MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Patterns in Nature
Coverage: - Visible regularities of form found in the natural
world and can also be seen in the universe.
1. Mathematics in our Modern World - Patterns recurring in different contexts can
2. Mathematical Language and Symbols sometimes be modelled mathematically.
3. Problem Solving and Reasoning - Vital clues to the rules that govern natural
processes.

Mathematics in Our World

Mathematics
- Study of the relationships among numbers,
quantities, and shapes. It includes arithmetic,
algebra, trigonometry, geometry, statistics, and
calculus.
- Nurtures human characteristics like power of
creativity, reasoning, critical thinking, spatial
thinking, and others.
- Provides the opportunity to solve both simple and
complex problems in many real-world contexts
using a variety of strategies.
- Universal way of to make sense of the world and to
communicate understanding of concepts and rules
using the mathematical symbols, signs, proofs,
language, and conventions.
- Helps organize patterns and regularities in the
world.
- Helps control nature and occurrences in the world
for the good of mankind.
- Helps students to utilize, recognize, and generalize
patterns that exist in numbers, in shapes and in the
world around them.
- Solves puzzles in nature (such as why planets move
in the way that they do), describes changing
quantities via calculus, modeling change (such as
the evolution of the eye), predicts and controls Leonardo Pisano Bogollo –
physical system. lived between 1170 and 1250 in
- Is not just about numbers, but also about operations Italy.
(functions and transformations), the logical
relationships between facts, and about proofs. Famous for Fibonacci Sequence,
- An extraordinary exercise of the human mind in also recognized as the Golden
abstracting the results of observations to find Ratio
similarities and differences between phenomena.
- Allows us to summarize, formalize, interpolate, and Fibonacci Day is November 23
extrapolate from observations that have been
recorded.

“Nature is written in mathematical language.” Fibonacci Sequence

-Galileo Galilei

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 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Patterns and Regularities in the World as Organized by

Mathematics
- Scientific and mathematical principles undergird
spectacular patterns as in rainbows, water waves,
cloud formations, tree branching patterns, mud-
crack patterns, butterfly markings, leopard spots
and tiger stripes.
- Waves on the surface of puddles, ponds, lakes, or
oceans are governed by mathematical relationships
between their speed, their wavelength, and the
depth of water. Exploring similarities conveys
majestic beauty and richness of natural pattern
formation, all organized by mathematics.

- The world consists of orders (the regular cycle of

days and nights, the recurrence of seasons, alternate
sunrise, and sunset, etc.) and symmetry (the fractal
pattern) from which similarity, predictability, and
Fibonacci numbers can also be found regularity in nature and the world consequently
in sneezewort (harangan in exist.
Tagalog): found in Cagayan, Nueva
Vizcaya, Pampanga, Rizal, Laguna,
and Lanao provinces, where a pattern
can be observed in the growth of the
stem and leaves. If the number of
branches are counted in each section,
the numbers are all Fibonacci
numbers. This is also true for the
Symmetry
number of leaves in each stage.
- A sense of harmonious proportion of balance.
- Exists in living things (insects, animas, plants,
flowers)
Bilateral Symmetry
- Symmetry in which the left and right sides of the
organism can be divided into approximately mirror
image of each other along the midline.
Radial Symmetry (Rotational Symmetry)
- Symmetry around a fixed point known as the center
and can be classified as either cyclic or dihedral
The concept of symmetry fascinates philosophers,
astronomers, mathematicians, artists, architects, and
physicists. The mathematics behind symmetry seems to
permeate in most of the things around us.

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 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

The motion of a pendulum, the reflection in a plane cooking time, making ratios and proportions in
mirror, the motion of a falling object, and the action- baking, etc.
reaction pair of forces are all guided and organized by - Long and short travels involve math in various
mathematics. They exhibit regularities and symmetry in ways: fuel required based on distance, total
motion and behaviour according to mathematical laws. expenses for toll fees, tire pressure check, time
allowance for the trip, short-cut routes alternatives,
road map reading, speed limits, etc.
- Making accurate measurements of length, width,
and angels; projecting detailed material estimates,
getting the best value of available resources are
applications of mathematics.
Phenomena in the World as Predicted by - The art of applying mathematics to complex real-
Mathematics world problems is called engineering mathematics
- The role of mathematics is to describe symmetry- which combines mathematical theory, practical
breaking processes in order to explain that the engineering, and scientific computing to address
patterns seen in sand dunes, and zebra’s stripes are the fast-changing technology.
caused by processes which, while physically - Without strong math skills, people tend to invest,
different, are mathematically very similar. save or spend money based on their emotions.
- In a swift changing world, creating and following
schedule prove beneficial, but it takes more
mathematical skills than simply using a clock and
calendar to manage time well and be on top of the
others.
Nature and Occurrences in the World as Controlled
by Mathematics for Human Ends Mathematical Language and Symbols
- The application of mathematics to medicine is an Language
exciting and novel area of research within the - System of words, signs, and symbols which people
discipline of applied mathematics. use to express ideas, thoughts and feelings.
- A component in which mathematics contributes - Systematic means of communicating ideas or
significantly to health and medicine concerns life feelings by the use of conventionalized signs,
expectancy. sounds, gestures or marks having understood
- Political scientists use math and statistics to predict meanings.
the behavior of a group of people. Mathematical Language
- Economists explain what causes rises in prices or - System used to communicate mathematical ideas
unemployment and inflation. Explaining the - More precise than any other language
concepts of prices, quantity of goods sold, and - Has its own grammar, syntax, vocabulary, word
costs is best done with the use of mathematics. order, synonyms, negations, conventions, idioms,
abbreviations, sentence structure, and paragraph
Applications of Mathematics in the World structure.
- When one buys a product, follow a recipe, or - Has a certain language features such as
decorate his room, he uses math principles. representation
- Farming and gardening provide rich mathematical - Includes a large component of logic.
opportunities. Mathematics has enabled farming to
be more economically efficient and has increased Characteristics of Mathematical Language
productivity.
- Planning a market list and grocery shopping The use of language in mathematics differs from the
requires math knowledge, starting from the language of ordinary speech in three ways (Jamison, 2000).
fundamental operations to estimation and
percentages. - Mathematical language is non-temporal.
- Symmetry arrangement of furniture, wall - Mathematical language is devoid of emotional
decorations and frames, wine bottles in the bar, content.
plant plots in the garden. - Mathematical language is precise.
- Working in the kitchen requires mathematical
knowledge: measuring ingredients, calculating

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 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Operational Terms and Symbols

Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division
[+] [-] [x,(),*] [/]
Plus Minus Multiplied by Divided by
The sum of The difference The product of The quotient of
Increased by of Times of per
Total Decreased by
Added to Subtracted from

Problem Solving and Reasoning

Logic
- The science of correct reasoning.
Expressions vs Sentences Reasoning
- A paragraph contains simple sentences that convey - The drawing of inferences or conclusions from
ideas. The ideas are understood when the sentences known or assumed facts.
are written in a particular language that we know
which is usually English. In mathematics, ideas are When solving a problem, one must understand the
likewise given, however, some difficulties arise question, gather all pertinent facts, analyze the problem
when it is presented in a language that not everyone i.e. compare with previous problems (note similarities
could comprehend. This is what we call language and differences), perhaps use pictures or formulas to
of mathematics. solve the problem.
- In English, nouns are used to name things or
everything of interest like people or places. A Two fundamental types of reasoning for
sentence expresses a complete thought. mathematicians:
- In mathematics, the equivalent of a noun is an 1. Inductive Reasoning
expression, and the complete thought is also called - refers to the process of making generalized
a sentence. A mathematical sentence states a fact decisions after observing, and/or witnessing,
or a complete idea. repeated specific instances of something or simply
- A mathematical expression is a finite from specific case to general case.
combination of symbols that is well-defined. It is a -involves going from a series of specific cases to a
correct arrangement of mathematical symbols used general statement. The conclusion in an inductive
to represent the object of interest. argument is never guaranteed.
- A mathematical sentence makes a statement about
two expressions. It is a correct arrangement of
mathematical symbols that states a complete
thought and can be determined whether it is true,
false, sometimes true and sometimes false.
2. Deductive Reasoning
Conventions in the Mathematical Language
-refers to the process of taking the information
- Mathematical language have conventions and it
gathered from general observations and making
helps individuals distinguish between different
specific decisions based on that information or
types of mathematical expressions. Convention is a
simply from general case to specific case.
technique used by mathematicians, engineers, and
-A type of logic which one goes from a general
scientists in which each particular symbol has a
statement to a specific instance.
particular meaning.
-refers to the process of taking the information
gathered from general observations and making
specific decisions based on that information.

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 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Intuition
- Is a reliable mathematical belief without being
formalized and proven directly and serves as an
essential part of mathematics. It is the ability to
understand something instinctively
.
Mathematical Proof
- Is an argument which convinces other people that
something is true. Proof is an inferential argument
for a mathematical statement.

Certainty
- Is total continuity and validity of inquiries to the
highest degree of precision. It is a conclusion or
outcome that is beyond doubt. 1. Understand the problem. (Analysis)
This part of Polya’s four-step strategy is often
overlooked. You must have a clear understanding of the
problem. To help you focus on understanding the problem,
consider the following questions:
- Can you restate the problem in your own words?
- Can you determine what is known about these
types of problems?
- Is there missing information that, if known would
allow you to solve the problem?
Problem Solving - Is there extraneous information that is not needed
What is a problem? to solve the problem?
- A problem is a statement or a situation where there - What is the goal?
is an obstacle between what we have and what we 2. Devise a plan. (Planning)
want. One of the most popular proponents of - Look for a pattern.
problem-solving - Write an equation. If necessary, define each
George Pole of Hungary (1965) stated that: variable represents.
“A question is considered a problem if the procedure or - Perform an experiment.
method of solution is not immediately known but - Guess at a solution and then check your result.
requires one to apply creativity and previous knowledge 3. Carry out the plan. (Implementation)
in new and unfamiliar situations.” Once you have devised a plan, you must carry it
What is problem Solving? out.
- Problem Solving is the means by which an - Work carefully
individual uses previously acquired knowledge, - Keep an accurate and neat record of all your
skills and understanding to satisfy the demands of attempts.
an unfamiliar situation. - Realize that some of your initial plans will not
- Problem Solving means engaging in a task for work and that you may have to devise another plan
which the solution method is not known in or modify your existing plan.
advance. In order to find a solution, students must - Keep trying until something works.
draw on their knowledge and through this process, 4. Look back. (Review the solution.)
they will often develop new mathematical Once you have found a solution, check the
understandings. solution.
George Polya (1887-1985) was a mathematics educator who - Ensure that the solution is consistent with the facts
strongly believed that the skill of problem solving can be of the problem.
taught. He developed a framework known as Polya’s Four- - Interpret the solution in the context of the problem.
Steps in Problem Solving. This process addressed the - Ask yourself whether there are generalizations of
difficulty of students in problem solving. He firmly believed the solution that could apply to other problems.
that the most efficient way of learning mathematical
concepts is through problem solving and students and
teachers become a better problem-solver.

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

GOODLUCK AGAIN SANA DI

SUMAKIT ANG ULO NYO SA
INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE
REASONING PATI NARIN DITO SA
PROBLEM SOLBING

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 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

I. Use Inductive Reasoning to predict the next term of a

sequence.

1. 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 __

2. 80, 70, 61, 53, 46, 40 __

3. 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 __

4. 1, 8, 27, 64, 125 __

5. 3, 5, 9, 15, 23, 33 __

6. ½, 2/3, ¾, 4/5, 5/6, 6/7 __

7. 2, 7, -3, 2, -8, -3, -13, -8, -18 __

8. 5, 11, 17, 23, 29, 35 __

9. 12, 45, 98, 171, 264 __

10. 1, 5, 12, 22, 35 __

II.
1. A farmer owns goats and chickens, counting heads, there
are 42; counting legs, there are 136. How many chickens
does he have?

2. When 3 is multiplied by 5 less than a number the result is

9 less than 5 times the number. Find the number.

3. Sam, Tess, Jane, and Mel were recently elected as the

new class officers (president, vice-president, secretary,
treasurer) of the junior class at Summit College. From the
following clues, determine which position each holds.

a. Mel is younger than the president but older than the

treasurer.

b. Sam and the secretary are both the same age, and they are
the youngest members of the group.

c. Jane and the secretary are next-door neighbours.

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 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

I.
1. 64
2. 35
3. 28
4. 216
5. 45
6. 7/8
7. -13
8. 41
9. 377
10. 51

II.
1. 16
2. -3
3. Vice-P: Mel
Secretary: Tess
President: Jane
Treasurer: Sam

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