Complex Number

SM14103 MATHEMATICS I
 differentiate complex number with the
real number
 describe and used the properties of
complex number
 express complex number in polar or
exponential form
 know how to use the De Moivre’s
theorem
2
4.1 Introduction of Complex Number
4.2 Properties of Complex Number
4.3 Complex Number in Polar and
Exponential Form
4.4 Powers and Roots of Complex
Number
3
 see how the real number
system is only a part of a larger
number system; call the
"complex" numbers.
see how the interpretations of
In this addition, multiplication, and
negation of real numbers
chapter, generalize to the complex
you will numbers.
learn about a new operation,
which applies to complex
numbers, called conjugation,
and discuss its geometric
significance.
4
Complex Numbers
Definition 4.1:
 Combine real numbers with
imaginary numbers
 z=a+bi Imaginary
unit

Imaginary part,
Real part, Im(z)
Re(z)

 Examples
4.5 + i ⋅ 2 6
3 + 4i 3
−6 + i
2 5
The Imaginary Number i
 By definition
−1 =i ⇔ i 2 =−1
 Consider powers of i
2
i = −1
3 2
i =i ⋅ i =−i
Definition 4.2:
i 4 = i 2 ⋅ i 2 = −1 ⋅ −1 = 1 Square roots of negative numbers
i5 = i 4 ⋅ i = 1⋅ i = i
...
6
Using i Theorem 4.1:
 Now we can handle quantities that
occasionally show up in mathematical
solutions
−a = −1 ⋅ a = i a
 What about
−49 −18

Warning
 Consider −16 ⋅ −49
 It is tempting to combine them −16 ⋅ −49 = +16 ⋅ 49 =4 ⋅ 7 =28

 The multiplicative property of radicals only works for positive values under the radical sign
 Instead; use imaginary numbers
−16 −49 =4i ⋅ 7i =4 ⋅ 7 ⋅ i 2 =−28

7
Example 4.1 :
Given that the following complex
numbers as, Write these complex numbers in standard
form a + bi

9 − −75 9 − 75i

−16 + 7 7 + 4i
Identify the real part and the imaginary
part of these complex number. − −100 −10i

Solution :

8
 The Argand diagram
 Conjugate of complex number
 The arithmetic of complex number
 Equality
 Addition and subtraction
 Multiplication
 Division
 Square roots
 Modulus and argument of complex number
9
 −2 + 3i ?
3 + 4i ?
 Graph in coordinate plane
−5i ?
 Called the complex plane
3 + 4i
-2 + 3i •
 Horizontal axis •
is the real axis

 Vertical axis is
the imaginary
axis
• -5i

10
Conjugate of complex number
Definition 4.3:

 Also denoted as z*
 z* is the mirror image of z in the x axis

11
12
13
14
The Equality of complex number
 If z1 & z2 both are complex number and
z1 = z2 , then
 Re(z1) = Re(z2)
 Im(z1) = Im(z2)
 Represented by the same point on Argand
diagram

15
Operations on Complex Numbers :
Complex numbers can be combined with
 Addition
( 2 − 4i ) + ( 4 − 3i ) 6 − 7i
 Subtraction
( −3 + i ) − (8 + 2i ) −11 − i
 Multiplication Square roots
(1 − i ) ⋅ ( 4 + 2i ) 6 − 2i  If z2 = a + bi and z = x + yi, therefore
 division
( x + yi ) =
2
 Multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the a + bi
denominator
(x 2
)
− y 2 + ( 2 xy ) i =a + bi
3i 3i 5 + 2i
= ⋅  Using the properties of complex
5 − 2i 5 − 2i 5 + 2i
number equality we have
15i + 6i 2
=
25 − 4i 2 x2 − y 2 =
a and 2xy = b
−6 + 15i 6 15
= − + i
=
29 29 29
16
17
Modulus and argument of complex number :
 modulus of a complex number

 argument of complex number

18
Modulus of a Complex Number
Defined as the length of the line segment
 From the origin
 To the point
 Calculated by
3 + 4i
using Pythagorean •
Theorem

3 + 4𝑖𝑖 = 32 + 42 = 25 = 5

19
Properties of modulus & argument:

20
10 minutes break

21
Polar Form of Complex Number a + bi
•
Consider the graphical representation r
b
θ
a

How do we
We note that a right triangle is formed determine θ?

a b b
=cos θ = sin θ θ = tan−1

r r a
=a r= cos θ b r sin θ
where =
r z= a 2 + b2
22
 =
 Now we use a cos θ
r= b r sin θ
Product of Complex Numbers in Polar
and substitute into z = a + bi Form:
 Multiply the modulus values
 Add the θ's
 Result is z = r ⋅ cos θ + i ⋅ r ⋅ sin θ

 Abbreviation is often z= r ⋅ cisθ

Quotient of Complex Numbers in Polar Form

23
The complex number

24
Using Polar Representation
Recall that a complex number can be represented as

z = r ⋅ ( cos θ + i ⋅ sin θ )

Then it follows that =z 2

r ( cos θ + i ⋅ sin θ ) ⋅ r ( cos θ + i ⋅ sin θ )
= r 2 ⋅ ( cos 2θ + i ⋅ sin 2θ )
What about z3 ?

25
DeMoivre's Theorem
In general (a + bi)n is
z n = r n ⋅ ( cos ( n ⋅ θ ) + i ⋅ sin ( n ⋅ θ ) )

(3 ( cos 330 + i ⋅ sin 330 ))

4
Apply to  

4
(
= 3 cos  4 ⋅ ( 330 )  + i ⋅ sin  4 ⋅ ( 330 ) 
 
  
)
Try ( 5 + 12i )
14

26
27
Using DeMoivre to Find Roots
 Again, starting with a + bi = z = r ⋅ ( cos θ + i ⋅ sin θ )
 z = r ⋅ ( cos ( n ⋅ θ ) + i ⋅ sin ( n ⋅ θ ) ) also works when n is a
n n

fraction
Thus, we can take a root of a complex number
1/ n 1/ n   θ + 360 ⋅ k   θ + 360 ⋅ k  
z = r ⋅  cos   + i ⋅ sin  
  n   n 
2π k
Note that there will be n such roots
One each for k = 0, k = 1, … k = n – 1

28
29
Example 4.6
−1 + i ⋅ 3
2 6
Find the two square roots of 2
+i⋅
2
 Represent as z = r cis θ
 What is r? Roots will be equally spaced
2
 What is θ? around a circle with radius r1/2

2 6
Solutions: −
2
−i⋅
2

−1 + i ⋅ 3
( 2 ( cos120 + i ⋅ sin120 ) )
1/2

 120 120   120 + 360 120 + 360 

= 2 ⋅  cos + i ⋅ sin  and 2 ⋅  cos + i ⋅ sin 
 2 2   2 2 

30
Graphical Interpretation of Roots :
Consider cube root of 27
3 3 3

27
= 27 ⋅ cis 0  − +
2 2

3+ i ⋅0
•
Using DeMoivre's Theorem
1/3  0 + 360 
⋅k 
3
27 = 27 cis  
3
3 3 3
 
− −
2 2

=3 ⋅ cis 0, 3 ⋅ cis 120, and 3 ⋅ cis 240

Roots will be equally spaced
around a circle with radius r1/3
31
(End of Chapter 4 - Complex Number)