Before Calculus

Chapter 5:
Function
SM14103 MATHEMATICS I
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

❑ discuss the nature of variable and

constants;
❑ state the functions and its classification;
❑ evaluate function using their properties;
❑ graphs the function in the xy-plane.

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OUTLINE :
5.1 Functions
5.2 Families of Functions
5.3 New Function from Old
5.4 Inverse Functions

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 ✓ define and develop the
concept of a “function”,
which is the basic
mathematical object use
In this to describe relationships
chapter, between variable
quantities.
you will ✓ review some of the important
concepts dealing with
functions and transformations
of functions.

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 Let’s start by knowing what is RELATIONS

A mathematical relation is the pairing up(mapping)

of inputs and outputs.

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Type of relation Relations

Relation
Functions
x y One-to-One

x1
Function
x2 y Many-to-One ✓A relation in which each
x3

y1 input has exactly one

x y2
One-to-Many output.
y3
✓Each output does not
x1 y1
necessarily have only one
Many-to-Many
input
x2 y2

x3 y3

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5.1 Functions
First of all, we have to know some important terms,
which are frequently used in this chapter.
These are:
1. Constant: A constant is a symbol - which never
changes over the sets of mathematical operation.
➢ For example, 1, 2 or 3 are constants.
➢ The letter a, b or c are also considered as constants
which are specially know as arbitrary constants.

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2. Variables: A symbol capable of assuming different
values is called a variable.
➢ usually denoted by the letters of the alphabet;
➢ For example, x, y or z.

3. Independent Variable: A variable to which any value

can be assigned is called an independent variable.

4. Dependent Variable: A variable whose value depends

on the value of the independent variable is called a
dependent variable.

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Noted that:
✓ Independent variables (output) are the causes, and the
dependent variables (input) are the effects.
✓ When two variables are so related that one is dependent
and another is independent, then the dependent
variable is known as function of independent variable.
✓ A function is a relation in which each element of the
domain is paired with exactly one element of the range.
[Another way of saying it is that there is one and only
one output (y) with each input (x)].
✓ Therefore, it is NOT a function if at least one input has
more than one output
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➢ For example, let us consider two variables x and y, which
are related by the equation y = 4x + 6. ✓ if we take x = 1,
then we get y =
x is independent variable and 10
y is dependent variable
✓ if we take x = 0,
we get y = 6
➢ So, we may say that y is the function of x
which is denoted by the symbol, y = f(x).
1) Hence, we may conclude that any expression containing a variable is
called a function of that variable.
2) Thus,
(i) ax +10, (ii) 2x2 – 5x + 2, (iii) t2 – 1 and (iv) et – 5,
where the expressions (i) and (ii) are functions of x and the expressions
(iii) and (iv) are functions of t.
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Input Value
Function Notation
f(x) means function of x and is read “f of x.”
f(x)
y = f (x )
Input
Output value Output Name of Function

f(x) = 2x + 1 is written in function notation.

f(x) = 2x + 1
The notation f(1) means to replace x with 1 f(1) = 2(1) + 1
resulting in the function value. f(1) = 3
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Example 5.1:
Find g(1)+ g(-4).
g (x ) = x − 2 x
2

g(1) = (1) − 2(1) = −1

2

g (− 4) = (− 4) − 2(− 4) = 16 + 8 = 24
2

So g (1) + g (− 4) = −1 + 24 = 23

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Example 5.2:

Given f(x) = 2 x 2 − 3 x , find the following;

a. f(3) b. 3f(x) c. f(3x)

f(x) =2x2 – 3x 3f(x) = 3(2x2 – 3x) f(x) = 2x2 – 3x

f(3) = 2(3)2 – 3(3) 3f(x) = 6x2 – 9x f(3x) = 2(3x)2 – 3(3x)
f(3) = 2(9) - 9 f(3x) = 2(9x2) – 3(3x)
f(3) = 9 f(3x) = 18x2 – 9x

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Graphs of Functions Example 5.3:
➢If f is a real-valued For each function,
function of a real evaluate f(0),
variable, then the f(1.5), f(-4),
graphs of f in the xy-
plane is defined to be
the graphs of the
equation y = f(x).

➢For example, the graphs

of the function f(x) = x is
the graphs of the f(0) = 3
equations y = x, shown f(1.5) = 4
in the next figure. f(-4) = 4

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Noted that:
➢Not all graphs represent functions.
➢Vertical Line Test is employed to
determine whether a graph is a function or
not.
➢To determine whether or not the graph is
one-to-one, Horizontal Line Test is applied.
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Vertical Line Test For A Function
(pencil test) Example 5.4:
Do the graphs represent y as a
➢A relation is a function iff no vertical line function of x?
intersects the graph of the relation at more
than one point
➢If it does, then an input has more than one
output.
Are these functions?
Function
X!

FUNCTION! FUNCTION!
Not a Function
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Equality of Function Increasing, Decreasing
Functions
➢Let f and g be functions.
Given f ( x )
➢We said f and g are equal if and ▪ A function, f is an increasing function if the
only if values of f increase as x increases
✓ “f and g have the same domain” and
▪ A function, f is a decreasing function if the
✓ “f(x) = g(x), x in the domain”. values of f decrease as x increases

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Increasing/Decreasing/Constant Functions
For points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) on the graph,
➢Increasing: The graph goes “up” as you move from left
to right.
x1  x2 implies y1  y2

➢Decreasing: The graph goes “down” as you move from

left to right.
x1  x2 implies y1  y2

➢Constant: Graph remains horizontal as you move from

left to right.
x1  x2 implies y1 = y2
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 Even Functions Examples of even functions
▪ If f(-x) = f(x) for all x, then the graph is 2
symmetric across the y-axis
Notice symmetry about x=0
1.5

0.5

-0.5 x2-2
cos(x)
-1
sin(x)2
-1.5

-2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

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 Odd Functions
Examples of odd functions
➢ A graph can be symmetric about a
point
✓ Called point symmetry 6

➢ If f(-x) = -f(x) for all x, then the x3-2x

4
graph is symmetric about the origin sin(x)
tan(x)
2

-2

-4

Notice asymmetry about (0,0)

-6
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

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 Types of symmetry

Symmetric to y-axis Symmetric to origin Symmetric to x-axis

Even function Odd function Not a function
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Example 5.5:
a) g(x) = x3 - x
g(-x) = (-x)3 – (-x) = -x3 + x = -(x3 – x)
Therefore, g(x) is odd because f(-x) = -f(x)
b) h(x) = x2 + 1
h(-x) = (-x)2 + 1 = x2 + 1
 h(x) is even because f(-x) = f(x)
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 Domain and Range: Equations
Domain: What you are allowed to plug in for x.
➢Easier to ask what you can’t plug in for x.
➢Limited by division by zero or negative even roots
➢Can be explicit or implied
Range: What you can get out for y using the
domain.
➢Easier to ask what you can’t get for y.
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Definition : Domain & Range
Given a function y = f(x),
➢Domain
The domain of f is the
set of all possible input
values, x, which yield an
output

➢Range
The range of f is the
corresponding set of The projection of y = f(x) on the x-axis is the
output values y set of allowable x-values for f, and the
projection on the y-axis is the set of
corresponding y-values.
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 How to identify the domain and range
➢Domain: Look at the x-axis. Considering all the points on the
graph, identify all the x-values included on the graph.
(Think about whether the graph extends further to the left and
right. Include all x-values that occur on the graph.)
➢Range: Look at the y-axis. Considering all the points on the
graph, identify all the y-values included on the graph.
(Think about whether the graph extends further up and down.
Include all y-values that occur on the graph.)
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Example 5.6:
Find the domain for the following functions:

f (x ) = 2 x − 1 Since no matter what value, you choose

for x, you won't be dividing by zero or
square rooting a negative number, you can
Note: There is nothing use anything you want so we say the
wrong with the top = 0, it
just means the fraction = 0
answer is: All real numbers x.

If you choose x = 2, the denominator

will be 2 – 2 = 0 which is illegal
x+3
g (x ) = because you can't divide by zero.
x−2 The answer then is:
illegal if this is zero All real numbers x such that x ≠ 2.

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Example 5.7:
Find the domain for the following functions:

h(x) = x − 4
Can't be negative so must be ≥ 0

x−4 0
solve
this x4
We have to be careful what x's we use so that the second "illegal" of
square rooting a negative doesn't happen. This means the "stuff" under
the square root must be greater than or equal to zero (maths way of
saying "not negative").
So, the answer is:

All real numbers x such that x ≥ 4

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If needed, we can used …

Formula to Find Range

➢However, unlike determining domain, it is extremely helpful that we
follow a step-wise algorithm to determine the range.
➢Steps (for finding the range):
1. Find domain.
2. Let y = f(x).
3. Solve the function for “x” in terms of “y”.
4. Find the values of “y” for which “x” is real in the domain of the function
determined in step 1.

➢While determining range of a function, we need to be careful with

regard to two important aspects :
1. The values obtained for range are consistent with the function.
2. We need to exclude values of function (y) corresponding to invalid values of
“x”.
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Example 5.8:
Find range for the given f(x), f ( x) = y
x2
f ( x) = 2
2
x
x −4 y = 2 → yx − 4 y = x
2 2

x −4
➢ Let f(x) = y
4y
➢ Solve the function for “x” in term of
“y” →x= 0
➢ Find the values of “y” for which “x”
y −1
is real in the domain of the function
Then we have an idea about the Using method from Chapter 3
range of a function
Range : ( −,0  (1,  )
Range: 0 < y ≤ 1 excluded

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5.2 Families of Functions
Functions are broadly classified under three
headings :
✓Algebraic functions : polynomial, rational and irrational
functions
✓Transcendental functions : trigonometric, inverse
trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions
✓Piecewise-Defined functions : modulus, greatest integer,
least integer, fraction part functions and other specific
piece wise definitions
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Algebraic Function
✓These functions involve the manipulation of the
variable and constants through algebraic expressions.
✓A function that can be defined as the root of an
irreducible polynomial equation.
✓Functions which can be formed by the usual algebraic
operations:
➢addition, multiplication, division, and taking an nth root.

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Constant Function ▪ Consider y(x) = c, with c
▪ Example : y(x) = -2
➢ a linear function for which the
range does not change no
matter which member of the
domain is used.
➢ Its graph is a horizontal line.

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Linear Function ▪ Considery(x) = mx+b, with b
▪ Example : y(x) = 2x-3
➢ function whose graph is a
non-vertical straight line.
➢ The degree of a linear
function is 1.

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➢The m and b are called parameters
▪ they affect the appearance of the graph
➢The m is the slope, if
✓m > 0 line is up to the right

✓m < 0 line is down to the right

✓m = 0 horizontal line

✓|m| large very steep line

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 ▪ Consider y(x) = a(x-h)2+k, with k,
Quadratic Function (h,k) is the vertex and x=h is the axis
of symmetry.
➢ is a function whose graph is a ▪ Example : y(x) = x2-2

parabola that opens upward

or downward.
➢ Its degree is 2.

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 ▪ Consider y(x) = a(x-h)3+k, with h,k,
Cubic Function (h,k) is the point of symmetry.
▪ Example : y(x) = x3
➢ is a function whose graph is a
curve with a point of
symmetry.
➢ Its degree is 3.

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Identity Function ▪ Example : y(x) = x
➢ is a function whose graph is a
straight line that passes
through the origin and divides
the Cartesian plane into two
equal parts.
➢ It is a type of a linear function

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Power Function

y = kx p

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 Polynomial Function
▪ Definition:
✓ The sum of one or more power function
✓ Each power is a non-negative integer

4
f ( x) = 5 x − 7 x + x − 12
3 2
quadratic cubic
3
▪ General formula :

P( x) = an xn + an−1xn−1 + ... + a1x + a0

✓ a0, a1, … ,an are constant coefficients
✓ n is the degree of the polynomial quartic quintic

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Rational Function
➢Consider a function which is the quotient of two
polynomials
P( x)
R( x) = Both polynomials
Q( x)
an x n + an−1 x n−1 + ... + a1 x + a0
➢Form ; R( x) =
bm x m + bm−1 x m−1 + ... + b1 x + b0

7 + 9x
➢Example: r ( x) =
3x
40
10 minutes break

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Transcendental Function
✓A transcendental function is a function which does not satisfy
a polynomial equation whose coefficients are themselves
polynomials.
✓A function which is not algebraic is called a transcendental
function.
✓The logarithm and the exponential function are examples of
transcendental functions.
✓Transcendental function also is a term often used to describe
the trigonometric and hyperbolic functions.

42
Exponential & Logarithm Function
➢Consider the exponential function
y = 10x
➢Based on that function, declare a
new function (logarithm function) ;
x = log10y
➢You should be able to see that
these are inverse functions
➢In general
a = b  logb a = x
x

➢The log of a number is an exponent

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Properties of Logarithms

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Common & Natural Base Properties of the
Natural Logarithm
➢ Usually, we use base 10 or another
✓Recall that y = ln x  x = ey
base called e
✓Note that
➢ Base 10  common base
▪ ln 1 = 0 and ln e = 1
➢ Base e  natural base ▪ ln (ex) = x (for all x)
▪ e ln x = x (for x > 0)
Misconceptions
❖log (a+b) NOT the same as log a + log b ln( a  b) = ln a + ln b
❖log (a-b) NOT the same as log a – log b a
ln   = ln a − ln b
❖log (a * b) NOT same as (log a)(log b) b
❖log (a/b) NOT same as (log a)/(log b) ln a n = n  ln a
❖log (1/a) NOT same as 1/(log a)

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Natural Exponentials
➢Consider ; f(x) = aek*x (assume a > 0)
Natural Logarithms
➢k > 0 ▪ We have used base of 10 for logs
▪ Another commonly used base for
logs is e
▪ e is an irrational number (as is  )
▪ Consider ; f(x) = ln x
➢k < 0

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Trigonometric Function

47
Hyperbolic Function

48
Link between cosine, sine, cosh and sinh

You may find the following useful.

e = cos x + i sin x
ix

−ix
e +e
ix
cos(x) = = coshix
2
−ix
e −e
ix
i sin( x) = = sinh ix
2
49
Piecewise – Defined Function
✓A function whose domain is divided into parts and
each part is defined by a different function rule.
✓A function in which more than one formula is used to
define the output.
➢Each formula has its own domain, and the domain of the
function is the union of all these smaller domains.
✓Used to describe situations where the function's
behavior changes at specific points or over specific
intervals.
50
 Characteristics of Piecewise Functions
1) Domain (x): the set of all input numbers - will not
include points where the function(s) do not exist.
2) The domain also controls which part of the
piecewise function will be used over certain values
of x.
3) Range (y): the set of all outputs.
4) These are the points where the function either
“jumps” up or down or where the function has a
“hole”.
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Points of Discontinuity

Has a point of
discontinuity at x=1

The step function also

has points of
discontinuity at x=1,
x=2 and x=3.

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 Intervals of Increase and Decrease
By looking at the graph of a
piecewise function, we can
also see where its slope is
increasing (uphill), where
its slope is decreasing
(downhill) and where it is
constant (straight line).
We use the domain to This function is decreasing on the
interval x < -2, is Increasing on the
define the ‘interval’. interval -2 ≤ x ≤ 1, and constant
over x > 1

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Example 5.9: Solution:
Construct tables of
values for each piecewise
function. Then sketch
the graph.

54
Solution:
Cont.

55
Absolute Value Function
 x if x  0
▪Consider x =
− x if x  0

▪Thus, −3.1 = 3.1 = 3.1

▪The graph of this

function shown as

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Greatest Integer Function
Also known as Steps Function @ Floor Function

▪Consider 𝑥 = the greatest integer less than or equal to 𝑥

▪Thus, −3.1 = −4 & 3.1 = 3

▪The graph of this

function shown as

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Least Integer Function
Also known as Ceiling Function

▪Consider ‫ =ۤ𝑥ۥ‬the least integer greater than or equal to 𝑥

▪Thus, ‫ۥ‬3.1ۤ= −3 & ‫ۥ‬3.1ۤ= 4

▪The graph of this

function shown as

58
 5.3 New Function from Old Function
Arithmetic Operations on Functions
➢Two functions, f and g, can be added, subtracted, multiplied and
divided in a natural way to form new functions f+g, f-g, fg and f/g.

59
Example 5.10:

60
Composition of Function
➢Now we need to discuss the new ▪ Given two functions:
method of combining functions. p(x) = 2x + 1
➢An operation that takes two q(x) = x2 - 3
functions f and h and produces a ▪ Then
function f o h such that p(q(x)) = p (x2 - 3)
(f o h)(x) = f(h(x)). = 2 (x2 - 3) + 1
= 2x2 - 5

61
Notice that:
➢If we are given equation y = f(x), then we
can generate new equations for y = f(x) by
using;
✓Translations Principles
✓Reflections Principles
✓Stretches and Compressions Principles

62
Graph Transformations
The basic graph
transformations are:
➢ Vertical and Horizontal y = −x y= x

translations (shifts),
➢ Vertical and Horizontal
stretches and shrinks.
➢ Reflection in the x-axis
and y-axis,

63
Translation Principles

Horizontal translation Vertical translation

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Reflection Principles

65
Stretching and Compressing Principles

Change of amplitude Change of scale

66
Vertical and Horizontal Shifts
1. h(x) = f(x) + c Vert. shift up

2. h(x) = f(x) - c Vert. shift down

3. h(x) = f(x – c) Horiz. shift right
4. h(x) = f(x + c) Horiz. shift left
5. h(x) = -f(x) Reflection in the x-axis
6. h(x) = f(-x) Reflection in the y-axis
67
Example 5.11:
Solution:
x2
The graphs of y = + c for
c = 0, -1 ,1, -2, 2, -3 and 3
are:

(c=0) y = x2
(c=-1) y = x2 - 1
(c=1) y = x2 + 1
(c=-2) y = x2 -2
(c=2) y = x2 +2
(c=-3) y = x2 – 3
(c=3) y = x2 + 3
68
5.4 Inverse Functions
▪ What if we cram a number
up the spout of a function and
out of the funnel pops the
number that would have
given us the result? 14
3

▪ The function that does this is

called the inverse function
-33 69
1
 Definition of Inverse Function
If for any value x, ( f g )( x ) = x and (g f )( x ) = x,
then g is called "the inverse of function f" (f −1 or "f - inverse" ).
➢ For a function  to have an inverse,  must be a one-to-one
function.
➢ Function is said to be one-to-one if each range value
corresponds to exactly one domain value.
➢ If  is one-to-one, then -1 exists
(For graphs use the Horizontal Line Test). 70
Existence of inverse functions

71
X! Y!

72
Noted that:
1. By the definition of inverse function, the domain of  is
the range of -1, and the range of  is the domain of -1

2. Any function that is either increasing or decreasing on its

entire domain has an inverse function.

73
Example 5.12:
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
y y = tan x
y = tan-1 x



x

− − −    

−

−

−

−

−

−

−

−

−

−

74
 Important Facts About Inverses

If the point (a, b) lies on the

graph of , then (b, a) lies
on the graph of -1, so the
graphs of  and -1 are
reflections of each other
across the line y = x.

75
 Finding The Inverse
To find the equation for  ,
-1

1) replace (x) with y;

2) interchange x and y;
3) solve for y;
4) replace y with -1. This is your candidate
for the inverse function.
5) prove that ( º-1)(x)=x and (-1 º)(x)=x
76
Example 5.13:
Finding the Inverse

Given f ( x) = −2 x − 7
then y = −2 x − 7
−y −7
solve for x → x=
2
−y −7 −x − 7
f −1
( y) = → f −1
( x) =
2 2
77
(End of Chapter 5 – Function)