
Wcv  100.2885kW
m  c02  ci2   mcp  To  Ti   0
1
Wcv 
2000
6. Answer: 265.16 to 269.16 m i  i A i c i
Pi = 900 kPa Pi
mi  Ai ci
Ti = 450°C RTi
ci = 80 m/s 900  60  104  80
mi 
Po = 150 kPa 0.2081 723
co = 150 m/s mi  2.871 kg/s

0 de
Ai = 60 cm2
 2.871 1502  802   2.871
1
250 
Wcv  250kW 2000
To = _____°C × 0.5203 (T0 – 450) = 0

I1 o
R = 0.2081 kJ/kg − K 250 + 23.11155 + 1.49378 To – 672.20158 = 0
cp = 0.5203 kJ/kg − K To = 267.1679°C
According to SFEE
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R

0
 Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 PYQs - 22

Chapter : Open System Analysis

Topic : Applications of SFEE

1. [MCQ, ] 3. [NAT, ]
Air having a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s enters a Steam flows through a nozzle at a mass flow rate
diffuser at 100 kPa and 30°C, with a velocity of of ṁ = 0.1kg/s with a heat loss of 5 kW. The
200 m/s. Exit area of the diffuser is 400 cm2 enthalpies at inlet and exit are 2500 kJ/kg and

0 de
while the exit temperature of the air is 2350 kJ/kg, respectively. Assuming negligible
45°C. The rate of heat loss from the diffuser to velocity at inlet (c1 ≈ 0), the velocity (c2 ) of
the surrounding is 8 kJ/s. The pressure at the steam (in m/s) at the nozzle exit is ___ (correct

I1 o
diffuser exit is _________ kPa (2 decimal to two decimal places)

c
places). For air, the characteristic gas constant is
287 J/(kg − K) and specific heat capacity at
EG al
constant pressure is 1005 J/(kg − K). Assume
air to be an ideal gas and the flow in the diffuser
N rr

is steady.
[GATE-2018-ME]
[GATE-2021-XE]
e

2. NAT, ]
4. [NAT, ]
ef

Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) enters an adiabatic rigid

The theoretical maximum velocity (in m/s) of air
nozzle steadily at 1 MPa and 500°C with a mass
expanding from a reservoir at 700 K is _______
R

flow rate of 1.5 kg/s. The inlet area of the nozzle

(accurate to two decimal places). Specific heat of
is 40 cm2 and the exit velocity is 10 times of
air at constant pressure is 1005 J/(kg − K)
that at the inlet. If CO2 can be considered as an
[GATE-2018-AE]
ideal gas with gas constant of 0.19 kJ/kg. K and
5. [NAT, ]
the ratio of specific heats of 1.29, the exit Superheated steam at 2 bar and 300°C, with an
temperature (in K) (rounded off to one decimal enthalpy of 3072.1 kJ/kg, enters a horizontal
place) is _________. adiabatic nozzle with negligible velocity and
[GATE-2020-XE] leaves at 0.2 bar as saturated vapour with an
enthalpy of 2609.9 kJ/kg. Assuming steady flow
 and neglecting the potential energy changes, the K and the specific heat ratio γ = 1.4. Neglecting
exit velocity (in m/s) of the steam (up to one inlet kinetic energy, the velocity of the gas (in
decimal place) is _______. m/s) at the nozzle exit is
[GATE-2018-XE] A. 32 B. 500
C. 707 D. 1000
6. [NAT, ] [GATE-2015-XE]
Steam at an initial enthalpy of 100 kJ/kg and
inlet velocity of 100 m/s, enters an insulated 9. [MCQ, ]
horizontal nozzle. It leaves the nozzle at Consider the steady flow of air through an

0 de
200 m/s. The exit enthalpy (in kJ/kg) is insulated nozzle. The pressure and temperature
________ at the inlet are 120 kPa and 320 K, respectively.
[GATE-2016-ME] The outlet pressure is 1 bar. The inlet velocity is

I1 o
very small and the air undergoes a reversible
7. [NAT, ]
c
An equimolar mixture of two ideal gases
adiabatic process. The outlet velocity, in m/s, is
A. 303.7 B. 180.7
EG al
(A, B) expands isentropically in a nozzle. The gas C. 5.7 D. 127.3
mixture enters the nozzle at 300 kPa, 400 K and [GATE-2014-XE]
N rr

exits at 100 kPa. Assuming the mixture to be an

ideal gas, the exit temperature of the gas Common Data for Questions 10 & 11:
e

mixture (in K) is _____. Air enters an adiabatic nozzle at 300 kPa, 500 K
ef

Molar mass cp with a velocity of 10 m/s. It leaves the nozzle at

(kg/kmol) (kJ/kg − K) 100 kPa with a velocity of 180 m/s. The inlet
R

Gas A 28.013 1.04 area is 80 cm2 . The specific heat of air cp is

Gas B 2.016 14.21 1008 J/kgK

[GATE-2016-XE]
10. [MCQ, ]
The exit temperature of the air is
8. [MCQ, ] A. 516 K B. 532 K
An ideal gas expands in an adiabatic frictionless
C. 484 K D. 468 K
nozzle from the inlet conditions of 31 bar,
[GATE-2012-ME]
800 K to the ambient pressure of 1 bar at the
outlet. The specific heat cp for the gas is 1 kJ/kg
11. [MCQ, ] 14. [MCQ, ]
The exit area of the nozzle in cm2 is In a steady state and adiabatic flow of air
A. 90.1 B. 56.3 through a horizontal nozzle, the pressure and
C. 4.4 D. 12.9 temperature drop from 105 kPa and 300 K to
[GATE-2012-ME] 100 kPa and 296 K respectively. Air is
considered to be a perfect gas. Take specific
Common Data for Questions 12 &13:
heat at constant pressure cp = 1005 J/(kg. K),
The temperature and pressure of air in a large
density ρ = 1.15 kg/m3 and ratio of specific
reservoir are 400 K and 3 bar respectively. A
heats γ = 1.4 for air. If the inlet kinetic energy is
converging diverging nozzle of exit area

0 de
negligible, then the velocity of air (in m/s) at the
0.005 m2 is fitted to the wall of the reservoir as
nozzle exit is
shown in the figure. The static pressure of air at
A. 85 B. 90

I1 o
the exit section for isentropic flow through the
C. 93 D. 96
nozzle is 50 kPa. The characteristic gas constant
c
and the ratio of specific heats of air are
0.287 kJ/kgK and 1.4 respectively
[GATE-2011-PI]
EG al
15. [MCQ, ]
Consider steady flow of air (cp = 1005 J/kg. K)
N rr

in an adiabatic passage. Air enters the passage

at 100 kPa, 500 K at a velocity of 150 m/s and
e

exits the passage at 510 K. Assume air to be an

ef

ideal gas and neglect gravitational effects. The

12. [NAT, ] passage is a
The density of air in kg/m3 at the nozzle exit is
R

A. diffuser, and the velocity at the exit is

A. 0.560 B. 0.600
approximately 49 m/s
C. 0.727 D. 0.800
B. diffuser, and the velocity at the exit is
[GATE-2011-ME]
approximately 79 m/s
13. [NAT, ]
The mass flow rate of air through the nozzle in C. nozzle, and the velocity at the exit is

kg/s is approximately 179 m/s

A. 1.30 B. 1.77 D. nozzle, and the velocity at the exit is

C. 1.85 D. 2.06 approximately 249 m/s

[GATE-2011-ME] [GATE-2007-XE]
 to be reversible and adiabatic. If the inlet
16. [NAT, ] velocity of the air to the nozzle is negligible, the
Air enters a frictionless adiabatic converging final velocity (m/s, rounded off to 1 decimal
nozzle at 10 bar, 500 K with negligible velocity. place) of air at the exit of the nozzle is______
The nozzle discharges to a region at 2 bar. If the [GATE-2019-XE]
2
exit area of the nozzle is 2.5 cm , find the flow
rate of air through the nozzle. Assume for air cp 19. [MCQ, ]
A calorically perfect gas (specific heat at
= 1005 J/kg . K and cv = 718 J/kg . K.
constant pressure 1000 J/kg − K) enters and
[GATE-1997-ME] leaves a gas turbine with the same velocity.

0 de
The temperatures of the gas at turbine entry
and exit are 1100 K and 400 K, respectively.
17. [MCQ, ]
The power produced is 4.6 MW and heat
Steam at 2 MPa and 300°C steadily enters a
escapes at the rate of 300 kJ/s through the

I1 o
nozzle of inlet diameter of 20 cm. Steam leaves turbine casing. The mass flow rate of the gas
(in kg/s) through the turbine is
c
the nozzle with a velocity of team leaves the
nozzle with a velocity of 300 m/s . The mass
A. 6.14
C. 7.50
B. 7.00
D. 8.00
EG al
flow rate of steam through the nozzle is [GATE-2017-ME]
10 kg/s. Assume no work interaction and no
20. [MCQ, ]
N rr

change in potential energy. If the heat loss from

Specific enthalpy and velocity of steam at inlet
the nozzle per kg of steam is 3 kJ, the exit
and exit of a steam turbine, running under
e

enthalpy per kg of steam is _______ kJ steady state, are as given below:

ef

(rounded off to nearest integer).

Specific Velocity
Use the following data for steam: enthalpy(kJ/kg) (m/s)
At 2 MPa and 300°C: v = 0.12551 m3 /kg, Inlet steam
R

3250 180
condition
h = 3024.2 kJ/kg Exit steam
2360 5
[GATE-2023-XE – 2 M] condition

The rate of heat loss from the turbine per kg of

18. [NAT, ]
steam flow rate is 5 kW. Neglecting changes in
Hot air, assumed as an ideal gas (cp =
potential energy of steam, the power
1000 J/kg. K, γ = 1.4) enters a gas turbine at developed in kW by the steam turbine per kg of
10 bar, 1000 K and leaves at a pressure of steam flow rate, is
A. 901.2 B. 911.2
5 bar. Subsequently it expands in a nozzle to a
C. 17072.5 D. 17082.5
pressure of 1 bar. Assume both these processes [GATE-2013-ME]
21. [NAT, ] A. 901.2 B. 911.2
A hot ideal gas (cp = 1.2 kJ/(kg. K)) steadily C. 17072.5 D. 17082.5
flows through a turbine with inlet and exit
[GATE-2013-PI]
temperatures of 1500 K and 500 K
respectively. The minimum mass flow rate (in
24. [MCQ, ]
kg/s) of the hot gas to achieve a power output
The condition of steam at inlet and exit of a
of 12 MW is_________
[GATE-2016-XE] perfectly insulated steam turbine running under
steady-state conditions is as follows:
22. [NAT, ]
Steam enters a turbine at 30 bar, 300°C, (u = At inlet: specific enthalpy = 3230 kJ/kg;
2750 kJ/kg, h = 2993 kJ/kg) and exits the velocity = 160 m/s

0 de
turbine as saturated liquid at 15 kPa (u =
At exit: specific enthalpy = 2660 kJ/kg; velocity
225 kJ/kg, h = 226 kJ/kg). Heat loss to the
surrounding is 50 kJ/kg of steam flowing = 100 m/s

I1 o
through the turbine. Neglecting changes in Neglecting changes in potential energy, the work
kinetic energy and potential energy, the work done by the steam turbine is approximately

_______
c
output of the turbine (in kJ/kg of steam) is

[GATE-2015-ME]
A. 570 kJ/kg
C. 630 kJ/kg
B. 578 kJ/kg
D. 638 kJ/kg
EG al
[GATE-2011-XE]
23. [MCQ, ]
N rr

25. [MCQ, ]
Specific enthalpy and velocity of steam at inlet
and exit of a steam turbine, running under
e

steady state, are as given below:

Air (R = 287 J/kg − K, cp = 1005 J/kg − K and
ef

Specific Velocity γ = 1.4) flows sequentially through a

Enthalpy (kJ/kg) (m/s)
compressor, a heater and a turbine as shown in
R

Inlet team
3250 180 the figure. Volume flow rate of air coming out
Condition
Exit steam from the compressor is 2.33 m3 /s when
2360 5
condition pressure and temperature are 276 kPa and
43°C respectively. Air is then heated at same
The rate of heat loss from the turbine per kg of
pressure to 430°C in a heater. From heater, air
steam flow rate is 5 kW. Neglecting changes in
flows through a turbine which produces
potential energy of steam, the power developed
1860 kW of power. Heat loss from turbine to
in kW by the steam turbine per kg of steam flow
the surrounding is 90 kW. Air temperature at
rate, is
the turbine exit is
 A. 156.4°C B. 181.6°C ratio is 0.667. If the total temperature at
C. 223.7°C D. 678.4°C turbine inlet is T0 = 1500 K and specific heat
of gas c_p = 1 kJ/kg/K, the power drawn by
[GATE-2010-XE]
the compressor per unit mass flow rate of air is
approximately.
Common Data for Questions 26 & 27: A. 300 kW/kg/s B. 1000 kW/kg/s
The inlet and the outlet conditions of steam for an C. 600 kW/kg/s D. 500 kW/kg/s
adiabatic steam turbine are as follows. [GATE-2009-AE]
29. [MCQ, ]
Air enters the combustor of a gas turbine
engine at total temperature of 500 K and

0 de
leaves the combustor at total temperature of
1800 K. If cp remains constant at 1.005 kJ/
kg − K and heating value of the fuel used is

I1 o
44 MJ/kg, the fuel to air ratio is
A. 0.003 B. 0.012
26. [MCQ, ] c
If mass flow rate of steam through the turbine
C. 0.031 D. 0.074
[GATE-2008-AE]
EG al
is 20 kg/s, the power output of the turbine in 30. [NAT, ]
MW is Steam at 300 kPa and 500℃ (h =
A. 12.157 B. 12.941 3486.0 kJ/kg) enters a steam turbine and exits
N rr

C. 168.001 D. 168.785 at atmospheric pressure and 350℃ (h =

[GATE-2009-ME] 3175.8 kJ/kg). Heat losses in the turbine are
e

50 kW and the mass flow rate is 0.25 kg/s.

Determine the power output of the turbine if
ef

27. [MCQ, ]
Assume the above turbine to be part of a kinetic energy losses are negligible. _________
simple Rankine cycle. The density of water at [GATE-2001-ME]
R

the inlet to the pump is 1000 kg/m3 . Ignoring 31. [MCQ, ]

kinetic and potential energy effects, the A steam turbine receives steam steadily at
specific work (in kJ/kg) supplied to the pump is 10 bar with an enthalpy of 3000 kJ/kg and
A. 0.293 B. 0.351 discharges at 1 bar with an enthalpy of
C. 2.930 D. 3.3510 2700 kJ/kg. The work output is 250 kJ/kg. The
changes in kinetic and potential energies are
[GATE-2009-ME]
negligible the heat transfer from the turbine
casing to the surroundings is equal to
28. [MCQ, ] A. 0 kJ/kg B. 50 kJ/kg
An ideal axial compressor is driven by an ideal C. 150 kJ/kg D. 250 kJ/kg
turbine across which the total temperature [GATE-2000-ME]
 Answer Key

1. (100.79 to 111.39) 17. (2976.998)

2. (590 to 600) 18. (770.0 to 785.0)
3. (445.0 to 450.0) 19. (B)
4. (1185.0 to 1186.50) 20. (A)
5. (961.0 to 962.0) 21. (9.5 to 10.5)
6. (84 to 86) 22. (2717 to 2717)
7. (286 to 297) 23. (A)
8. (D) 24. (B)

0 de
9. (B) 25. (A)
10. (C) 26. (A)
11. (D) 27. (C)
12. (C) 28. (D)

I1 o
13. (D) 29. (C)
14.
15.
16.
(B)
(A)
(0.3359)
c 30.
31.
(27.55)
(B)
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solution

1. Answer: 100.79 to 111.39

0 0 0
Q̇ − Ẇ = ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ
1
⇒ 𝑚̇(c𝑜2 − c𝑖2 ) + ṁcP (To − T𝑖 ) = 0
2
Po = ρo RTo
ṁ P
ṁ = ρo Ao co =
Ac RT
ṁRTo 103 × 40 × 10−4
⇒ Po = ⇒ 1.5 = × c1

0 de
Ao co (0.19)(773)
Po ṁ ⇒ ci = 55.076 m/s ⇒ co = 550.76 m/s
=
RTo Ac
co2 − ci2
⇒ + cp (To − Ti ) = 0

I1 o
ṁ P 2
=
Ac RT (550.76)2 − (55.076)2
⇒ Po = 106.09 kPa
By SFEE
c ⇒

(
1.29×0.19×103
0.29
2
+

) (To − 773) = 0
EG al
Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ
⇒ 150152.983 + 845.17(To − 773) = 0
Q̇ = ΔKĖ + ΔḢ (For diffuser)
⇒ To = 773 − 177.66
N rr

1
⇒ −8000 = × 2 × (co2 − 2002 ) + 2 ⇒ To = 595.34 K
2
e

× 1005(15)
⇒ co = 43.01 m/s 3. Answer: 445.0 to 450.0
ef

ṁ = 0.1 kg/s,
2 × 287 × (273 + 45)
⇒ Po = Q̇ = −5 kW,
0.04 × 43.01
R

Po = 106.098 kPa hi = 2500 kJ/kg,

ho = 2350 kJ/kg,
2. Answer: 590 to 600
ci = 0,
co = ?
According to SFEE. for Nozzle
Q̇ = ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔẆ
R CO2 = 0.19 kJ/kg. K 1
Q̇ = ṁ(co2 − ci2 ) + ṁ(ho − hi )
γ = 1.29 2
1
Applying SFEE for Nozzle, ṁ(co2 − ci2 ) = Q̇ − ṁ(ho − hi )
2
 2[Q̇ − ṁ(ho − hi )] 7. Answer: 286 to 297
co2 =
ṁ Finding cp,mixture :
2(−5 × 103 − 0.1(2350 − 2500) × 103 )
co2 = M1 cp,1 + M2 cp,2 = (M1 + M2 )cp,mixture
0.1
co2 = 200000 (28.013)(1.04) + (2.016)(14.21)
cp,mixture =
(28.013 + 2.016)
co = 200√5
cp,mixture = 1.924 kJ/kgK
co = 200 × 2.236
Mmixture = x̅1 M1 + x̅2 M2
co = 447.2135 m/s
1(28.013) + 1(2.016)
=
2

0 de
4. Answer: 1185.0 to 1186.50 = 15.0145 kg/Kmol
The theoretical maximum velocity is R
cv,mixture = cp,mixture −
c = √2 × cp × Tabs Mmixture

I1 o
8.314
= √2 × 1005 × 700 = 1186.17 m/s = 1.924 −
∴ cmax = 1186.17 m/s 15.0145

5. Answer: 961.0 to 962.0

c cv,mixture = 1.370 kJ/kgK

γmixture =
cp,mixture 1.924
= = 1.404
EG al
cv,mixture 1.370
Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔṖE + ΔḢ
0.404
1 2 T2 P2 1.404
(c − ci2 ) + (h𝑜 − hi ) = 0 ⇒ =( )
N rr

2 o T1 P1
1 2 ⇒ T2 = 291.57 K
c + (2609.9 − 3072.1) = 0
2000 𝑜
e

co = 961.45 m/s
ef

8. Answer: D
For superheated Steam to hi , ho Air ⇒ Perfect gas
(not behaving as perfect gas). 1−γ
R

Tp γ =C
Δh = ho − hi
(1−γ) 1−γ
γ γ
Ti pi = T0 po
6. Answer: 84 to 86
1−γ
For Horizontal Insulated Nozzle pi γ
T0 = ( ) Ti
1 2 p0
(co − ci2 ) + (ho − hi ) = 0
2 T0 = 300 K
1
ho = hi − (co2 − ci2 ) By SFEE
2
1 Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔpĖ + ΔḢ
ho = 100 × 103 − (2002 − 1002 )
2 ⇒ Δke + Δh = 0
ho = 85 kJ/kg 1
⇒ (c02 − ci2 ) + cp (T0 − Ti ) = 0
2
 1 ci2 − co2
⇒ (c02 − 02 ) + 1000(300 − 800) = 0 To = Ti +
2 2cp
⇒ C0 = 1000 m/s (102 − 1802 )
To = 500 +
2 × 1005
9. Answer: B To = 483.93 K

11. Answer: D
ṁi = ṁo
ρi Ai ci = ρo Ao co

0 de
ρi Ai ci
Ao =
ρo co
For air γ = 1.4; (Pi /RTi )Ai ci
Ao =
1−γ γ 1−γ γ (Po /RTo )co

I1 o
p1 . T1 = p2 . T2
1−γ (Pi To )Ai ci
p1 Ao =
⇒ T2 = T1 . ( )
p2

120
c γ

−
0.4
Ao =
(Po Ti )co
300 × 103 × 483.93 × 80 × 10
cm2
EG al
1.4 100 × 103 × 500 × 180
⇒ T2 = 320 ( ) = 303.757 K
100 Ao = 12.9048 cm2
⇒ T2 = 303.757 K
N rr

Since Cout = √2 × cp × (T1 − T2 ) 12. Answer: C

Ti = 400 K,
e

= √2 × 1005 × (320 − 303.757)

Pi = 3 bar,
ef

⇒ Cout = 180.687 m/s

Ao = 0.005 m2 ,
Isentropic Flow,
R

10. Answer: C
Po = 50 kPa,
Pi = 300 kPa,
r = 0.287 kJ/kg-K,
Po = 100 kPa,
1−γ
Ti = 500 K, TP γ = const
1−γ 1−γ
co = 180 m/s, γ γ
Ti Pi = To Po
ci = 10 m/s, 1−γ
Ai = 80 cm , 2 Pi γ
To = Ti ( )
Po
cp = 1005 J/kg-K, 1−1.4

For Horizontal Adiabatic Nozzle 3 × 105 1.4

To = 400 ( )
50 × 103
1 2
(c − ci2 ) + cp (To − Ti ) = 0 To = 239.7347 K
2 o
 Po ṁ 2
ρo = ⇒ (c − c12 ) + ṁcp (T2 − T1 ) = 0
RTo 2 2
50 × 103 ⇒ c22 = c12 + 2cp (T1 − T2 )
ρo =
287 × 239.735
⇒ c2 = √2 × 1005 × (4) = 89.66 m/s
3
ρo = 0.7267 kg/m
≈ 90 m/s

13. Answer: D
15. Answer: A
ṁi = ṁo = ṁ
By SFEE
ṁ = ρo Ao co
Q̇ = ẆCv + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ

0 de
ṁ = 0.7267 × 0.005 × co
⇒ Δke + Δh = 0 (neglecting Q̇, Ẇcv , ΔpĖ)
1
cp (To − Ti ) + (co2 − ci2 ) = 0 1
2 ⇒ (c02 − ci2 ) + cp (T0 − Ti ) = 0
Rγ 1 2

I1 o
(To − Ti ) + (co2 − ci2 ) = 0 Air → Perfect gas
γ−1 2
1

co = 567.567 m/s
c
co = √2 × 1005(400 − 239.735) ⇒ (c02 − 1502 ) + 1005(510 − 500) = 0
2
C0 = 48.9 m/s
EG al
ṁ = 0.7267 × 0.005 × 567.567
ṁ = 2.0622 kg/s
16. Answer: 0.3359 kg/s
N rr

Pi = 10 bar,
14. Answer: B Po = 2 bar,
e

Flow is adiabatic, Q = 0
Ti = 500 K,
cp = 1005 J/kg − K
ef

Ao = 2.5 × 10−4 m2 ,
ρ = 1.15 kg/m3
ci ≅ 0 m/s,
R

ṁ =?
1−γ
TP γ = const
1−γ 1−γ
γ γ
Ti Pi = To Po
1−γ
γ = 1.4 Pi γ
To = Ti ( )
c1 ≈ 0 Po
1−1.4
By SFEE To = 500(5) 1.4
0 0 0 To = 315.69 K
Q̇ − Ẇ = ΔK̇E + ΔṖE + ΔḢ 1 2
(c − ci2 ) + cp (To − Ti ) = 0
2 o
 co = √2cp (Ti − T0 ) h0  hi  q 
1
2000
 C20  CI2 

co = √2 × 1005(500 − 315.69)
h0  3024.2  3 
1
2000
 3002  39.952 
co = 608.65 m/s
Po h0  2976.998kJ / kg
ρo =
RTo At 2MPa,300C
ṁi = ṁo = ṁ
v  0.12551m3 / kg
Po
ṁ = A c
RTo o o h  3024.2kJ /kg

0 de
2 × 105 × 2.5 × 10−4 × 608.65
ṁ =
287 × 315.69 18. Answer: 770.0 to 785.0
ṁ = 0.3359 kg/s

I1 o
17. Answer: 2976.998
Pi  2MPa

Ti  300C
c
EG al
Di  20cm

m  10kg / s  Steady 
N rr

wc.v.  0
e

p.e.  0
q  3kJ / kg
ef

T1
T2 = γ−1
q  wc.V.  k.e. p.e.  h p γ
(p1 )
2
R

q  0  k.e.  0  h 1000
=
q  k.e. h 0.4
(2)1.4

q
1
2000
 C20  C12   h0  hi  …….(1)
T2 = 820.33 K
T2
T3 =
mi  i A iC i p
γ−1
γ
(p2 )
3
mi mi vi
Ci   820.33
i Ai Ai T3 = 0.4
(5)1.4
Ci  39.951m / s
T3 = 517.94 K
From equation (1)
Applying SFEE for Nozzle;
 1
ΔKE + ΔH = 0 Ẇcv = −5 × 103 − 1[2 (52 − 1802 ) +
c02 (2360 − 3250) × 103 ]
⇒ = (1)(820.33 − 517.94)
2000
Ẇcv = 901187.5 W
⇒ c0 = 777.66 m/s
Ẇcv = 901.187 kW

19. Answer: B
cp = 1000 J/kg-K, 21. Answer: 9.5 to 10.5

ΔKĖ = 0,
Ti = 1100 K,

0 de
To = 400 K,
Ẇcv = 4.6 MW,
Q̇ = −300 kW,

I1 o
ṁ =?

c
According to S.F.E.E.
∵ Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ
EG al
ΔkĖ = 0, ΔPĖ = 0
∴ Q̇ = Ẇcv + ṁcp (To − Ti ) For the mass flow rate to be minimum, the
N rr

Q̇ − Ẇcv turbine has to be completely insulated.

ṁ =
cp (To − Ti ) Applying SFEE
e

−300 × 103 − 4600 × 103 W = ṁcp (T1 − T2 )

ṁ =
ef

1000(400 − 1100) ⇒ (12 × 103 ) = ṁ(1.2)(1500 − 500)

−4900 × 103 12
ṁ = ⇒ ṁ = = 10 kg
−1000 × 700
R

1.2
ṁ = 7 kg/s ∴ Minimum mass flow rate required = 10 kg

20. Answer: A 22. Answer: 2717 to 2717

According to S.F.E.E Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ
Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ ∴ Δk̇E = 0, ΔPĖ = 0
Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔḢ [∵ ΔPĖ = 0] ∴ Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔḢ
Ẇcv = Q̇ − ΔKĖ − ΔḢ wcv = q − Δh
1
Ẇcv = Q̇ − ṁ[2 (co2 − ci2 ) + (ho − hi )] wcv = −50 − (226 − 2993)
wcv = 2717 kJ/kg
23. Answer: A 1
ẇCV = − [ (1002 − 1602 )
2000

+ (2660 − 3230)]

= 577.8 kJ/kg

25. Answer: A

R = 287 J/kg − K ;cp = 1005 J/kg − K and γ =

0 de
Q̇ = −5 kW/kg; ΔPĖ = 0 1.4

0 Applying SFEE for turbine,

0

I1 o
By SFEE; Q̇ − Ẇ = ΔkĖ + ΔpĖ + ΔḢ 0

⇒ (−5 × 103 × ṁ) − Ẇ Q̇ − Ẇ = ΔKĖ + ΔṖE + ΔḢ

=
ṁ 2
2 2
c
(C − C12 ) + ṁ(h2 − h1 )
⇒ −90 − 1860
EG al
Ẇ C22 − C12 = ṁ × 1.005 × (Texit − Tinlet )
⇒ −5 × 103 − = + (h2 − h1 )
ṁ 2
Tinlet = 430°C
N rr

Ẇ 1802 − 52
⇒ = −(5 × 103 ) + ( ) p2 Q̇2
ṁ 2 ṁ = ρ2 Q̇2 ⇒ ṁ =
RT2
e

+ (3250 − 2360) × 103

(276)(2.33)
Ẇ ⇒ ṁ = = 7.0908 kg/s
ef

⇒ = −5000 + 16187.5 + 89000 (0.287)(316)

ṁ
⇒ −90 − 1860
= 901.187 kJ/kg
= 7.0908 × 1.005 × (Texit − 703)
R

Ẇ
⇒ = 901.187 kJ/kg ⇒ Texit − 703 = −273.636
ṁ

⇒ Texit = 429.364 K = 156.36°C

24. Answer: B
⇒ Texit = 156.36°C
Applying SFEE for steam turbine
0 0
26. Answer: A
Q̇ = ẆCV + ΔKĖ + ΔṖE + ΔḢ Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ
ẆCV = −ΔKĖ − ΔḢ Ẇcv = −(ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ)
ẇCV = −Δke − Δh 1
Ẇcv = − [ ṁ(co2 − cI2 ) + ṁg(zo − zi )
1 2
ẇCV = − [ (C02 − Ci2 ) + (h0 − hi )]
2
+ ṁ(ho − hi )]
 1
Ẇcv = −20 [ (1002 − 1602 ) + 9.81(6 − 10)
2

+ (2600 − 3200) × 103 ]

Ẇcv = 12156784.8 W
Ẇcv = 12.156 MW
For steady state,
Ėin = Ėout and neglecting minor energies,
27. Answer: C
wcv = −v(Po − Pi ) ⇒ (ṁair × cp × Tin )

1 +(ṁfuel × Heating value)

0 de
wcv = − (Po − Pi )
ρ = (ṁair + ṁfuel ) × cp × Tout
1 ṁfuel
wcv = − (3 × 106 − 70 × 103 ) ⇒ cp Tin + × Heating value
1000 ṁair

I1 o
wcv = −2.930 kJ/kg ṁfuel
= (1 + ) × cp × Tout

28. Answer: D c ṁair

⇒ (1.005)(500) + (
ṁfuel
ṁair
) × 44 × 103
EG al
ṁfuel
= (1 + ) × 1.005 × 1800
ṁair
N rr

ṁfuel 13 × 1.005
⇒ =
ṁair 440 − 18 × 1.005
e

13.065
= = 0.0309 = 0.031
421.91
ef

ṁfuel
T ∴ = 0.031
Given T2 = 0.667 ṁair
0
R

⇒ T2 = (0.667) × 1500
⇒ T2 = 1000 K
∴ Power drawn by compressor = cp (T0 − T2 ) 30. Answer: 27.55
= 1 × (1500 − 1000) = 500 kW/(kg/s) According to S.F.E.E
Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ

29. Answer: C Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔḢ [ΔKĖ ≅ 0, ΔPĖ ≅ 0]

Since velocity is reducing along the device, it is Ẇcv = Q̇ − ΔḢ
a diffuser. = −50 − 0.25 (3175.8 − 3486.0)
= 27.55 Kw
31. Answer: B wcv = 250 kJ/kg,
ΔKĖ = ΔPĖ = 0
According to S.F.E.E
Q̇ = ẆCV + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ
q = wcv + Δh
q = 250 + (2700 − 3000)
q = −50 kJ/kg

0 de
Pi = 10 bar,
hi = 300 kJ/kg,

I1 o
Po = 1 bar,
ho = 2700 kJ/kg,
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 NTPP - 23

Chapter : Open system Analysis

Topic : Applications of SFEE

1. [MCQ, ] C. The volumetric flow rate of the entering

A certain well insulated water heater operates ethylene glycol is 0.0623 m3 /min to

0 de
under steady flow conditions receiving 4.2 kg/s
0.0723 m3 ⁄min.
of water at 75°C temperature, specific enthalpy
D. The volumetric flow rate of the entering
313.93 kJ/kg. The water is heated by mixing
with steam which is supplied to the heater at ethylene glycol is 0.0912 m3 /min to

I1 o
temperature 100.2°C and specific enthalpy 0.0976 m3 ⁄min.

c
2676 kJ/kg. The mixture leaves the heater as
liquid water at temperature 100°C and specific
3. [MSQ, ]
The mass flow rate of a compressed air line is
EG al
enthalpy 419 kJ/kg. The mass flow rate of
divided into two equal streams by a T-fitting in
steam is_____.
the line. The compressed air steadily enters the
A. 504 kg/h B. 604 kg/h
N rr

2.5 cm diameter fitting at 1.6 MPa & 40°C with a

C. 704 kg/h D. 404 kg/h
velocity of 50 m/s. Each outlet has the same
e

2. [MSQ, ] diameter as the inlet, and the air at these outlets
At steady state, a stream of liquid water at 20°C has a pressure of 1.4 MPa and a temperature of
ef

and 1 bar is mixed with a stream of ethylene 36°C. Which one or more of the following
glycol (M = 62 kg/kmol) to form a refrigerant statement(s) is/are CORRECT ? Assume that the
R

mixture that is 50% glycol by mass. The water compressed air to be an ideal gas with R =
molar flow rate is 4.2 kmol/min. The density of 0.287 kJ/kg − K & even division of the inlet flow
ethylene glycol is 1.1 times that of water. rate.
Take MH2 O = 18 kg/kmol and density of water
is 1000 kg/m3 . Assume water and glycol are
each incompressible substances. Which one or
more of the following statement(s) is/are
CORRECT ?
A. The molar flow rate of the entering ethylene
glycol is 1.19 kmol⁄min to 1.25 kmol⁄min.
B. The molar flow rate of the entering ethylene
glycol is 1.60 kmol⁄min to 1.70 kmol⁄min.
 A. Velocity of air at the outlets is 36.3 m⁄s to engine the fluid leaves as two streams, one of
38.3 m⁄s. water at the rate of 0.001 kg⁄s with an
B. Velocity of air at the outlets is 26.3 m⁄s to
enthalpy of 420 kJ⁄kg and the other of steam;
30.3 m⁄s.
the fluid velocities at the exit are negligible. The
C. The magnitude of rate of change of flow
energy (flow power) across T-fitting is engine develops a shaft power of 25 kW. The

0.45 kW to 0.55 kW. heat transfer is negligible. The enthalpy of the

0 de
D. The magnitude of rate of change of flow second exit stream will be _____ kJ/kg (round
energy (flow power) across T-fitting is off to 1 decimal place).
0.62 kW to 0.72 kW.
5. [NAT, ]

I1 o
4. [NAT, ] A hot water stream at 80°C enters steadily into a
The steam supply to an engine comprises two
c
streams which mix before entering the engine.
well – insulated mixing chamber with a mass
flow rate of 0.5 kg/s. Cold water stream enters
the mixing chamber at 20°C. The warm water
EG al
One stream is supplied at the rate of 0.01 kg⁄s
stream (mixture of hot water & cold water
with an enthalpy of 2952 kJ⁄kg an a velocity of streams) leaves the mixing chamber at 42°C.
N rr

20 m⁄s. The other stream is supplied at the rate The mass flow rate of cold water stream is
of 0.1 kg/s with an enthalpy of 2569 kJ⁄kg and _______ kg/s. (round off to three decimal
places). Neglect the changes in KE & PE.
e

a velocity of 120 m⁄s. At the exit from the

ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (C) 4. (2398.5 to 2405.5)
2. (A, C) 5. (0.834 to 0.894)
3. (B, C)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solution

1. Answer: C 2. Answer: A, C
Water:

0 de
I1 o
mi1  4.2 kg/s

Ti1 = 75°C c
Hi1 = 313.93 kJ/kg
Mglycol = 62 kg/kmol
ρglycol = 1.1ρH2 O = 1.1 × 1000
EG al
⇒ ρglycol = 1100 kg/m3
Ti2 = 100.2°C
At steady state ṁ1 + ṁ2 = ṁ3
Hi2 = 2676 kJ/kg
N rr

ṁ
To = 100°C 50% glycol ⇒ ṁ2 = 0.5 (∵ ṁ1 = ṁ2 )
3

ho = 419 kJ/kg ṁ
e

50% water ⇒ ṁ1 = 0.5

3
mi  m o
Now ṁ1 = ṅ 1 MH2O = (4.2)(18)
ef

m o  mi1  mi2
= 75.6 kg/min
mo  4.2  x ṁ2 75.6
R

and ṅ 2 = M =
According to SFEE glycol 62

Q  Wcv  KE  PE  H = 1.22 kmol/min

⇒ Molar flow rate
H  0
ṅ 2 = 1.22 kmol/min
Ho  Hi  0
And ṁ = ρAV
Ho  Hi1  Hi2
ṁ
⇒ AV =
m o h o  mi1h i1  mi2 h i2 ρ
ṁ2
(4.2 + x)419 = 4.2 × 313.93 + x + 2676 ∴ Volumetric flow rate = ρ
glycol
x = 0.1955 kg/s
75.6
x = 703.88 kg/hr = = 0.0687
1100
= 0.0687 m3 /min
 3. Answer: B, C   0.4372 1600  0.05614 
RT 0.287  313
v1  1   0.05614m3 / kg Wflow  0.496kW
P1 1600
RT2 0.287  309
v2    0.06335m3 / kg 4. Answer: 𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟖. 𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟓. 𝟓
P2 1400
given even division of the inlet flow rate

0 de
m1  0.01kg / s m2  0.1kg / s
h1  2952kJ / kg h2  2569kJ / kg

I1 o
c1  20 m / s c2  120 m / s

A1 V! A2 V2

c m4  0.001kg / s
h4  420kJ / kg
EG al
v1 v2 steady state
A1 V! AV m1  m2  m3  m4  m5
2 2 2
v1 v2 m5  0.1  0.01  0.001
N rr

A1 v2 V1 m5  0.109kg / s
 V2  V3 
A 2 v1 2
Apply SFEE on mixer : Q cv  Wcv  KE  PE  H .
e

0.06335 50
   c12   c 22 
0.05614 2 m1  h1    m2  h2    m.3h3
ef

 28.21m / s  2   2 
At inlet  c2  c2
m1  h1  1   m2  h2  2 
R

A1 V1
 h3  
m1,inlet  2   2 
v1 m3
 50
 0.025   202   1202 
2

4 0.05614 0.01 2952   0.1 2569  
h3   2000   2001 
 0.4372kg / s
0.01  0.1
At outlet
h3  2610.38kJ / kg
m.1
m.2  m3  Apply SFEE on Engine
2
m3h3  m.4h4  m5h5  W .
0.4372
  0.2186kg / s
2  0.01  0.1  2610.38  0.001420  0.109 h5  25
The rate of change of flow energy across T − fitting h5  2401.12kJ / kg
W.flow  2m2P2 v2  m1P1 v1
 2 0.2186 1400  0.66335

0
 5. Answer: 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟒 𝐭𝐨 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟒
Ho  Hi  o
Ho  Hi1  Hi2   o

mocw To  mi1cw Ti1 mi2cw Ti2   0

mo To  mi1Ti1 mi2Ti2   0
According to conservation of mass
For steady flow

0 de
mi  mo
Ti1  80C mi1  mi2  mo
mi1  0.5kg / s mi1  mi2  To  mi1Ti1  mi2Ti2   0

I1 o
Ti2  20C
 0.5  mi2  42  0.580  mi2 20  0
TO  42C
c
mi2  _____kg / s
According to SFEE
21  42mi2  40  20mi2  0

mi2 
19
EG al
22
Q  Wcv  KE.  PE  H mi2  0.8636kg / s
H  o
N rre
ef
R

0
 Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 PYQs - 23

Chapter : Open System Analysis

Topic : Applications of SFEE

1. [MCQ, ] the intake duct. Cold air enters the mixing

An air-conditioning system consists of an
chamber at 5°C, 105 kPa with a volume flow
insulated rigid mixing chamber designed to

0 de
rate of 1.25 m3 /s during steady state operation.
supply air at 24°C to a building. The mixing
Fresh air enters a mixing chamber at 34°C and
chamber mixes two air streams: (i) a cold air
105 kPa. The mass flow rate of the fresh air is

I1 o
stream at 10°C and mass flow rate ṁc (kg/s),
1.6 times of the cold air stream. Air leaves the
and (ii) a stream of fresh ambient air at 30°C and
c
mass flow rate ṁa (kg/s). Assume air to be an
ideal gas with constant specific heat (cp =
room through the exit duct at 24°C
EG al
1.005 kJ/(kgK), γ = cp /cv = 1.4). Neglect
change in kinetic and potential energies as
N rr

compared to change in enthalpy. Under the

e

steady state condition, the ratio of the mass flow

rates of the two streams (ṁc /ṁa ) is
ef

A. 7/3 B. 3/7 Assuming the air behaves as an ideal gas with

cp = 1.005 kJ/kg. K and R = 0.287 kJ/kg. K,
R

C. 2/7 D. 4/7
the rate of heat gain by the air from the room is
[GATE-2022-XE] ____kW
2. [NAT, ] (round off to two decimal places)
An air-conditioning system provides a
[GATE-2021-ME]
continuous flow of air to a room using an intake
3. [MCQ, ]
duct and an exit duct, as shown in the figure. To Two air streams of mass flow rates ṁ 1 and ṁ2
maintain quality of the indoor air, the intake enter a mixing chamber and exit after perfect
duct supplies a mixture of fresh air with a cold mixing. The corresponding temperatures of the
air steam. The two streams are mixed in an
inlet streams are T1 and T2 , respectively. Heat
insulated mixing chamber located upstream of
loss rate from the mixing chamber to the
 surrounding is Q̇. Assume that the process is 5. [NAT, ]
Two streams of air (cp = 1005 J/kg. K) flow
steady, specific heat capacity is constant, and air
behaves as an ideal gas. Identify the correct through insulated pipes 1 and 2 with the

expression for the final exit temperature T3 after conditions as shown in figure. They mix in an

mixing. The mass specific heat capacity of the insulated pipe-3 and the mixture steadily exits

gas at constant volume and constant pressure with a velocity of 100 m/s at 150 kPa. Neglecting

are cv and cp respectively. Neglect the bulk the change in potential energy in all the pipes,
the exit area of the pipe-3 in m2 (up to 3 decimal
kinetic and potential energies of the streams.

0 de
ṁ1 T1 +ṁ2 T2 Q̇
places) is ______.
A.T3 = +
ṁ1 +ṁ 2 cv (ṁ1 +ṁ 2 )

ṁ1 T1 +ṁ2 T2 Q̇
B. T3 = −

I1 o
ṁ1 +ṁ 2 cv (ṁ1 +ṁ 2 )

ṁ1 T1 +ṁ2 T2 Q̇
C. T3 =

D. T3 =
c
ṁ1 +ṁ 2

ṁ1 T1 +ṁ2 T2
−

+
cp (ṁ1 +ṁ 2 )

Q̇
EG al
ṁ1 +ṁ 2 cp (ṁ1 +ṁ 2 )

[GATE-2021-XE]
4. [MCQ, ]
N rr

A gas is heated in a duct as it flows over a [GATE-2017-XE]

resistance heater. Consider a 101 kW electric
e

heating system. The gas enters the heating 6. [MCQ, ]

ef

section of the duct at 100 kPa and 27°C with a A steadily flowing ideal gas undergoes adiabatic

volume flow rate of 15 m3 /s. If heat is lost from throttling, where

R

the gas in the duct to the surroundings at a rate T1 : temperature before throttling

of 51 kW, the exit temperature of the gas is T2 : temperature after throttling

(Assume constant pressure, ideal gas, negligible Assuming no change in kinetic and potential

change in kinetic and potential energies and energy due to throttling, which of the following

constant specific heat; is correct:

cp = 1 kJ/kg-K; R = 0.5 kJ/kg-K. A. T1 = T2

B. T1 > T2
A. 32°C B. 37°C
C. T1 < T2
C. 53°C D. 76°C
D. T1 = γ T2 , γ: specific heat ratio
[GATE-2019-ME]
[GATE-2016-XE]
 9. [MCQ, ]
7. [NAT, ] For an ideal gas undergoing a throttling process
A well-insulated rigid hot water tank receives 1-2, which of the following relationships holds?
steady flow of water from two sources as shown P T
A. T1 = T2 B. P1 = T1
2 2
in the figure below. γ
P T1 γ−1 P T
C. P1 = (T ) D. P1 = T2
2 2 2 1

[GATE-2009-XE]
10. [MCQ, ]

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In a throttling process
A. temperature always remains unchanged
B. temperature always increases.

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C. temperature always decreases.

c
There is no accumulation of water in the tank. A
D. temperature may increase, decrease or
remain unchanged.
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[GATE-2008-XE]
back-up heater is provided to ensure a constant
11. [MCQ, ]
outflow temperature of water at 60°C from the
N rr

A small steam whistle (perfectly insulated and

tank under steady state. What is the required
doing no shaft work) causes a drop of 0.8 kJ/kg
capacity of the back-up heater to the nearest
e

enthalpy, the kinetic energy of the steam at

kW? ______
ef

entry is negligible, the velocity of the steam at

[GATE-2013-XE]
exit is
8. [MCQ, ]
R

A. 4 m/s B. 40 m/s
In a throttling process, the pressure of an ideal
C. 80 m/s D. 120 m/s
gas reduces by 50%. If cp and cv are the heat
[GATE-2001-ME]
capacities at constant pressure and constant
cp 12. [MCQ, ]
volume respectively and γ = c , then the
v When an ideal gas with constant specific heats
specific volume will change by a factor of is throttled adiabatically, with negligible
1
A. 2 B. 2 γ changes in kinetic and potential energies.
γ−1 A. ∆h = 0, ∆T = 0 B. ∆h > 0, ∆T = 0
C. 2 γ D. 0.5
C. ∆h > 0, ∆S > 0 D. ∆h = 0, ∆S = 0
[GATE-2012-CH]
[GATE-2000-ME]
 Answer Key

1. (B) 7. (𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟑𝟎)

2. (𝟒. 𝟗𝟎 𝐭𝐨 𝟓. 𝟏𝟎) 8. (B)
3. (C) 9. (A)
4. (A) 10. (D)
5. (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟔 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟎) 11. (B)
6. (A) 12. (A)

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c
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ef
R
 Solution

1. Answer: B = ṁfresh × cp,fresh × (307 − Teq )

Solution: ⇒ (Teq − 278) = 1.6 × (307 − Teq )
Solution:
⇒ 2.6 Teq = 769.2
⇒ Teq = 295.84 K = 22.84°C
Applying SFEE for the room
Q̇ − Ẇ = ΔkĖ + ΔpĖ + ΔḢ

0 de
⇒ Q̇ = ṁtotal × cp × (Texit − Teq )
⇒ Q̇ = (2.6)ṁcold × cp × 1.154
pcold × V̇cold
⇒ Q̇ = (2.6) ×

I1 o
× cp × 1.154
Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ R × Tcold
ΔḢ = 0 105 × 1.25

ΔḢc + ΔḢa = 0 c
ṁc cp (Toc − Tic ) + ṁa cp (Toa − Tia ) = 0
⇒ Q̇ = 2.6 ×
0.287 × 278
⇒ Q̇ = 4.959 kW = 4.96 kW
× 1.005 × 1.154
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ṁ𝑐 (Tia − Toa )
= 3. Answer: C
ṁ𝑎 (Toc − Tic )
N rr

ṁc 30 − 24
=
ṁ𝑎 24 − 10
e

ṁc 6 3
= =
ṁa 14 7
ef

2. Answer: 4.90 to 5.10

R

Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ

⇒ −Q̇ = (ṁ1 + ṁ2 )cp T3 − ṁ1 cp T1 − ṁ2 cp T2
ṁ1 T1 + ṁ2 T2 Q̇
Given T3 = −
ṁ1 + ṁ 2 cp (ṁ1 + ṁ 2 )
Tcold = 5°C; pcold = 105 kPa, V̇ = 1.25 m3 /s
4. Answer: A
Tfresh = 34°C; pfresh = 105 kPa;
ṁfresh = 1.6 ṁcold
When both the air streams get mixed, the
equilibrium temperature is given by
ṁcold × cp,cold × (Teq − 278)
 PV̇ = ṁRT 8.314
P = ρRT ⇒ 150 = ρ × ( ) × 370.67
28.96
P1 V̇1
ṁ = ⇒ ρ = 1.41 kg/m3
RT1
According to S.F.E.E ṁ3 = ρAc3
⇒ 4 = 1.41 × A × 100
Q̇ + ẆCV + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ
⇒ A = 0.0283 m2
∵ ẆCV = 0, ΔKĖ = 0, ΔPĖ = 0
∴ Q̇ = ΔḢ
6. Answer: A

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Q̇ = ṁcp (T2 − T1 ) Throttling → Fluid→ Small throttling device
P1 V̇1 ⇒ Δhi−0 = 0
(101 − 51) × 103 = c (T − T1 )
RT1 p 2
For Ideal gas

I1 o
(Ṗ − Q̇L )RT1
T2 = T1 + h = h(T) only
P1 V̇1 cp

T2 = 27 +
c 3
50 × 10 × 0.5 × 300
100 × 15 × 1 × 103
⇒ ΔTi−0 = 0
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7. Answer: 120 to 130
T2 = 32°C
Applying Energy balance,
5. Answer: 0.026 to 0.030
N rr

By mass balance Ein = Eoutlet

(1 × cwater × 353) + (5 × cwater × 323) +
ṁ3 = ṁ1 + ṁ2 = 1 + 3 = 4 kg/s
e

Applying SFEE, Q̇H = 6 × cwater × 333

0 0 0 ⇒ Q̇ H
ef

= cwater × (6(333) − 5(323) − 1(353))

⇒ Q̇ − Ẇ = ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ
⇒ Q̇ H = 4.18 × (30)
R

= 125.4 kW
⇒ ΔKĖ + ΔḢ = 0
1
⇒ {ṁ3 c32 − ṁ1 c12 − ṁ2 c22 } + ṁ3 {h3 } − ṁ1 h1
2 8. Answer: B
− ṁ2 h2 = 0 For throttling,
1 Pi vi = Po vo
⇒ {4(1002 ) − 1(502 ) − 3(302 )}
2 Pi
+ 1005{4T3 − 1(300) vo = ( ) vi
Po
− 3(400)} = 0 vo = 2vi
17400 + (4 × 1005)T3 − 1507500 = 0
⇒ T3 = 370.67 K 9. Answer: A
Applying Ideal gas equation at exit, Applying SFEE for throttling process,
0 0 0 0
 Δke + Δh = 0
δq − δw = dkE + dpE + dh 1 2
(co − ci2 ) + (ho − hi ) = 0
2
1 2
⇒ dh = 0, Assuming an Ideal gas c = (hi − ho )
2 o
⇒ cp dT = 0 ⇒ dT = 0 co = √2(hi − ho )
So, Temperature remains unchanged.
co = √2 × 800
co = 40 m/s

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10. Answer: D
In throttling, Δh = 0
For ideal gas, dh = cp dT 12. Answer: A
For Ideal Gas undergoing throttling process in a

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⇒ dT = 0
small throttling device having negligible
But in case of real gases, Temperature may
c
increase or decrease.
changes in kinetic & potential energies,
Δh = 0
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ΔT = 0
11. Answer: B
Q̇ = ẆCV + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ
N rr

ΔKĖ + ΔḢ = 0
e
ef
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Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 NTA - 09

Chapter : Open system analysis

1. [MCQ, ] The power input to the compressor. Take R =
Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through 0.287 kJ/kg-K, cp = 1.005 kJ/kg-K
an air compressor, entering at 7 m/s velocity, A. 118.9 kW B. 219.9 kW
100 kPa pressure, and 0.95 m3/kg volume, and C. 319.9 kW D. 59.9 kW
leaving at 5 m/s, 700 kPa, and 0.19 m3 /kg. The
4. [MCQ, ]

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internal energy of the air leaving is 90 kJ/kg
greater than that of the air entering. Cooling A certain water heater operates under steady
water in the compressor jackets absorbs heat flow conditions receiving 4.2 kg/s of water at
from the air at the rate of 58 kW. The rate of 75°C temperature, enthalpy 313.93 kJ/kg. The

I1 o
shaft work input given to the compressor (in kW) water is heated by mixing with steam which is
is supplied to the heater at temperature 100.2°C
A. 122
B. 64
c
B. 180
D. 222
and enthalpy 2676 kJ/kg. The mixture leaves the
heater as liquid water at temperature 100°C and
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enthalpy 419 kJ/kg. The mass flow rate of steam
2. [MCQ, ]
is
In a gas turbine the gas enters at the rate of
A. 504 kg/h B. 604 kg/h
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5 kg/s with a velocity of 50 m/s and enthalpy of

C. 704 kg/h D. 404 kg/h
900 kJ/kg and leaves the turbine with a velocity
e

of 150 m/s and enthalpy of 400 kJ/kg. The loss 5. [MCQ, ]

of heat from the gases to the surroundings is Air is heated as it flows at steady state through a
ef

25 kJ/kg. Assume for gas R = 0.285 kj/kg-K constant area duct. At the inlet, the temperature
and cp = 1.004 kj/kg-K and the inlet conditions is 300 K, the pressure is 2 bar and the velocity is
to be at 100 kPa and 27°C. The power output of
R

87 m/s. At the exit, the pressure and velocity are

the turbine and the diameter of the inlet pipe is 1.45 bar and 360 m/s, respectively. Neglecting
A. 3.225 MW, 86 cm B. 3.225 MW, 33 cm P.E., The heat transfer per unit mass is _______
C. 1325 MW, 33 cm D. 2.325 MW. 86 cm kJ/kg.
A. 664 B. 784
3. [MCQ, ]
C. 594 D. 894
Air enters a compressor operating at steady state
at a pressure of 1 bar, a temperature of 290 K, 6. [MCQ, ]
and a velocity of 6 m/s through an inlet with an In a steady flow apparatus, 135 kJ of work is
area of 0.1 m2 . At exit, the pressure is 7 bar, the done by each kg of fluid. The specific volume of
temperature is 450 K and the velocity is 2 m/s. the fluid, pressure, and velocity at the inlet are
Heat transfer from the compressor to the 0.37 m3 /kg, 600 kPa and 16 m/s. The inlet is
surroundings occurs at the rate of 180 kJ/min. 32 m above the floor, and the discharge pipe is at
 floor level. The discharge conditions are heat loss of 8.5 kJ/kg from the pipeline. The
0.62 m3 /kg, 100 kPa, and 270 m/s. The total steam flow rate is _________.
heat loss between the inlet and discharge is A. 23.8 kg/s B. 43.6 kg/s
9 kJ/kg of fluid. The change in specific internal C. 124.5 kg/s D. 53.6 kg/s
energy is ________ kJ/kg.
8. [MCQ, ]
A. 30 B. 15
A pump steadily delivers water at a volumetric
C. -20 D. -30
flow rate of 0.05 m3 /s through a pipe of
7. [MCQ, ] diameter 18 cm located 100 m above the inlet
In a steam power station, steam flows steadily pipe which has a diameter of 15 cm. The

0 de
through a 0.2 m diameter pipeline from the pressure is nearly equal to 1 bar at both the inlet
boiler to the turbine. At the boiler end, the steam and the exit, and the temperature is nearly
conditions are found to be: P = 4 MPa, T = constant at 20°C throughout. The power

I1 o
400°C, h = 3213.6 kJ/kg, and v = required by the pump is kW. Take g =
0.073 m3 /kg. At the turbine end, the conditions 9.81m/s 2

c
are found to be: P = 3.5 MPa, T = 392°C, h =
3202.6 kJ/kg, and v = 0.084 m3 /kg. There is a
A. 48.9
C. 38.9
B. 58.9
D. 68.9
EG al
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ef
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 Answer Key
1. (A) 5. (A)
2. (C) 6. (C)
3. (A) 7. (D)
4. (C) 8. (A)

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c
EG al
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ef
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 Solutions
1. Answer: (A) Ẇcv = ?
ṁ = 0.5 kg⁄s Di =?
ci = 7.0 m⁄s Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔPE + ΔH
Pi = 100 kPa ẆCV = Q −̇ ΔKĖ − ΔH
vi = 0.95 m3 ⁄kg 1
ẆCV = ṁ [q − (co2 − ci2 ) − (ho − hi )]
co = 5.0 m⁄s 2
Po = 700 kPa 1
ẆCV = 5 [−25 − (1502 − 502 ) − (400
vo = 0.19 m3 ⁄kg 2000

0 de
Δui−o = 90 kJ⁄kg − 900)]
Q̇ = −58 kW
ẆCV = 2325 kW
Ẇcv =?
ẆCV = 2.325 MW
According to SFEE Pi Ai ci

I1 o
Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔOE + ΔH ṁ =
RTi
Ẇcv = Q̇ − ΔKE − ΔH π
c
Ẇcv = Q̇ − ṁ[Δke + H]
Δh = ho − hi = (uo + Po vo ) − (ui + Pi vi )
ṁ =
Pi (4 D2i ) ci
RTi
4ṁRTi
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Δh = Δu + (Po vo − Pi vi ) D2i =
1 πPi ci
Ẇcv = Q̇ − ṁ [ (co2 − ci2 ) + Δu Di = 33 cm
2
N rr

+ (Po vo − Pi vi )] 3. Answer: (A)

1 Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔPE + ΔH
e

Ẇcv = −58 − 0.5 [ (52 − 72 ) + 90

Ẇcv = Q̇ − ΔKĖ − ΔH
2000
1
ef

+ (700 × 0.19 − 100 × 0.95)] Ẇcv = Q̇ − ṁ [ (co2 − ci2 ) + cP (To − Ti )]

2
Ẇcv = −121.944 kW 1
Ẇcv = −3 − 0.721 [ (22 − 62 )
2000
R

2. Answer: (C)
+ 1.005(450 − 290)]
ṁ = 5 kg⁄s
ci = 50 m⁄s Ẇcv = −118.9 kW
hi = 900 kJ⁄kg
co = 150 m⁄s 4. Answer: (C)
ho = 400 kJ⁄kg
q = −25 kJ⁄kg
R = 0.285 kJ⁄kg-K
cp = 1.004 kJ⁄kg-K
Pi = 100 kPa
Ti = 27°C = 300 K
 According to SFEE
q = wcv + Δke + Δpe + Δh
Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔPE + ΔH q = wcv + Δke + Δpe + Δu + (Po vo − Pi vi )
ΔḢ = 0 Δu = q − [wcv + Δke + Δpe + (Po vo − Pi vi )]

0 de
1
Ḣo − Ḣi = 0 Δu = −9 − [135 + (2702 − 162 )
2000
ṁ o ho − [ṁi1 ḣi1 + ṁi2 ḣi2 ] = 0
9.81(−32)
(4.2 + x)419 − [4.2 × 313.93 + x × 2676] + + (100 × 0.62
1000

I1 o
=0
− 600 × 0.37)]
x = 0.1955 kg⁄s
x = 0.1955 × 3600 kg⁄hr
x = 704 kg⁄hr c Δu = −20 kJ⁄kg

7. Answer: (D)
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5. Answer: (C)
N rr

q = wcv + Δke + Δpe + Δh D = 0.2 m

e

q = Δke + Δh Pi = 4 MPa
1 Ti = 400°C
q = (Co2 − Ci2 ) + cp (To − Ti )
ef

2 hi = 3213.6 kJ⁄kg
ṁi = ṁo vi = 0.073 m3 ⁄kg
Pi Ai ci Po Ao Co Po = 3.5 MPa
R

=
RTi RTo To = 392°C
Po Co ho = 3202.6 kJ⁄kg
⇒ To = T
Pi Ci i vo = 0.084 m3 ⁄kg
To = 900 K q = wcv + Δke + Δpe + Δh
1 1
q= (3602 − 872 ) + 1.005(900 − 300) q = (co2 − ci2 ) + (ho − hi )
2000 2
q = 664 kJ⁄kg ṁ = ρi Ai ci = ρo Ao co
Ai ci Ao co
6. Answer: (C) ṁ = =
vi vo
ṁvi ṁ(0.073)
ci = ⇒ ci = = 2.3237 ṁ
Ai 0.01π
 ṁvo ṁ(0.084) P0 = Pi = 1 bar
co = ⇒ co = = 2.674 ṁ
Ao 0.01 π To = Ti = 20°C
1 Q = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔH
−8.5 = m2
2000 ṁ = ρQ = 100 × 0.05
(2.6742 − 2.32372 ) + (3202.6 − 3213.6) ṁ = 50 kg⁄s
ṁ = 53.6 kg⁄s Q = Ai Ci = Ao Co
π
Ai = D2i
8. Answer: (A) 4
4Q 4 × 0.05
ci = 2 = π × (0.15)2
πDi
ci = 2.8294 m⁄s

0 de
co = 1.9648 m⁄s
Ẇcv = −ΔKĖ − ΔPĖ
1
Ẇcv = −ṁ [ (co2 − ci2 ) + g(zo − zi )]

I1 o
2
1
Ẇcv = −50 [ (1.96482 − 2.82942 )

Q = 0.05 m3 ⁄s
c 2000
+
9.81
1000
× 100]
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Ẇcv = −48.9 kW
Do = 18 cm
zo − zi = 100 m
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Pi = 15 cm
e
ef
R
 Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 NTPP - 24

Chapter : Open System Analysis

Topic : Unsteady Flow

1. [NAT, ]
A 25 L rigid and insulated tank is initially
evacuated. It is connected by a valve to an air
supply line through which air is flowing at 20°C

0 de
and 800 kPa. The valve is opened and air flows
into the tank until the pressure reaches
600 kPa. The final mass of air inside the tank is

I1 o
_______ grams (round off to one decimal place).
Assume air to be a perfect gas with R =

c
0.287 kJ/kg – K and γ = 1.4.

A. The specific enthalpy of helium in the supply

EG al
line is 2038.7 kJ/kg to 2042.7 kJ/kg.
B. The final temperature of the helium in the
N rr

tank is 652.99 K to 656.99 K.

C. The final temperature of the helium in the
e

tank is 525.65 K to 530.65 K.

D. The final specific internal energy of helium in
ef

2. [MSQ, ] the tank is 2038.69 kJ/kg to 2044.69 kJ/

A rigid, insulated tank is initially evacuated is kg.
R

connected through a valve to a supply line that

carries helium at 200 kPa and 120°C. Now the 3. [NAT, ]
valve is opened and helium is allowed to flow An evacuated 150 L tank is connected to a
slowly into the tank until the pressure reaches supply line in which air is flowing at 25°C and

200 kPa, at this point the valve is closed. Take 8 MPa, The valve is opened allowing air to enter
into the tank until the pressure inside the tank is
cv = 3.1156 kJ/kg-K, cp = 5.1926 kJ/kg -K.
6 MPa, now the valve is closed. This filling
Which one or more of the following statement(s)
process occurs rapidly and is essentially
is/are correct? Neglect the changes in KE and PE
adiabatic. After filling the tank, the tank is then
of helium & assume helium is a perfect gas.
placed in storage such that tank air eventually
returns to room temperature of 25°C. The final
 pressure of air in the tank will be ______ MPa 6. [MCQ , ]
(round off to two decimal places). 1.25 kg of air at 25°C is contained in a storage
cylinder of fixed capacity. The cylinder is filled by
4. [MSQ, ] opening a valve on the cylinder by taking
An insulated rigid tank contains 8 kg of air at
atmospheric air which has the temperature,
1.5 bar pressure and 310 K temperature. It is
filled with air from a large reservoir at 15 bar pressure and specific volume are

and 335 K till the final pressure of air in the tank 25°C, 101.3 kPa, and 0.85 m3 /kg are
becomes 15 bar. Assume air behaves as a respectively. After 30 minutes of intake, the

0 de
perfect gas and take γ = 1.4. mass of air in the cylinder becomes 3 kg and the
A. The final temperature of air in the tank is
temperature rises to 35°C. Neglect kinetic
382.1 K to 388.1 K.
energy of air in supply pipe line.

I1 o
B. The final temperature of air in the tank is
Assuming u = u0 + 0.418 T , where u in kJ/kg
443.1 K to 449.1 K.
c
C. The mass of air added to the tank is
37.2 kg to 39.2 kg.
and temperature T in degree centigrade. The
average rate of heat transfer is (in kJ/min)
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D. The mass of air added to the tank is A. −101.21 B. −3.68
46.6 kg to 48.6 kg. C. −9.78 D. −4.60
N rr

5. [MCQ , ]
7. [NAT , ]
e

A 0.56 m3 of air at 0.2 MPa is contained in a

A rigid, insulated tank is initially evacuated is
fully insulated rigid tank. The tank communicates
ef

through a valve with a pipe line carrying high connected through a valve to a supply line that
pressure air at 300 K temperature. The valve is carries air at 1500 kPa and 35°C. Now the valve
opened and the air is allowed to flow into the
R

is opened and air is allowed to flow slowly into

tank until the pressure of air in the tank is raised
the tank until the pressure is closed. The final
to 1.0 MPa. The mass of air that enters the tank
is (in kg). Neglect KE of incoming air, Take γ = specific internal energy of the air in the tank is
1.4. _______ kJ/kg (round off to two decimal
A. 3.14 B. 2.86
places).
C. 2.35 D. 3.71
 Answer Key
1. (126.4 to 128.4) 5. (D)
2. (A, B, D) 6. (D)
3. (4.09 to 4.49) 7. (307.75 to 311.75)
4. (B, D)

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c
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 Solution

1. Answer: 1𝟐𝟔. 𝟒 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟐𝟖. 𝟒 3. Answer: 𝟒. 𝟎𝟗 𝐭𝐨 𝟒. 𝟒𝟗

V = 25L = 0.025 m3
Rigid, Insulated Initially evacuated
Ti = 20°C = 293K
Pi = 800 kPa
P2 = 600 kPa
m2 = ____ gms
P2 V2 = m2 RT2
P2 V2 2-3 Isochoric HR process
m2 

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RT2 P
 Constant
Charging of perfect gas rigid, insulated, T
evacuated tank T2 = γTi P2 P3

T2 = 1.4 × 293 T2 T3

I1 o
T2 = 410.2K T3
P3   P2
600  0.025 T2
m2 
0.287  410.2
m2 = 0.127413 kg
c P3 
298
1.4  298
6
EG al
m2 = 127.413 gms P3 = 4.2857 MPa
2. Answer: A, B, D 4. Answer: B, D
N rr

Rigid, Insulated, Initially Evacuated Insulated, Rigid tank

Pi = 200 kPa m1 = 8 kg
Ti = 120°C = 393 K P1 = 1.5 bar
e

P2 = 200 kPa T1 = 310 K

ef

cv = 3.1156 kJ/kg − K Pi = 15 bar

cp = 5.1926 kJ/kg − K Ti = 335K
P2 = 15 bar
R

hi = cp Ti 
m1 m 
T1  1  1  Ti
hi = 5.1926 × 393 m  m2 
T2  2
hi = 2040.69 kJ/kg 1
   1 Q
P2 V2
Charging of perfect gas Rigid, Insulated, Initially
m1  m 
Evacuated T2  T1  1  1  Ti
T2 = γTi
m2  m2 
5.1926 P1 V1 = m1 RT1 … (a)
T2   393
3.1156 P2 V2 = m2 RT2 … (b)
T2 = 654.99 K Equation (a) and (b)
u2 = cv T2 P1V1 m1RT1

u2 = 3.1156 × 654.99 P2 V2 m2 RT2
u2 = 2040.6868 kJ/kg
 m1  P1  T2  P2 V2  P1V1
    m1-2 
m2  P2  T1  RTi

m1  1.5   T2  1000  0.56  200  0.56 

   m1-2 
m2  15  310  1.4  0.287  300
m1 T Δm1−2 = 3.7166 kg
 2
m 2 3100
 T   T  6. Answer: D
T2   2  310  1  2  1.4  335 m1 = 1.25 kg m2 = 3.0 kg
 3100   3100 
T1 = 25°C = 298K T2 = 35°C
T2 = 0.1T2 + 469 – 0.15129T2
Ti = 25°C = 298K u = u0 + 0.418T

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469
T2  Q
1.05129 Pi = 101.3 kPa Q  ____ kJ/ min
t
T2 = 446.1186K
vi = 0.85 m3 /kg
m1 T
 2 t = 30 minutes

I1 o
m 2 3100
ΔU1−2 = Δm1−2 hi + Q
3100
m2  Q = ΔU1−2 = Δm1−2 hi

m2 
T2
m1

3100
8
c Q = (U2 – U1 ) – (m2 – m1 )hi
Q = (m2 u2 – m1 u1 ) – (m2 – m1 )(ui + Pi vi )
EG al
446.1186
m2 = 55.59 kg Q = [3(u0 + 0.418 × 55) – 1.25(u0 +
Δm1−2 = 55.59 – 8 0.418 × 25)]– (3 – 1.25){(u0 + 0.418 ×
N rr

25) + 101.3 × 0.85}

5. Answer: D Q = 0.418 (105 – 31.25 – 43.75) – 1.75 ×
V = 0.56 m3 101.3 × 0.85
e

P1 = 0.2 MPa Q = – 138.14375 kJ

ef

Insulated tank 138.14375

Q
Ti = 300K 30
P2 = 1.0 MPa Q  4.6048 kJ/min
R

Δm1−2 = _____ kg
ΔU1−2 = Δm1−2 hi + Q 7. Answer: (𝟑𝟎𝟕. 𝟕𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟑𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟓)
U1-2 Charging of perfect gas rigid, insulated &
m1-2 
hi evacuated tank
m 2 c v T2  m1c v T1 T2   Ti
m1-2 
cp Ti  1.4  308
 m2T2  m1T1  T2  431.2 K
m1-2 
Ti The final specific internal energy u2  cv T2
P2 V2 P1V1
 u2  0.718  431.2
m1-2  R R
Ti u2  309.601kJ / kg

0
 Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 PYQs - 24

Chapter : Open System Analysis

Topic : Unsteady Flow

1. [NAT, ] the tank drops to 400 K. The temperature of the

A rigid tank of volume 8 m3 is being filled up discharged air can be approximated as the
with air from a pipeline connected through a average of the initial and final temperatures of
valve. Initially the valve is closed and the tank is the air in the tank. Neglect kinetic and potential

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assumed to be completely evacuated. The air energies of the discharged air. Assume that air
pressure and temperature inside the pipeline behaves as an ideal gas with constant specific
are maintained at 600 kPa and 306 K,

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heat so that internal energy u = cv T and
respectively. The filling of the tank begins by enthalpy h = cp T. Then, the final pressure of

c
opening the valve and the process ends when
the tank pressure is equal to the pipeline
the air in the tank is ____MPa (round off to 2
decimal places). Assume cp = 1.005 kJ/(kg. K),
EG al
pressure. During the filling process, heat loss to
γ = cp /cv = 1.4
the surrounding is 1000 kJ. The specific heats of
[GATE-2022-XE]
N rr

air at constant pressure and at constant volume

are 1.005 kJ/kg. K and 0.719 kJ/kg. K,
e

3. [NAT, ]
respectively. Neglect changes in kinetic energy A rigid insulated tank is initially evacuated. It is
ef

and potential energy. connected through a valve to a supply line that

The final temperature of the tank after the carries air at a constant pressure and
R

completion of the filling process is ______ K temperature of 250 kPa and 400 K respectively.
(round off to the nearest integer) Now the valve is opened and air is allowed to
[GATE-2022-ME] flow into the tank until the pressure inside the
tank reaches to 250 kPa at which point of the
2. [NAT, ]
valve is closed. Assume that the air behaves as a
An insulated rigid tank of volume 10 m3
perfect gas with constant properties.
contains air initially at 1 MPa and 600 K. A valve
(cp = 1.005 kJ/kg. K , cv = 0.718 kJ/kg. K, R =
connected to the tank is opened, and air is
0.287 kJ/kg. K). Final temperature of the air
allowed to escape until the temperature inside
 cp
inside the tank is _____K (round off to the one respectively and γ=c , then the final
v
decimal place). temperature of the gas in the container is
[GATE-2021-ME] A. γTs B. Ts
(γ−1)Ts
C. (γ − 1)Ts D. γ
4. [NAT, ]
[GATE-2012-CH]
Air at a pressure of 1 MPa and 300 K is flowing in
a pipe. An insulated evacuated rigid tank is
6. [NAT, ]
connected to this pipe through an insulated An evacuated, rigid, adiabatic tank is filled slowly
valve. The volume of the tank is 1 m3 . The valve with air from a supply line supplying air at a

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is opened and the tank is filled with air until the constant pressure, pL and temperature TL . The
pressure in the tank is 1 MPa. Subsequently, the temperature of air in the tank at the end of the
valve is closed. Consider air to be an ideal gas filling process will be

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and neglect bulk kinetic and potential energy. A. greater than TL

K (1 decimal place).
c
The final temperature of air in the tank is _____ B. equal to TL
C. less than TL
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Specific heat capacity of air at constant pressure D. the average of ambient temperature and TL
cp = 1.005 kJ/(kgK) and characteristic gas [GATE-2011-XE]
N rr

constant for air = 0.287 kJ/(kgK).

[GATE-2021-XE] 7. [NAT, ]
e

An ideal gas (γ = 1.39) flows in a pipeline at

5. [MCQ, ] 450°C and 20 bar. A rigid, insulated and initially
ef

An insulated, evacuated container is connected

evacuated vessel is connected to the pipeline
to a supply line of an ideal gas at pressure ps ,
through a valve. The valve is now opened and
R

temperature Ts and specific volume vs . The

container is filled with the gas until the pressure the gas is allowed to fill the empty vessel. The
in the container reaches ps . There is no heat
final temperature of the gas in the vessel is
transfer between the supply line to the
container and kinetic and potential energies are A. 247°C B. 450°C
negligible. If cp and cv are the heat capacities at C. 625°C D. 732°C
constant pressure and constant volume [GATE-2009-XE]
 Answer Key

1. (𝟑𝟖𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟒𝟎𝟓) 5. (A)

2. (𝟎. 𝟐𝟎 𝐭𝐨 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒) 6. (A)
3. (𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟓𝟔𝟓) 7. (D)
4. (𝟒𝟏𝟖. 𝟎 𝐭𝐨 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟐. 𝟎)

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c
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ef
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 Solution

1. Answer: 385 to 405 m2 RT2 m2 γRTi

=Q+
Solution: (γ − 1) (γ − 1)

m2 RT2 = (γ − 1)Q + γ m2 RTi

P2 V2
P2 V2 = (γ − 1)Q + (γTi )
T2

(γ − 1)Q γTi
1= +
P2 V2 T2

γTi (γ − 1)Q

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=1−
T2 P2 V2

γTi
V = 8.0 m3 T2 =
(γ − 1)Q
1− P V

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Pi = 600 kPa 2 2

Ti = 306 K 1.4 × 306

P2 = Pi = 600 kPa
Q = −1000 kJ
c T2 =
1+
0.4 × 1000
600 × 8
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T2 = ? T2 = 395.446 K
dm
ṁi = ṁo + |
dt cv
N rr

2. Answer: 0.20 to 0.24

dm Solution:
ṁi = | ⟶ (a)
dt cv
e

dU
Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔḢ + |
dt cv
ef

dU
Q̇ = (Hȯ + Ḣ i ) + |
dt cv
R

dU
| = Q̇ + ṁi hi
dt cv
V = 10m3 T2 = 400 K
Substituting ṁi from eq ⟶ (a)
T1 +T2
dU dm P1 = 1 MPA To = 2
= 500 K
| = Q̇ + | h
dt cv dt cv i T1 = 600 K P2 = ?

dU = Q̇dt + hi dm dm
ṁi = ṁo + |
dt cv
(U2 − U1 ) = Q + hi (ṁ2 − m1 ) dm
ṁ0 = − | ⟶ (a)
dt cv
U2 = Q + ṁ2 hi
dU
Q̇ = ẆCV + ΔḢ + |
m2 cv T2 = Q + m2 cp Ti dt cv
 dU Final temperature of air inside the tank
ΔḢ + | =0
dt cv = γ. Tpipe
dU
| = − (Ḣo − Ḣi ) 1.005
dt cv =( ) × (400) = 559.8 K
0.718
dU
| = −ṁo ho
dt cv ∴ Tfinal = 559.8 K
dU dm
| = | h 4. Answer: 418.0 to 422.0
dt cv dt cv o
cp
dU = ho dm T2 = γTi (γ = c )
p −R
U2 − U1 = ho (m2 − m1 )
1.005
T2 = × 300

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m2 cv T2 − m1 cv T1 = cP To (m2 − m1 ) 1.005 − 0.287
m2 T2 − m1 T1 = γTo (m2 − m1 ) T2 = 419.9 K

P2 V2 P1 V1 P2 V2 P1 V1 5. Answer: A

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− = γTo ( − )
R R RT2 RT1

P2 −
γTo
P2 P1
P2 − P1 = γTo ( − )
T2 T1

P2 = P1 −
c
γTo
P
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T2 T1 1
γTo γTo
P2 (1 − ) = P1 × (1 − )
T2 T1
N rr

γT
(1 − T o )
1
P2 = P
γTo 1
e

(1 − T ) Applying Energy balance for the container

2
ef

1.4 × 500 dE
(1 − 600 ) × 1 Ėin − Ėout =
P2 = dt
1.4 × 500
(1 − ) ⇒ ṁhin = ṁcv Tfinal
400
R

P2 = 0.222 MPa ⇒ ṁcp × Ts = ṁcv Tfinal ⇒ Tfinal = γTs

3. Answer: 555 to 565

6. Answer: A
 7. Answer: D
u2 = hi Gas → Ideal gas

cv T2 = cp TL T2 = γTi

T2 = γTL T2 = 1.39 × 723

Since γ > 1; T2 > TL T2 = 1004.97 K

T2 = 731.97°

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Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 NTA - 10

Chapter : Open system analysis

1. [MCQ, ] A. 0.013 B. 0.033
A blower handles 1 kg/s of air at 20°C and C. 0.043 D. 0.023
consumes a power of 15 kW. The inlet and outlet
velocities of air are 100 m/s and 150 m/s 4. [MCQ, ]
respectively. The exit air temperature, assuming In an oil cooler, oil flows steadily through a
bundle of metal tubes submerged in a steady

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adiabatic conditions is _______°C. Take cp of air
stream of cooling water. Under steady flow
is 1.005 kJ/kg − K.
conditions, the oil enters at 90°C and leaves at
A. 26.7 B. 20.0
30°C, while the water enters at 25°C and leaves
B. 28.7 D. 24.7

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at 70°C. The specific enthalpy of oil at T°C is
2. [MCQ, ] given by
c
A turbine operates under steady flow conditions,
receiving steam at the following state:
h = 1.68T + 10.5 × 10– 4 T2 kJ/kg
The cooling water mass flow rate required for
EG al
pressure1.2 MPa, temperature188°C, enthalpy cooling 2.78 kg/s of oil is kg/s.
2785 kJ/kg, velocity 33.3 m/s and elevation A. 1.4 B. 1.8
3 m. The steam leaves the turbine at the C. 1.6 D. 1.2
N rr

following state: pressure20 kPa, enthalpy

5. [MCQ, ]
2512 kJ/kg, velocity 100 m/s, and elevation
e

Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.4 kg/s through

0 m. Heat is lost to the Surrounding at the rate of
an air compressor, entering at 6 m/s with a
ef

0.29 kW. If the mass flow rate of steam through

pressure of 1bar and a specific volume of
the turbine is 0.42 kg/s, the power output of the
0.85 m3 /kg, and leaving at 4.5 m/s with a
turbine is ______ kW.
pressure of 6.9 bar and a specific volume of
R

A. 112.5 B. 212.5
0.16 m3 /kg. The internal energy of the air
C. 1169.5 D. 1057.0
leaving is 88 kJ/kg greater than that of the air
3. [MCQ, ] entering. Cooling water in a jacket surrounding
At the inlet to a certain nozzle, the enthalpy of the cylinder absorbs heat from the air at the rate
the fluid passing is 3000 kJ/kg, and the velocity of 59 W. The power input required to drive the
is 60 m/s. At the discharge end, the enthalpy is compressor is _______ kW.
2762 kJ/kg. The nozzle is horizontal and there is A. 45.4 B. 61.8
negligible heat loss from it. The inlet area is C. 55.6 D. 41.2
0.1 m2 and the specific volume at inlet is
6. [MCQ, ]
0.187 m3 /kg. If the specific volume at the nozzle
A gas flows steadily through a rotary compressor.
exit is 0.498 m3 /kg, the exit area of the nozzle is
The gas enters the compressor at a temperature
m2 .
 of 16°C, a pressure of 100 kPa, and an enthalpy kJ/kg of air. Neglecting changes in elevation the
of 391.2 kJ/kg. The gas leaves the compressor at magnitude of the heat transfer per unit mass of
a temperature of 245°C, a pressure of 0.6 MPa, air flowing is kJ/kg. For air, take cp =
and an enthalpy of 534.5 kJ/kg. There is no heat 1.005 kJ/kg-K and the enthalpy h = cp T.
transfer to or from the gas as it flows through the A. 13.36 B. 7.96
compressor. The external work done per unit C. 15.36 D. 11.96
mass on the gas when the gas velocity at entry is
80 m/s and that at exit is 160 m/s is _______ 8. [MCQ, ]
kJ/kg. A rigid tank of volume 0.5 m3 is initially
evacuated. A tiny hole develops in the wall, and

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A. 143.3 B. 161.8
C. 255.6 D. 152.9 air from the surroundings at 1 bar, 21°C leaks in.
Eventually, the pressure in the tank reaches 1bar.
7. [MCQ, ] The process occurs slowly enough that heat

I1 o
An air turbine forms part of an aircraft transfer between the tank and the surroundings
refrigerating plant. Air at a pressure of 295 kPa keeps the temperature of the air inside the tank
c
and a temperature of 58°C flows steadily into the
turbine with a velocity of 45 m/s. The air leaves
constant at 21°C. The amount of heat transfer in
kJ is
EG al
the turbine at a pressure of 115 kPa, a A. 25 B. 50
temperature of 2°C, and a velocity of 150 m/s. C. 100 D. 75
The shaft work delivered by the turbine is 54
N rre
ef
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 Answer Key
1. (C) 5. (A)
2. (A) 6. (D)
3. (D) 7. (B)
4. (C) 8. (B)

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c
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ef
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 Solutions
1. Answer: (C) V0 Ai ci
Ao =
According to SFEE Vi co
Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ 1
(C2 − 602 ) + (2762 − 3000) = 0
Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔḢ = 0 2000 0
1 co = 692.53 m⁄s
Ẇcv + ṁ(co2 − ci2 ) + ṁcp (To − Ti ) = 0 0.498 × 0.1 × 60
2 Ao =
1 0.187 × 692.53
−Ẇcv − 2 ṁ(co2 − ci2 ) Ao = 0.023 m2
To = Ti +
ṁcp According to GF equation of Nozzle

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1 Δke + Δh = 0
15 − × 1(1502 − 1002 )
To = 20 + 2000 1 2
1 × 1.005 (c − ci2 ) + (ho − hi ) = 0
8.75 2 o
To = 20 + A = 0.023 m2

I1 o
1.005
To = 28.7°C
4. Answer: (C)

2. Answer: (A)
c 1
Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ
ΔḢ = 0
EG al
Ẇcv = −0.29 − 0.42 [ (1002 − 33.32 ) ΔḢ = 0
2000
9.81 ΔḢcw + ΔḢoil = 0
+ (0 − 3) ṁcw Ccw (Tocw − Ticw )ṁoil [1.68 × (30 − 90)
N rr

1000
+ 10.5 × 10−4 (302 − 902 )]
+ (2512 − 2785)]
e

Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ HO oil = 1.68 × 30 + 10.5 × 10−4 × 302

Hi oil = 1.68 × 90 + 10.5 × 10−4 × 902

ef

Ẇcv = Q̇ − ΔKĖ − ΔPĖ − ΔḢ

1 ṁcw = 1.6 kg⁄s

Ẇcv = Q̇ − ṁ [ (co2 − ci2 ) + g(zo − zi ) + (ho
R

2
− hi )] 5. Answer: (A)
Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ
Ẇcv = 112.5 kW 1
Q̇ = Ẇcv + ṁ [ (Co2 − Ci2 ) + (h0 − hi )]
2
1
3. Answer: (D) Q̇ = Ẇcv + ṁ [ (Co2 − Ci2 ) + Δu + (P0v0
2
ṁi = ṁo
ρi Ai ci = ρ0 A0 c0 − Pi vi )]
ρi Ai ci 1
Ao = Ẇcv = Q̇ − ṁ [ (Co2 − Ci2 ) + Δu + (P0v0
ρo co 2
− Pi vi )]
 59 1 According to conservation of mass
Ẇcv = = 0.4 [ (4.52 − 62 ) + 88
1000 2000 dm
+ (6.9 × 106 × 0.16 − 102 ṁi = ṁ 0 + |
dt cv
× 0.85)] dm
ṁi = | → (a)
dt cv
Ẇcv = −45.4 kW According to conservation of Energy
dv
Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔḢ + | dt cv
6. Answer: (D)
du
q = wcv + Δke + Δpe + Δh Q̇ = ΔḢ + |
dt cv
wcv = −Δke − Δh
du

0 de
1 Q̇ = (−Ḣo − Ḣ i ) + |
wcv = − [ (co2 − ci2 ) + (h0 − hi )] dt cv
2
1 du
wcv = − [ (1602 − 802 ) Q̇ = −Ḣi + |
2000 dt cv

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+ (534.5 − 391.2)] du
Q̇ = −ṁi hi + |
dt cv
wcv = −152.9 kJ⁄kg

7. Answer: (B)
c Q̇ = −
dm du
| hi + |
dt cv dt cv
EG al
Q̇dt = −dmhi + dU
q = wcv + Δke + Δpe + Δh
1 On Integrating
q = wcv + (co2 − ci2 ) + cp (To − Ti )
N rr

2 Q = −hi (m2 − m1 ) + (U2 − U1 )

1
q = 54 + (1502 − 452 ) + 1.005 (2 Q = −(m2 − m1 )cp Ti + (m2 cv T2 − m1 cv T1 )
2000
e

− 58) Q = −m2 cp T2 + m2 cv T1 )
q = 7.96 kJ⁄kg
ef

Q = −m2 (cp − cv )T2

8. Answer: (B) Q = −m2 RT2
R

Q = −P2 V2
Q = −100 × 0.5
Q = −50 kJ
Q = −P2 V2 [Evacuated tank T = Constant
⇒ T2 = Ti ]
 Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 ESE/CSE/IFS

Chapter : Open System Analysis

1. Air enters the compressor of a gas plant at 3. Air flows steadily at the rate of 1 kg/s through an
ambient conditions of 100 kPa and 25o C with air compressor. The properties of air at entry are
negligible velocity, and exits at 1 MPa and 347o C velocity 7 m/s, pressure 105 kPa, specific
with a velocity of 90 m/s. The compressor is volume 0.95 m3 /kg. The properties at exit are
cooled at a rate of 1500 kJ/min and the power velocity 5 m/s, pressure 700 kPa, specific
input to the compressor is 250 kW. Determine volume 0.19 m3 /kg. The internal energy of the

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the mass flow rate of air through the compressor. air increases by 95 kJ/kg, as it flows through the
For air, consider compressor. Cooling water in the compressor
cp = 1.005 kJ/kg − K, Jacket removes heat from the air at the rate of
cv = 0.717 kJ/kg − K and 60 kW.

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R = 0.287 kJ/kg − K. (I) Compute the rate of shaft work input to the
[CSE ME: 10 Marks : 2020] air, in kW.

c
2. A frictionless piston/cylinder is loaded with a
linear spring (as shown in the figure below)
having a spring constant of 100 kN/m, and the
(II) Find the ratio of inlet pipe diameter to outlet
pipe diameter.
[IFS ME : 8 Marks : 2019]
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piston cross-sectional area is 0.1 m2 . The cylinder
having an initial volume of 20 L contains air at 4. A rigid tank whose volume is 0.75 m3 developed
200 kPa and ambient temperature 300 K. Three a small hole on its wall. Air from the
N rr

exists a stop in the cylinder which prevents its surroundings at 1 bar 25o C leaked in and finally
volume from exceeding 50 L. A valve connects the pressure in the tank reached 1 bar. The
the cylinder to an air supply line flowing air at process occurred slowly so that heat transfer
e

800 kPa, 325 K. The valve is now opened, between the tank and the surroundings kept the
allowing air to flow in until the cylinder pressure temperature of the air inside the tank constant
ef

and temperature reach 800 kPa and 350 K at 25o C. Determine the heat transfer involved in
respectively. The valve is then closed and the the process:
process ends. At the final state does the piston (i) If initially the tank was evacuated,
R

reach the stop? Calculate the heat transfer during (ii) If it contained air at 0.7 bar and 25o C
the process. Take cp = 1.005 kJ/kg − K and R = [ESE ME : 10 Marks : 2016]
0.287 kJ/kg − K for air.
5. A 40 kg rigid steel tank of 1000 litre capacity
contains air at 500 kPa pressure and both tank
and air are at 20°C temperature. The tank is
connected to a line flowing air at 2 MPa
pressure and 20°C temperature. The valve is
opened, allowing air to flow into the tank until
the pressure reaches 1.5 MPa and it is then
closed. Assume the air and tank are always at
the same temperature and the final
temperature is 35°C find the final air mass that
[CSE ME : 20 Marks : 2020]
 entered the tank and the heat transfer. Specific kinetic and potential energy effects are
heat of steel = 0.46 kJ/kg − K. negligible. The ratio of the final to the initial
[IFS ME : 20 Marks : 2016] mass of air in the tank is 4. Work out the
following:
6. Air flows at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an air (i) Sketch the system and list the assumptions
compressor, entering at 7 m/s velocity, 10 kPa made
pressure and 0.95 m3 /kg specific volume and (i) Work input to the compressor.
leaving at a velocity of 5 m/s, pressure 700 kPa [ESE ME : 15 Marks : 2007]
and specific volume 0.19 m3 /kg. The internal
energy of the air leaving is 90 kJ/kg less than 9. A pressure vessel is connected, via a valve, to a
that at entry. Cooling water in the compressor gas main in which gas is maintained at a

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Jackets absorbs 58 kW of heat. Compute the constant pressure and temperature of
rate of shaft work input to the air and also 1.4 MN/m2 and 85°C respectively. The pressure
calculate the ratio of inlet pipe to outlet pipe vessels is initially evacuated. The valve is opened
diameter. and a mass of 2.7 kg of gas passes into the

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[IFS ME : 10 Marks : 2015] pressure vessel. The valve is closed and the
pressure and temperature of the gas in the
pressure vessel are then 700 kN/m2 and 60°C,
7.
c
Hot gasses enter the blades of a gas turbine with
a velocity of 550 m/s and leave with a velocity
of 120 m/s. There is an increase in the enthalpy
respectively.
Determine the heat transfer to or from the gas
EG al
of the gases in the blade passages to the extent in the vessel. Determine the volume of gas
of 5.1 kJ/kg. The rate of gas flow is 98 kg/min. before transfer.
Determine the power produced. For the gas, take cp = 0.88 kJ/kgK, cv =
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[CSE ME : 15 Marks : 2013] 0.67 kJ/kgK. Neglect the velocity of the gas in
the main.
8. An air compressor is used to fill rapidly a 3m3 [CSE ME : 30 Marks : 2004]
e

tank at 20°C and 1 atm. The filing process is

governed by the law pv l.4 = constant. The
ef
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 Answer Key
1. (0.6867) 6. (1.8898)
2. (−14.3269 ) 7. (226.905 kW)
3. (1.8898) 8. (−1342.429 kJ)
4. (−22.5104 kJ) 9. (0.145 m3 )
5. (−468.1579 kJ)

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 Solution

1. Answer: 0.6867 1
W = 2 (P1 + Pstop ) × (50 − 20) × 10−3
Solution:
T1 = 298 k1 , T2 = 620 k W = 10.5 kJ

V22 For unsteady system

ṁh1 + Q̇in = ṁh2 + Ẇout + ṁ
2000
U2 − U1 = mi hi + Q − W
V22
ṁ + ṁ(h2 − h1 ) = Q̇in − Ẇout
2000 m2 u2 − m1 u1 = (m2 − m1 )hi + Q − W
902 1500
ṁ (2000) + ṁ cP (T2 − T1 ) = − − Q = (m2 u2 − m1 u1 ) − (m2 − m1 )hi + W

0 de
60
(−250)
Q = 0.3982 × 0.718 × 350 − 0.04646 ×
(90)2 0.718 × 300 − (0.3982 − 0.04646) ×
ṁ (1.005(620 − 298) + 2000 ) = −25 +
1.005 × 325 + 10.5
225 ⇒ ṁ = 0.6867 kg/s

I1 o
Q = −14.3269 kJ
2. Answer: −14.3269
Solution: c 3. Answer: 1.8898
Solution:
EG al
ṁ = 1 kg/s, V1 = 7 m/s, P1 = 105 kPa, v1 =
0.95 m3 /kg
N rr

V2 = 5 m/s, v2 = 0.19 m3 /kg, P2 = 700 kPa

(i) u2 − u1 = 95 kJ/kg, Q = −60 kW, q =
e

−60 kJ/kg
From SFEE
ef

1 V2 2 V2
u1 + p1 v1 + 2000 + q = u2 + p2 v2 + 2000 +
kJ
R

w (in kg)
k
Pstop = P1 + A2 (Vstop − V1 ) V21 −V22
w = (u1 − u2 ) + (p1 v1 − p2 v2 ) + +q
2000
100
Pstop = 200 + (0.1)2 × (50 − 20) × 10−3 w = −95 + (105 × 0.95 − 700 × 0.19) +
72 −52
− 60
2000
Pstop = 500 kPa
w = −188.13 kJ/kg
P1 V1 200×20×10−3
m1 = = = 0.04646 kg Ẇ = ṁw = −188.13 kW
RT1 0.287×300

P2 V2 800×50×10−3 (ii)
m2 = = = 0.3982 kg
RT2 0.287×350 A1 V1 A2 V2
=
v1 v2
 A1 V v
= (V2 ) (v1 ) P2 = 1.5 MPa, T2 = 35o C = 308 K
A2 1 2
kJ
d21 5 0.95 Cp,s = 0.46 kg.K
= (7) (0.19)
d22
For air
d1
= 1.8898 P1 V2 500×1
d2
m1 = = 0.287×293 = 5.9459 kg
RT1

P2 V2 1500×1
4. Answer: −22.5104 kJ m2 = = 0.287×308 = 16.969 kg
RT2
Solution:
mi = (m2 − m1 ) = 16.969 − 5.9459 =
V1 = 0.75m3 , Pi = 1 bar = 100 kPa 11.023 kg
Ti = 25o C = 298 K, P2 = 1 bar = 100 kPa

0 de
(U2 − U1 )air + (U2 − U1 )tank = mi hi + Q
(i) If tank was initially evacuated (m2 u2 − m1 u1 )air + mtank (u2 − u1 )tank =
U2 − U1 = mi hi + Q 11.023 × Cp Ti + Q

I1 o
U2 = m2 hi + Q 16.969 × 0.718 × 308 − 5.9459 × 0.718 ×
293 + 40(0.46 × 308 − 0.46 × 293)
Q = m2 u2 − m2 hi
c
Q = m2 (Cv − Cp ) × 298
P2 V2
= 11.023 × 1.005 × 293 + Q
Q = −468.1579 kJ
EG al
Q= × (−R) × 298
RT2

Q = −P2 V2 = −100 × 0.75 = −75 kJ 6. Answer: 1.8898

Solution:
N rr

(ii) If it contained air at 0.7 bar & 25o C

ṁ = 0.5 kg/s, V1 = 7 m/s, v1 = 0.95 m3 /
U2 − U1 = mi hi + Q kg, P1 = 10 kPa
e

P1 V1 70×0.75
m1 = = 0.287×298 = 0.6138 kg m3
RT1 V2 = 5 m/s, v2 = 0.19 kg , P2 = 700 kPa
ef

P2 V2 100×0.75
m2 = = 0.287×298 = 0.877 kg kJ Q ̇
RT2 Q̇ = −58 kW, u2 − u1 = −90 kg, q = m =
kJ
R

m2 u2 − m1 u1 = (m2 − m1 )Cp Ti + Q −116 kg

(0.877 − 0.6138) × 0.718 × 298 =
From SFEE
(0.877 − 0.6138) × 1.005 × 298 + Q
1 V2 2 V2
Q = −22.5104 kJ u1 + P1 v1 + 2000 + q = u2 + P2 v2 + 2000 +w
kJ
(in kg)
5. Answer: −468.1579 kJ
V21 −V22
Solution: ⇒ w = (u1 − u2 ) + (P1 v1 − P2 v2 ) + +q
2000

mtank = 40 kg, V1 = 1m3 , P1 = 500 kPa, 72 −52

w = 90 + (10 × 0.95 − 700 × 0.19) + −
2000
o
T1 = 20 C = 293 K 116
Pi = 2 MPa, Ti = 20o C = 293 K
 kJ 8. Answer: −1342.429 kJ
w = −149.38
kg Solution:
∴ W = ṁw = 0.5 × (149.38) = −74.79 kW
Work input = 74.69 kW
ṁ1 = ṁ2
A1 V1 A2 V2
= Also Ti = 293 K,
v1 v2
P1 V1 101.325 × 3
π 2 π 2 m1 = = = 3.6148 kg
4 d1 V1 = 4 d2 V2 RT1 0.287 × 293
v1 v2 m2 = 4m1 = 4 × 3.6148 = 14.4592 kg

0 de
2
d1 v1 V2 0.95 5 ∵ (V = C)
( ) = ( )×( )= ( )×( )
d2 v2 V1 0.19 7
P1 P2
d1 =
m1 RT1 m2 RT2

I1 o
= 1.8898
d2
101.325 P2
=
7.
Solution:
c
Answer: 226.905 kW
m1 × R × 293 4m1 × R × T2
P2 = 1.3833T2
EG al
1.4−1 0.4
ṁ = 98 kg/ min = 1.633 kg/s T2 P2 1.4 1.3833 × T2 1.4
=( ) =( )
T1 P1 101.325
V1 = 550 m/s, V2 = 120 m/s
N rr

0.4 0.4
h2 − h1 = 5.1 kJ/kg T2 (1.3833)1.4 × 𝑇21.4
= 0.4
(∵ Q̇ = 0) 293
e

From SFEE (101.325)1.4

ṁV2 ṁV2 T2 = 510.146 K
ṁh1 + 20001 = ṁh2 + 20002 + Ẇ
ef

V1 −V2 2 2 U2 − U1 = mi hi − W
Ẇ = ṁ [(h1 − h2 ) + 2000 ]
(m2 T2 − m1 T1 )Cv = (m2 − m1 )Cp Ti − W
R

(550)2 −(120)2
Ẇ = 1.633 [(−5.1) + ] (14.4592 × 510.146 − 3.6148 × 293) ×
2000
0.718 = (14.4592 − 3.6148) × 1.005 ×
Ẇ = 226.905 kW 293 − W
Power produced = 226.905 kW W = −1342.429 Kj
9. Answer: 0.145 m3 U̇2 = ṁi hi + Q̇
Solution:
m2 CV T2 = mi Cp Tg + Q̇

2.7 × 0.67 × (60 + 273) = 2.7 × 0.88 ×

358 + Q̇
Q̇ = −248.211 kJ (Heat lost from the gas)
R = Cp − Cv

R = 0.88 − 0.67
= 0.21 kJ/kg K

0 de
m2 = mi = 2.7 kg mRTg 2.7×0.21×103 ×358
Vg = = = 0.145 m3
pg 1.4×106
U̇2 − U̇1 = ṁi hi + Q̇

I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 NTA - 11
Chapter : Open system analysis

1. [MSQ, ] more of the following statement(s) is/are

Air at 80 kPa, 127°C enters steadily into a well CORRECT?
insulated, horizontal diffuser with a mass flow
rate of 6000 kg/h and exits at 100 kPa. The
velocity of the air is decreased from 230 m/s to

0 de
30 m/s as it passes through the diffuser. Which
one or more of the following statement(s) is/are
CORRECT?

I1 o
A. The exit temperature of air is 421.7 K to
429.7 K. A. The exit temperature of the air is 330.5 K to
B.
519.2 K.
c
The exit temperature of air is 517.2 K to 332.5 K.
B. The exit temperature of the air is 297.5 K to
EG al
C. The exit area of the diffuser is 0.115 m2 to 303.5 K.
0.119 m2 C. The exit velocity of the air is 33.25 m/s to
35.25 m/s.
The exit area of the diffuser is 0.062 m2 to
N rr

D.
D. The exit velocity of the air is 40.75 m/s to
0.072 m2
44.75 m/s.
e

2. [NAT, ]
Refrigerant at 700 kPa & 120°C (h = 4. [MSQ, ]
ef

358.90 kJ/kg, v = 0.043358 m3 /kg) steadily Air at 600 kPa and 500 K steadily enters a well
enters into a well – insulated, horizontal nozzle – insulated, horizontal nozzle with an inlet
R

velocity of 120 m/s. The nozzle has an inlet – to

with an inlet velocity of 20 m/s. The refrigerant
– exit area ratio of 2 ∶ 1 and air leaves the nozzle
leaves the nozzle at 400 kPa, 30°C (h =
with a velocity of 380 m/s. Which one or more
275.07 kJ/kg, v = 0.056796 m3 /kg), then the
of the following statement(s) is / are CORRECT ?
ratio of the inlet area to exit area of the nozzle is
A. The exit temperature of the air is 434.5 K to
_______ (round off to two decimal places). 438.5 K.
B. The exit temperature of the air is 513.5 K to
3. [MSQ, ] 515.5 K.
Air at 90 kPa and 10°C enters steadily into a well C. The exit pressure of the air is 328.8 kPa to
– insulated, horizontal diffuser with an inlet 332.8 kPa.
velocity of 180 m/s. Air leaves the diffuser with D. The exit pressure of the air is 402.5 kPa to
a low velocity at 100 kPa. The exit area of the 404.5 kPa.
diffuser is 4 times the inlet area. Which one or
5. [MSQ, ]
Air at 80 kPa, 27°C enters steadily into a
horizontal diffuser at 220 m/s with a mass flow
rate of 2.5 kg/s. The air leaves the diffuser at
42°C. During the process, air is estimated a rate
of heat loss of 18 kJ/s. The exit area of the
diffuser is 400 cm2 . Which one or more of the

0 de
following statement(s) is/are CORRECT?
A. The exit velocity of the air is 60 m/s to
64 m/s.

I1 o
A. The specific volume of air at the inlet of
B. The exit velocity of the air is 102 m/s to
the compressor is 0.68 m3 /kg to

C.
104 m/s.
c
The exit pressure of the air is 88.2 kPa to
0.72 m3 /kg.
B. Mass flow rate is 0.035 kg/s to
EG al
94.1 kPa. 0.039 kg/s.
C. The power required to compress the air is
D. The exit pressure of the air is 110.5 kPa to
2.85 kW to 3.25 kW.
N rr

111.5 kPa.
D. The power required to compress the air is
3.88 kW to 4.08 kW.
e

6. [MSQ, ]
ef

Air ( cp = 1.018 kJ/kg − K & R= 7. [MSQ, ]

Carbon – dioxide gas enters a well – insulated
0.287 kJ/kg − K) enters a well – insulated
compressor steadily at a pressure of 100 kPa, a
compressor steadily at a pressure of 120 kPa, a
R

temperature of 20°C, and a volumetric flow temperature of 300 K (h̅ = 9431 kJ/kmol)
rate of 10 L/s. The air exits at a pressure of with a mass flow rate of 0.5 kg/s. The carbon –
1 MPa & a temperature of 300°C. Which one dioxide gas leaves the compressor at 600 kPa,
or more of the following statement(s) is/are 450 K (h̅ = 15,483 kJ/kmol). Which one or
TRUE? Neglect change in KE & PE. more of the following statement(s) is/are
CORRECT ? Take R Co2 = 0.1889 kJ/kg − K &
neglect the changes in KE & PE.
A. The volume flow rate of the carbon
dioxide at the compressor inlet is
0.382 m3 /s to 0.389 m3 /s.
 B. The volume flow rate of the carbon exit velocity of helium & also PE effects are
dioxide at the compressor inlet is neglected.
0.280 m3 /s to 0.286 m3 /s. A. 266.75 B. 167.35
C. The power input to the compressor is C. 301.75 D. 345.55
68.4 kW to 69.2 kW.
D. The power input to the compressor is 10. [NAT, ]
54.5 kW to 55.5 kW. An ideal gas (cp = 1.13 kJ/kg − K & R =
0.30 kJ/kg − K) enters an adiabatic turbine
8. [MSQ, ] steadily at 600 kPa pressure, 1200 K

0 de
Air (cp = 1.026 kJ/kg − K) at 100 kPa temperature & gas leaves at 700 K. If the
pressure, 20°C temperature enters steadily power output of the turbine is 200 kW, then
into a well – insulated compressor with a the volume flow rate at the inlet of the turbine
velocity of 30 m/s. The air exits the is _______ m3 /s (round off to 3 decimal

I1 o
compressor at 1.8 MPa pressure, 400°C places). Neglect the changes in KE & PE.
temperature. The inlet and exit areas of the
c
compressor are 0.15 m2 & 0.08 m2
respectively. Which one or more of the
11. [NAT, ]
Air steadily enters a 110 − volt electric heater
EG al
following statement(s) is/are CORRECT? at 100 kPa, 15°C and 0.3 m3 /s. If the air exits
Neglect the changes in PE. the electric heater at 100 kPa, 30°C, then the
N rr

A. Mass flow rate of air is 5.30 kg/s to current (in amperes) supplied to the electric
5.40 kg/s. heater is ________ (round off to one decimal
B. Mass flow rate of air is 7.12 kg/s to place). Neglect the KE & PE effects, heat losses
e

7.18 kg/s. from the air.

ef

C. The power required to compress the air is

3.25 MW to 3.75 MW. 12. [NAT, ]
D. The power required to compress the air is Nitrogen gas (cp = 1.0383 kJ/kg − K)
R

2.02 MW to 2.14 MW. steadily enters a long, constant – diameter

adiabatic pipe at 700 kPa pressure, 50°C
9. [MCQ, ] temperature. The nitrogen gas exits the pipe at
Helium ( cp = 5.1926 kJ/kg − K, R= 350 kPa pressure, 20°C temperature. The
2.0769 kJ/kg − K) at 150 kPa pressure, 20°C velocity at the exit of the pipe is _______ m/s
temperature enters steadily into a well – (round off to two decimal places). Neglect PE
insulated compressor with a velocity of 15 m/s. effects.
The helium exits the compressor at 400 kPa
pressure, 200°C temperature. The inlet area of 13. [MSQ, ]
the compressor is 0.1 m2 . The power required A hair dryer is basically a duct in which a few
to compress the helium is ______ kW. Assume layers of electric resistors are placed. A small
 fan pulls the air in and forces it through the the process is reversible adiabatic and the
resistors where it is heated. Air enters a seawater leaves the tank at 15°C. Assume air to
1200 W hair dryer at 100 kPa and 22°C and be an ideal gas. Which one or more of the
leaves at 47°C. The exit cross sectional area of following statement(s) is/are CORRECT ?
the hair dryer is 60 cm2 . Take R = 0.287 kJ/ A. Final temperature of air in the ballast tank is
kg-K and cP = 1.005 kJ/kg-K. Neglect the 390.7 K to 396.7 K.
power consumed by the fan and heat losses B. Final temperature of air in the ballast tank is
through the walls of the hair dryer. Which one 335.7 K to 345.7 K.
or more of the following statement(s) is/are C. The mass of air in the ballast tank is

0 de
CORRECT ? 15,250 kg to 15,750 kg.
D. The mass of air in the ballast tank is
17,650 kg to 17,850 kg.

I1 o
c 15. [MSQ, ]
A desktop computer is to be cooled by a fan.
The electric components of the computer
EG al
consume 60 W of power under full – load
conditions. The computer is to operate under
A. The volume flow rate of air at inlet is
N rr

steady state at a temperature upto 45°C and at

0.0465 m3 ⁄s to 0.0495 m3 ⁄s.
elevation upto 3400 m where the average
B. The volume flow rate of air at inlet is atmospheric pressure is 66.63 kPa. The exit
e

0.0382 m3 ⁄s to 0.0422 m3 ⁄s. temperature of air is not to exceed 60°C to

ef

meet the reliability requirements. The average

C. The velocity of air at exit is 7.27 m⁄s to
velocity of air is not to exceed 110 m/min at
7.35 m⁄s. the exit of the computer case where the fan is
R

D. The velocity of air at exit is 6.39 m⁄s to installed to keep the noise level down. Take
6.49 m⁄s. cp = 1.0065 kJ/kg − K. Which one or more of
the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT?
Neglect KE & PE effects.
14. [MSQ, ]
A. The required mass flow rate of air to absorb
Consider a submarine having 1000 m3 rigid air-
60 W heat rate is 0.234 kg/min to
ballast tank originally partially filled with
0.242 kg/min.
100 m3 of air at 2000 kPa & 15°C. For the
B. The required mass flow rate of air to absorb
submarine to surface, air at 2000 kPa & 20°C is
60 W heat rate is 0.036 kg/min to
pumped into the ballast tank, until it is entirely 0.042 kg/min.
filled with air. The tank is filled so quickly that
 C. The diameter of the casing of the fan is at 3 MPa pressure, 130°C temperature. The
6.0 cm to 6.6 cm. valve on the tank is opened and allowing
D. The diameter of the casing of the fan is helium gas to escape, and the half of the initial
6.0 cm to 6.6 cm. mass of helium gas has escaped at which point
the valve is closed. The final pressure of the
16. [NAT, ] helium gas in the tank is _____ kPa (round off
A balloon initially contains 65 m3 of helium gas to one decimal place). Assume helium gas to be
(cp = 5.1926 kJ/kg-K & cv = 3.1156 kJ/kg − an ideal gas with   1.67 . Use the approximation
K) at atmospheric conditions of 100 kPa, 22°C. ho = cp (
T1 +T2
), where T1 & T2 are initial &
2

0 de
The balloon is connected by a valve to a large
final temperatures of helium gas in the tank in
reservoir that supplies helium gas at150 kPa,
K. Neglect the changes in KE & PE.
25°C. Now the valve is opened, and helium is
allowed to enter the balloon until pressure

I1 o
18. [NAT, ]
equilibrium with the helium gas at the supply
An evacuated 8L rigid bottle (with a valve at
line is reached. The material of the balloon is
c
such that its volume increases linearly with
pressure. If no heat transfer takes place during
the neck of the bottle) is surrounded by the
atmospheric air at 100 kPa pressure and 17°C
temperature. Now the valve is opened and
EG al
this process, then the final pressure in the
atmospheric air is allowed to flow into the
balloon is _________ K (round off to one
bottle. The air trapped in the bottle eventually
N rr

decimal place).
reaches thermal equilibrium with the
atmosphere as a result of heat transfer through
e

the wall of the bottle. The valve remains open

during the process so that the trapped air also
ef

reaches mechanical equilibrium with the

atmosphere. The amount of heat transfer
R

through the wall of the bottle is _______ kJ

(round off to nearest integer). Assume air to be
an ideal gas with cp = 1.005 kJ/kg − K & cv =
0.718 kJ/kg − K. Neglect KE & PE changes.

17. [NAT, ]
A rigid, insulated tank with a valve having a
volume of 0.15 m3 initially contains helium gas
 Assuming the air behaves as an ideal gas with
cp = 1.005 kJ/kg. K and R = 0.287 kJ/kg. K,
the rate of heat gain by the air from the room

0 de
is____kW (round off to two decimal places) .

19. [NAT, ] 20. [NAT, ]

An air-conditioning system provides a
Cold water stream c  4.18kJ / kg  K  enters

I1 o
p
continuous flow of air to a room using an intake
steadily into a well – insulated double – pipe heat
duct and an exit duct, as shown in the figure. To
c
maintain quality of the indoor air, the intake
duct supplies a mixture of fresh air with a cold
exchanger at 15°C with a mass flow rate of 0.60 kg/
s. Hot water stream (cp = 4.19 kJ/kg − K) enters
steadily at 100°C with a mass slow rate of 3 kg/s.
EG al
air steam. The two streams are mixed in an
Cold water temperature is increased to 45°C by the
insulated mixing chamber located upstream of
hot water. Which one or more of the following
the intake duct. Cold air enters the mixing statement(s) is/are CORRECT?
N rr

chamber at 5°C, 105 kPa with a volume flow Neglect the kinetic & potential energies of both
rate of 1.25 m3 /s during steady state operation. fluid stream
e

Fresh air enters a mixing chamber at 34°C and A. The rate of heat transfer in the heat
105 kPa. The mass flow rate of the fresh air is exchanger is 72.35 kW to 78.35 kW.
ef

1.6 times of the cold air stream. Air leaves the B. The rate of heat transfer in the heat
room through the exit duct at 24°C exchanger is 52.35 kW to 58.35 Kw.
R

C. The exit temperature of hot water is

92.0°C to 96.0 °C.
D. The exit temperature of hot water is
72.0°C to 76.0 °C.
 Answer Key

1. (A, D) 11. (49.7)

2. (15.35 to 15.95) 12. (295.75 to 305.75)
3. B, D) 13. (B, C)
4. (A, C) 14. (A, D)
5. (A, C) 15. (A, C)
6. (A, D) 16. (375.8 to 385.8)
7. (B, C) 17. (951.5 to 957.5 )
8. (A, D) 18. (-0.8 to -0.8 )

0 de
9. (D) 19. (4.90 to 5.10 )
10. (0.188 to 0.224) 20. (A, C )

I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions

1. Answer: (A, D) Ai
 15.65
Pi  80kPa;Ti  127C  400K Ao
m  6000kg /h
Po  100kPa 3. Answer: (B, D)
Pi  90kPa;Ti  10C  283K
ci  230m / s;co  30m / s
ci  180m / s; Po  100kPa
From SFEE
Q.  Wcv  KE  PE  H Ao  4 Ai
Given air leaves the diffuser with a low velocity
ke.  h  0 .

0 de
 co  0
m  co2  ci2   mcP  To  Ti   0
1
ke h  0
2
1 6000
 302  2302  
6000
1005  To  400   0  co  ci   cp  To  Ti   0
1 2 2

I1 o

2 3600 3600 2
43333.34  1675 To  400  0 1
cP  To  Ti   ci2

 To  425.87K
c
 1675 To  400  43333.34
2
1
1005  To  283   180 
2
EG al
2
m  o Aoco  To  299.12K
Po mi  mo
N rr

m  A o  co
RTO Pi P
Aici  o A oco
6000 100 RTi RTo
  Ao  30
e

3600 0.287  425.87 PA

i ici To
 co 
 A o  0.0679m
ef

2
Po Ti A o
90 180 299.12  A i

2. Answer: (15.35 to 15.95) 100 283  4A i
R

ke h  0 co  42.806m / s

 co  ci   h  0
1 2 2
2 4. Answer: (A, C)
  c2o  202    275.07  358.90   0
1 Pi  600kPa ; Ti  500K ; ci  120m / s
2
Ai
 co  409.9m / s 2 ; co  380m / s
Ao
Ratio of the inlet to exit area is
ke h  0
A i v i co
 c2o  ci2
A o v o ci  To  Ti 
2cp
0.043358  409.9

0.086796  20
 3802  1202 V 0.01
 500  m   0.01427kg / s
2 1005 vi 0.7008
To  435.325K Eq……(1) →
mi  mo Wcv  0.01427 1.018  573  293
Pi P Wcv  4.068 kW
A i ci  o A o c o
RTi RTo
P A c  7. Answer: (B, C)
Po   i  i  i  TO The volume flow rate of carbon - dioxide gas at
 Ti Ao co 
inlet of the compressor is
 600 120 

0 de
 2    435.323 V  mv i .
 500 380 
Po  329.93kPa RTi
m
Pi

I1 o
0.1889  300
5. Answer: (A, C)  0.5 
100
Q  W  KE  PE  H .
1
2
c
18 103  m  c2o  ci2   mcp  To  Ti 
V  0.283m3 / s
From SFEE
EG al
Q  Wcv  KE  PE  H .
 2.5  c2o  ci2   2.5 1005  315  300 
1
2 m.  ho  hi 
Wcv 
18 103  2.5  c2o  2202   37687.5
1
N rr

M
2 0.5
 co  62.04m / s  15483  9431
44
e

Po Wcv  68.8kW
m.   A o  co
RTo
ef

2.5  0.287  315 8. Answer: (A, D)

 Po 
0.04  62.04 A ic i
Mass flow rate m 
R

Po  91.07kPa vi
A ic i

6. Answer: (A, D) RTi
Q  Wcv  KE   PE  H Pi

Wcv  mcp  To  Ti  0.15  30  100

….. (1) 
0.287  293
Specific volume of air at the inlet
m  5.351kg / s
RT
vi  i exit velocity
Pi
m.v o
0.287 293i co 
vi   0.7008m3 / kg Ao
120
 mRTo  m  0.354kg / s

Po A o Inlet volume flow rate
5.351  0.287  673 mRTi
 V1 
1800  0.08 Pi
co  7.178m / s 0.354  0.3 1200

From SFEE 600
Q  W  KE  PE.  H . V1  0.212m3 / s

 c2  c2 
 W  m.  cp  To  Ti   o i  11. Answer: (49.7)
 2000 

0 de
Q  W  KE  PE  H
  7.178    30  
2 2

 5.351 1.026  673  293  W  mcp  To  Ti 

 2000 
 
VI  mcp  To  T1 
 2083.98kW

I1 o
mcp  To  Ti 
W  2.084 MW  I ……. (1)
V

9. Answer: (D)
Ac
c m
V1 Pi
RT1
EG al
m i i 0.3 100
vi 
0.287  288
A ic i
 m  0.3629kg / s
N rr

RTi
Pi 0.3629 1.005 15
I
0.1  15 150
e

110
 I  49.7amperes
2.0769 293
ef

m  0.3697kg / s
12. Answer: (295.75 to305.75)
From SFEE
From SFEE
Q  W  KE  PE  H .
R

Q  W   KE  PE  H .
W  mcp  To  Ti 
c2i  c2o
 0.3697 5.1926 200  20   cp  To  Ti  _______ (1)
2
W  345.59kW mi  mo
A ic i A o c o

10. Answer: (0.188 to 0.224) vi vo
Q  W   KE  PE  H Ai vo
 co   ci
W  mcp  To  Ti  Ao vi
200  m1.13 700  1200 
Ai RTo Pi
  ci
A o Po RTi
 To Pi Ti = 22°C; T0 = 47°C
co   ci ________ (2)
Ti Po −1200
∴− = ṁ × 1.005 × (47 − 22)
eq (2) in eq (1) 1000
2
T P  ⇒ ṁ = 0.04776 kg/s
 c   o i ci   2cp  To  Ti 
2
i
Vi
 Ti Po  Mass flow rate ṁ = ρ1 Vi = vi
  T P 2 
 ci   1   o i    2cp  To  Ti 
2 Vi = inlet volume flow rate
  Ti Po  
  ∴ Vi = ṁvi
0.5
  RTi
  = 0.04776 × ( )

0 de
 2cp  To  T1   Pi
 ci   2 
0.287 × 295
 1   ToPi   = 0.04776 × ( )
  
 Ti Po  
100

I1 o
0.5 V̇i = 0.04043 m3 /s
 
 2 1.0383 293  323 103 
  Mass flow rate




1
 293 700 
 
 323 350 
2
c




⇒ ṁ = ρ0 A0 c0
ṁ RT0
EG al
c0 = .( )
0.5 A0 P0
 62.2981 103 
ci    0.04776 0.287 × 320
 2.29147  =( ).( )
N rr

60 × 10 −4 100
ci 164.884m / s
c0 = 7.31 m/s
 exit velocity
e

From equation (2)

14. Answer: (A, D)
T P
ef

c o  o i  ci Conservation of mass principle applied to the

Ti Po
dma
293 700 air  mi
  164.884 dt
R

323 350 Conservation of mass principle applied to the water

co  299.14m / s dmw
 mo
dt
13. Answer: (B, C) Apply SFEE for ballast tank
Applying steady flow energy equation Q  W   KE  PE  H

between inlet and exit of duct. d mua d muw

   mwhw  maha  0
dt dt
Q̇ = ẆCV + ΔkĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ
dmua  dmuw  dmaha  dmwhw
⇒ −WCV = ṁcp (T0 − Ti )
Integrate on both sides.
Given ẆCV = −1200 W = Ẇc m2u2  m1u1 air  m2u2  m1u1 water
  m2  m1 air  hair  m2  m1 water hwater  D  6.3cm
PV2 PV
c v T2  1 c v T1  mw,1cw Tw 16. Answer: (375.8 to 385.8)
RT2 RT1
Vfinal Pfinal 150
 PV PV   
 cp Ti  2  1   mw,1cw Tw Vinitial Pinitial 100
 RT2 RT1 
V2  Vfinal  65 1.5  97.5m3
 T2 
V1 1
  V2  V1  Mass of He supplied to balloon  mf  mi
T1 Ti
1000 Pf Vf Pv
   i i

0 de
100 1
 1000  100  RTf RTi
288 1.4  293 
Energy supplied to the balloon = Change in energy
T2  393.5 K of the balloon.

I1 o
PV2 2000 1000
Final mass m2  
RT2 0.287  393.5
mf  mi hs  mfuf  mui i
m2  17,710kg .
c  Pf Vf PV

 RTf RTi 
 PV
 RTf
  PV
  RTi

 i i  cp TS   f f cv Tf    i I cv Ti 

EG al
15. Answer: (A,C) Dividing with cv on both sides
Air in the computer as the control volume
Pf VF PV 1
  i i Pf Vf  PV
i I
N rr

Q  W  KE  PE  H . Tf Ti VTs

Q  mcp  To  Ti  Pf VF 100  65 1
  150  97.5  100  65
e

Q Tf 295 1.67 298

m 
cp  To  Ti   Tf  380.93K
ef

60
m
1.0065 60  45 103 17. Answer: (951.5 to 957.5)
R

m  0.00397kg / s  0.2382kg /min me  m1  m2

density of air entering the fan at the exit
1

P

66.63
 0.6972kg / m3 Given m2  m1
RT 0.287  333 2
Volume flow rate at exit is 1
 me  m2  m1
m 0.2382 2
V   0.341m3 / min
 0.6972
Given   q  ke  Pe  o

V  D2  c
4  u  h  o  u  h
 m2u2  m1u1  meho
0.341  D2 110
4
 1 1  m2c v T2  micp Ti
m1u2  m1u1   m1ho
2 2
 m2  c v T2  cp Ti 
1
Dividing with m1 on both sides
2  0.0096  0.718 290  1.005290
 u2  2u1  ho
Q  0.799  0.8kJ
 T T 
c v T2  2c v T1    cp 1 2  19. Answer: (4.90 to 5.10)
 2  Given
T1  T2 Tcold = 5°C; pcold = 105 kPa, V̇ = 1.25 m3 /s
 c v T2  2c v T1  cp 0

0 de
2 Tfresh = 34°C; pfresh = 105 kPa;
Divide with c v ṁfresh = 1.6 ṁcold
When both the air streams get mixed, the
T T

I1 o
T2  2T1   1 2  0 equilibrium temperature is given by
2
ṁcold × cp,cold × (Teq − 278)

4
c
 2T2  4T1   T1  T2   0
= ṁfresh × cp,fresh × (307 − Teq )
⇒ (Teq − 278) = 1.6 × (307 − Teq )
EG al
 T2    T1
 2   ⇒ 2.6 Teq = 769.2

 4  1.67  ⇒ Teq = 295.84 K = 22.84°C

N rr

 T2    403  256.4K
 2  1.67  Applying SFEE for the room
Q̇ − Ẇ = ΔkĖ + ΔpĖ + ΔḢ
e

P V m RT
Final pressure  1  1 1
P2 V m2RT2 ⇒ Q̇ = ṁtotal × cp × (Texit − Teq )
ef

m2 T2 ⇒ Q̇ = (2.6)ṁcold × cp × 1.154
 P2  P1
m1 T1 pcold × V̇cold
⇒ Q̇ = (2.6) × × cp × 1.154
R

R × Tcold
1 256.4
   3 103 105 × 1.25
2 403 ⇒ Q̇ = 2.6 × × 1.005 × 1.154
0.287 × 278
P2  954.3kPa
⇒ Q̇ = 4.959 kW = 4.96 kW
18. Answer: (-0.8 to -0.8)
mi  m2
20. Answer: (A, C)
3
P2 V 100  8 10
m2    0.0096kg
RT2 0.287 290

Q  m2u2  mh
i i
 Q cold  0.6  4.18  30

Q cold  75.24kW

Rate of heat gain by the cold water is equal to Rate

of heat loss by the hot water

Q cold  mcp  Ti  To  hotwater

75.24  3 4.19 373  To 

Q  W  KE  PE  H .
75.24

0 de
373   To
Q  H 3  4.19

Q  mcp T  To  94.015C

I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Basic Thermodynamics by NEGI10 NTA - 12
Chapter : Open system analysis

1. [MSQ, ] Assume air is behaving as perfect gas, having

0.2 kg of air at 2 bar and 300 K is trapped with in cp = 1.005 kJ⁄kg-K & cv = 0.718 kJ⁄kg -K.
a syringe by a plunger at one end and a stopcock Neglect the kinetic & potential energy effects.
at the other, as shown in the figure. A container
initially holds 1 kg of air at 10 bar and 300 K. 3. [NAT, ]
Now stopcock is opened and the plunger is A well-insulated piston-cylinder is connected by

0 de
moved to inject the trapped air into the container a valve to an air supply line at 8 bar. Initially, the
without changing the state of the trapped air.
air inside the cylinder is at 1 bar, 300 K and the
Ignore the heat transfer with surroundings,
KE & PE effects. Which one or more of the piston is located 0.5 m above the bottom of the

I1 o
following statement(s) is / are CORRECT? cylinder. The atmospheric pressure is 1 bar and
the diameter of the piston face is 0.3 m. The
c valve is opened and air is admitted slowly until
the volume of air inside the cylinder has
EG al
doubled. (Take Tsupply = 300 K). The weight of
the piston and the friction between the piston
N rr

A. Conservation of energy will reduce to m2 u2 − and the cylinder wall can be ignored. The final
m1 u1 = (m2 − m1 )hi, with usual notations. temperature of the air inside the cylinder is
____K (in integer). Use ideal gas model. The KE
e

B. Expression of Final temperature will be T2 =

m m & PE effects can be neglected.
(1 − m1 ) γ Ti − m1 T1 , with usual notations.
ef

2 2
C. Final temperature will be 318 K to 322 K.
D. Final pressure will be 126 kPa to 130 kPa.
R

2. [NAT, ]
A rigid tank of volume 0.75 m3 is initially
evacuated. Champu hit the tank with his first & a
big hole is created on the tank’s wall. Air from
the surrounding at 1 bar, 25°C rapidly flows into
the tank until the pressure in the tank reaches
1 bar. Heat transfer between the contents of
the tank and the surrounding is negligible. The
final temperature of air in the tank is _____°C
(round off to one decimal place).
4. [MSQ, ] makes sure water temperature in the tank in
A well insulated tank (one inlet & one outlet) uniform throughout by requiring power input of
having volume 0.028 m3 contains air at 0.6 kW. The only significant heat transfer of
101.3 kPa and 38°C. From inlet air enters at water is with the cooling coil. The water is
207 kPa, 93°C having mass flow rate of behaving as perfect incompressible substance &
0.001 kg/s from outlet air leaves at same mass there is no change in pressure between inlet and
flow rate at that of inlet mass flow rate i.e. outlet. Kinetic and potential energy effects can
0.001 kg/s. Thermodynamic properties of air be neglected. For above problem which one or
within the tank at any of time can be taken as more of the following statement(s) are

0 de
uniform through out. Neglect kinetic potential CORRECT?
energy effects & assume air is behaving as an
ideal gas having constant specific heats. Which
one or more of the following statement(s) is/are

I1 o
CORRECT?

c
EG al
N rr

A. Temperature of the air in the tank increases A. Temperature decreases linearly with time
linearly with time. 200
given by expression T = 318 − (1 −
9
e

B. Temperature of the air in the tank increases

t
exponentially with time. ), where T is in Kelvin & t is in seconds.
600
ef

C. Temperature of the air in the tank after 5 B. Temperature decreases exponentially

minutes will be 77.3°C to 79.3°C. with time given by expression T =
t
D. Temperature of the air in the tank after 200
R

318 − (1 − e−600 ), where T is in

9
10 minutes will be 88.1°C to 90.1°C.
Kelvin & t is in seconds.
C. Temperature of water in the tank after 10
5. [MSQ, ]
minutes will be 302 K to 306 K.
A tank contains 45 kg of liquid water initially at
D. After some time when steady state is
45°C. Tank is having one inlet and one outlet
achieved, the temperature of water in the
with equal mass flow rates of liquid water. At
tank will be 294 K to 298 K.
inlet liquid water enters at 45°C having mass
flow rate of 270 kg⁄hr. A cooling coil immersed
6. [MSQ, ]
in the water removes the energy at a rate of
An Insulated, vertical piston - cylinder
7.6 kW. A paddle wheel immersed in the water
arrangement with spring initially contains
 0.2 m3 of air at 200 kPa & 295 K. At this state, a tank allowing the air to escape by the time
linear spring just touches the top surface of the sluggish champu closed the valve pressure of air
piston without exerting any force on piston. The inside the tank dropped to 150 kPa. The mass of
cylinder is connected to an air supply line via a air due to noob champu is removed from tank
valve. Air supply line air supplied at 800 kPa & A. 4.5 kg B. 5.5 kg
295 K. Now the valve is opened and air from the C. 6.5 kg D. 7.5 kg
supply line is allowed to enter the cylinder till
the volume of air becomes double of initial 8. [MSQ, ]
volume & pressure become triple of initial A vertical piston – cylinder arrangement initially
contains 0.2 m3 of air at 20°C. The mass of

0 de
pressure. Neglect the changes in KE & PE.
Assume air is behaving as an Ideal gas having piston is such that it maintains a constant
constant specific heats. Which one or more of pressure of 300 kPa inside the cylinder. Pro
the following statement(s) is / are CORRECT? Dampu open a valve connected to cylinder &

I1 o
allows the air to escape until the volume of air
inside the cylinder becomes half of initial
c volume. Pro Dampu makes sure heat transfer
takes place in such a way that the temperature
EG al
of the air in the cylinder remains constant at
20°C. Neglect the changes in kE & PE. Assume
N rr

air in behaving as an ideal gas having constant

specific heats. Which one or more of the
following statement(s) is/are CORRECT ?
e

A. Mass of air left the cylinder is 0.337 kg to

ef

0.377 kg.
A. Initial mass of air inside the cylinder is
B. The amount of heat transfer is 98 kJ to
0.27 kg & 0.29 kg.
102 kJ.
R

B. Control volume work arising cylinder at

C. The amount of heat transfer is 198 kJ to
control volume is 80 kJ to 80 kJ.
202 kJ.
C. Final temperature of air inside the
D. The amount of heat transfer is 0 kJ to 0 kJ.
cylinder is 342.7 K to 346.7 K.
D. Mass of air that entered inside the
9. [MCQ, ]
cylinder is 1.85 kg to 2.05 kg.
A rigid container filled with an ideal gas is
heated while the gas is released from single
7. [MCQ, ]
outlet that the temperature of the ideal gas
An insulate tank with an internal volume of 1 m3
remaining in the container stays constant. The
contains air at 800 kPa & 25°C. Champu
expression of mass flow rate at the outlet as a
accidently opened the valve mounted on the
function of the rate of charge of pressure in the V dP
C. mo  
container is given by RT dt
V d 1 V dP
A. mo     D. mo 
RT dt  P  RT dt
V d 1
B. mo   
RT dt  P 

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key

1. (A, D) 6. (B, C, D)
2. (15.35 to 15.95) 7. (C)
3. (300 to 300) 8. (A, D)
4. ( B,C,D) 9. (C)
5. (B,C,D)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions

1. Answer: (A, C, D) T2  1.4 298

m  0.2
T2  417.2K  144.2C
P  2bar
T  300K 3. Answer: (300 - 300)
du dm
Q  Wcv  H  mi  mo 
dt cv dt cv
du dm dm
Q hi mi   (a)
dt cv dt cv dt cv

0 de
m2u2  m1u1  m2  m2 hi Q  Wcv  KE  PE  H 
dU
m2u2  m2  m2 hi  m1u1 dt cv
dU
 m  m Wcv  H  0
u2   1  1 hi  1 u1 dt cv

I1 o
 m2  m2
dU
 m  m Wcv  Ho  Hi   0
T2   1  1   Ti  1 T1
 m2 

T2   1 
1 
m2

 1.4  300 
c 1
 300
Wcv  mhi i 
dU
dt cv
dt cv

0
EG al
 1.2  1.2 dm dU
Wcv  hi  0
0.28  300 300 dt cv dt cv
T2  
N rr

1.2 1.2 dm dU
hi  Wcv 
1.28  300 dt cv dt cv
T2 
Qdt  dmhi  Wcv dt  dU
e

1.2
T2  320 K Integrating on both sides
ef

P2 
m2 T2
P1 m2  m1 hi  Wcv  U12
m1 T1 m2  m1 hi  P V2  V1   m2u2  m1u1 
R

P2 
1.2 320
  300 m2hi m1hi  m2u2  PV2   m1u1 PV1 
1 300 m2hi m1hi  m2h2 m1hi
P2 128kPa hi  h2
2. Answer: (𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟓 𝒕𝒐 𝟏𝟒𝟔. 𝟓) T2  Ti  300K
4. Answer: (B,C,D)
U12  m2  m1 hi
dU
m2u2  m2hi Q  Wcv  KE PE  H 
dt cv
u2  hi dU
moho  mhi i   0
dt cv
T2  Ti
 dU dT
i i 
mh  moho (To not constant) mc  mcT  Q  Wcv  mcTi
dt cv dt cv
dU dT m Q  Wcv  mcTi
mhi  m  mh  T
dt cv dt m mc
dT dT Q  Wcv  mcTi m
mcp Ti  mcv  mcp T   T
dt cv dt mc m
mTi dT Q  Wcv m m
dT m   Ti  T
 T dt mc m m
dt cv m m
dT

mt  dt
T  Ce  Ti
m Q  Wcv m m
 Ti  T

0 de
At t  0 T  T1 mc m m
T
 mt  m  Q  Wcv m m 
 ln   Ti  T   t
  m  m  0.0001kg / s m  mc m m  T1
T   T1  Ti   Ti

I1 o
 Q  Wcv m m 
PV  mc  m Ti  m T  mt
m ln  

m
RT
101.3  0.028
0.287  311
c
 0.03177kg


Q  Wcv m
Q  Wcv
mc
m


m

Q  Wcv  mt
EG al
 T1  T  e m
T  55e0.0044t  93 mc m m mc
After 5 minutes m m Q  Wcv  
mt

T  Ti  1  e m

N rr

T  55e0.0044300  93 m m mc  
 78.3C Q  Wcv  
mt

After 10 minutes T  T1  1  e 
m
e

mc  
T  55e0.0044600  93
89.1C  
t 
 270 
ef


 7.6  0.6    3600 

T  318    1  e 45 
5. Answer: (B,C,D)   270   4.2   
  3600    
R

dU
Q  Wcv  KE PE  H 
dt cv 200  
t

T  318  1  e 600

9  
Q  Wcv  Ho  Hi  
dU
.
dt cv After 10 minutes
dU 200  
600

Q  mh  moho ( to  constant ) T  318  1  e 
600
i i  Wcv  9 
dt cv 
dU T  303.95K
Q  mcTi  mPvi i  Wcv  m  mc To  mPo vo Steady state temperature
dt cv
200
dT T  318  1  0 
Q  mcTi  Wcv  mc  mcT 9
dt cv T  295.77K
6. Answer: (B, C , D) 247923.3349
 719.1637
Air T2
P1  200kPa T2  344.74K
T1  22C  295K From equation ……. (1)
V1  0.2m 3
836.2369
m2 
Pi  800kPa 344.74
m2  2.42570kg
Ti  22C  295K
m  m2  m1
P2  600kPa
m  2.42570  0.47245
V2  2V1  0.4m3

0 de
m  1.95325kg
dU
Q  Wcv  H  7. Answer: (C)
dt cv
dU dm

I1 o
Wcv  moho  mh
i i 0 mi  mo 
dt cv dt cv

Wcv 
dm
dt cv
hi 
dU
c
dt cv
0 mo  
dm
dt cv

Q  Wcv   H 
dU
EG al
dm dU
hi  Wcv  dt cv
dt cv dt cv
dU
m2  m1 hi  Wcv U12 moho  mhi i   0
N rr

dt cv
P1 V1 200  0.2 dU
m1    moho  0
RT1 0.287 295 dt cv
e

m1  0.47245kg dU dm
 ho  0
ef

P2 V2 600  0.4 836.2369 dt cv dt cv

m2    ……. (1)
RT2 0.287T2 T2 d dm
mu  u  RT   0
1 dt dt
R

Wcv  P1  P2  V2  V1  dU dm dm dm
2 m u u  RT 0
dt dt dt dt
1
Wcv   200  600  0.4  0.2  dT d  PV 
2 mc v  RT    0
dt dt  RT 
Wcv  80kJ
dT d P 
m2cp Ti  m1cp Ti  Wcv  m2c v T2  m1c v T1 mc v  VT    0
dt dt  T 
m2cp Ti  Wcv  m2c v T2  m1RT1 dT  1 dT 1 dP 
mc v  VT P  2  0
836.2369 1.005 295 dt  T dt T dt 
dT PV dT dP
T2 mc v  V 0
dt T dt dt
 80  836.2369  0.718  0.47245  0.278 295
 dT dP P1 v1
mcp V 0 m1 
dt dt RT1
R dT mRT dP 300  0.2
m  0 m1 
  1 dt P dt 0.287  293
 dT T dP m1  0.7135 kg
 0
  1 dt P dt Pv
1  1 1 m2  2 2
dT  dP  0 RT2
T  P 300  0.1
 1 m2 
lnT  lnP  lnC 0.287  293

m2  0.35675kg

0 de
 
 T  m  0.7135  0.35675 kg
ln 1  lnC
   m  0.35675 kg
P 
Q  Wcv  Ho H2  
dU
 1 

I1 o
ln  TP    lnC dt cv
  dU
Q  Wcv  Ho 
TP
1


1

 Constant

 T2P2
1

c Q  Wcv 
dU
dt cv

 moho
EG al
T1P1 dt cv
1

P   dU dm
T2   1   T1 Q  Wcv   ho
dt cv dt cv
N rr

 P2 

0.4 Qdt  Wcv dt  dU  dmho
 800  1.4 Q  Wcv U12  m2  m1 ho
T2    298
e

 150 
Q P V2  V1   m2u2  m1u1  m2  m1 ho
T2  184.715K
ef

PV Q P2V2  P1V1  m2u2  m1u1  m2cpT2  m1cpT1

Po Vo  mRT m
RT Q 0
P2 V2 PV
R

m2  m1  1 1 9. Answer: (C)
RT2 RT1
V V V
150 1 800 1 mcv    P
m2  m1  v RT RT
0.287 184.715 0.287 298
P
m2  2.8295kg m1  9.3539kg From conservation of mass principles
m  9.3539  2.8295 dmcv
mi  mo 
m  6.5244kg dt
dm
8. Answer: (A, D) mo   cv
dt
m m1  m2 V dP
mo  
RT dt