OBJECT ORIENTED

PROGRAMMING
(with C++)

Unit-3
Inheritance

Dr. Gaurav Gupta

OOPS (Unit-3) Associate Professor (IT Deptt.) 1
 Unit-III
Inheritance, Class hierarchy, derivation – public,
private & protected; aggregation, composition vs
classification hierarchies
polymorphism, categorization of polymorphic
techniques, method polymorphism, polymorphism by
parameter, operator overloading, parametric
polymorphism,
generic function – template function, function name
overloading, overriding inheritance methods, run time
polymorphism.

Dr. Gaurav Gupta

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.) 2
What is Inheritance ?
 Inheritance permits the reusability of software i.e.
 Inheritance provides a powerful way to extend the
capabilities of existing classes, and to design
programs using hierarchical relationships.
 The new inheriting class is called derived or sub
class and inherited class is called base or super
class.
 The derived class can add other features of its own,
so it becomes a specialized version of the base class.

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta 3

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
Need of Inheritance ?
 Specialisation - Extending the functionality of an
existing class
 Generalisation - Sharing commonality between two
or more classes e.g.
 Some Objects share the same attributes
 Some Objects share the same methods
 Some Objects require similar functionality

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta 4

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
Forms of Inheritance
(a) Single Inheritance
(b) Multiple Inheritance
(c) Hierarchical Inheritance
(d) Multilevel Inheritance
(e) Hybrid Inheritance

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta 5

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
How to inherit a class?
1. Define a base class of which all properties are to be
inherited.
2. Define a derived class as:
class derived_cls_name : access-specifier base_cls_name
{ BODY OF THE DERIVED CLASS } ;
3. Access specifier can be either public, protected or private
(if nothing is specified then default access is private)
Access specifier also called visibility mode which
specifies whether the features of the base class are
privately or publicly derived.

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 6

Inheritance…
 If access specifier is private then
1. All public and protected members of base class
become private members of derived class.
2. Private members of base class remain as private to
it and hence not accessible to derived class.
3. All public and protected members of a class can be
accessed by its own objects using the dot operator.
4. No member of base class is accessible to the
objects of the derived class.

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta 7

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 If access specifier is public
1. All public members of the base class become public
members of derived class.
2. All protected members of base class become
protected members of derived class.
3. Private members of base class are still private to
base class ,thus in-accessible to derived class.

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta 8

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
Inheritance using public access specifier
#include"iostream.h"
#include"conio.h"
#include<string.h>
class student
{
int rollno; char name[12];
public:
void get_details()
{ cout<<"enter roll no and name";
cin>>rollno>>name; }
void display()
{ cout<<"roll no is "<<rollno<<"and name is "<<name;}
}; // Base class ends here
OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 9
 class cse_student :public student
{
char sub1[10],sub2[10];
public:
cse_student() // CONSTRUCTOR
{ strcpy(sub1,"OOPS");
strcpy(sub2,"PROGRAMMING");}
void sub_display()
{ cout<<"and subjects are"<<sub1<<"and"<<sub2;
} };

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta 10

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 int main (void)
{
cse_student c1;
c1.get_details(); Public members of base class
c1.display(); are accessed as public of
derived
c1.sub_display();
return 0;
}

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 11

 Output
 enter roll no and name 12 ABC
 roll no is 12
 and name is ABC
 and subjects are OOPS and
PROGRAMMING

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 12

Inheritance using private access specifier
 If access specifier is private then
1. All public and protected members of base class
become private members of derived class.
2. Private members of base class remain as private to
it and hence not accessible to derived class.
3. All public and protected members of a class can
be accessed by its own objects using the dot
operator.
4. No member of base class is accessible to the
objects of the derived class.

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 13

Inheritance using private access specifier
#include"iostream.h"
#include"conio.h"
#include<string.h>
class student
{
int rollno; char name[12];
public:
void get_details()
{ cout<<"enter roll no and name";
cin>>rollno>>name;}
void display()
{ cout<<"roll no is "<<rollno<<"and name is"<<name;}
};
OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 14
class cse_student :private student
{
char sub1[10],sub2[10];
public:
cse_student() // CONSTRUCTOR
{ strcpy(sub1,"OOPS");
strcpy(sub2,"PROGRAMMING");
get_details();
} Now private member of
void sub_display() cse_student
{ display();
// cout<<"rollno is "<<rollno; // Rollno still in accessible
cout<<"and subjects are"<<sub1<<"and"<<sub2;}
};
OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 15
 int main (void)
{
cse_student c1;
//c1.get_details(); private member of
//c1.display(); base class in-accessible
c1.sub_display();
return 0;
}

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 16

Output

enter roll no and name

12
neerja

roll no is 12 and name is neerja

and subjects are OOPS and PROGRAMMING

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 17

 “Protected” Access Specifier
 A protected member of a class behaves similar to
private members ( that is accessible only to
members of the class) BUT
 If the class is inherited by some class then
protected members of base class may be accessible
to derived class ( different from PRIVATE
MEMBERS OF BASE CLASS)
 Thus protected members of a class are despite
being private to it can be inherited by some other
class.

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 18

 #include"iostream.h"
#include"conio.h"
class student
{
protected:
int rollno; char name[12];
void get_details()
{ cout<<"enter roll no and name";
cin>>rollno>>name;}
public:
student()
{ get_details(); }
void display()
{ cout<<endl<<"roll no is "<<rollno<<"and name is
"<<name<<endl; } };
OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta 19
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 class it_student :public student
{
char sub1[10],sub2[10];
public:
it_student()
{
strcpy(sub1,"OOPS");
strcpy(sub2,"PROGRAMMING");
get_details(); // valid as get_details is PROTECTED and
not PRIVATE
}
void display1()
{
cout<<"rollno and name are"<<rollno<<"\t"<<name;
cout<<endl<<"and subjects are"<<sub1<<"and"<<sub2;
}}; (Unit - 3)
OOPS Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 20
int main (void)
{
clrscr();
student s;
//s.get_details(); // get_details is private to student
s.display(); // valid being PUBLIC to student
it_student c1;
//c1.get_details(); //get_details is private to cse_student
c1.display(); //valid ,display() is public to
//cse_student
c1.display1();
return 0;
}

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta 21

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
Output

 enter roll no and name123 angel

 roll no is 123and name is angel

 enter roll no and name45 angel2
 rollno and name are45 angel2
and subjects are OOPS and PROGRAMMING

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 22

Inheriting a class in protected mode
 Both public and protected members of base class
become protected members of derived class.
 Private members of base class remain private to it and
hence in-accessible to derived class.

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 23

Visibility of inherited members
Base class Derived class visibilty
visibility
Public Private Protected
derivation derivation Derivation
Private Not Not Not
inherited Inherited Inherited
Protected Protected Private Protected

Public Public Private Protected

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 24

 More on inheritance….
Derived class may inherit traits from more than one class
( multiple inheritance)
X Y

Multiple Inheritance
Class Z:access_specifier X, access_specifier Y...

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta 25

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
Example of multiple inheritance
class Y
#include"iostream.h"
{
#include"conio.h"
protected:
class X
int b;
{
protected: public:
void getY (int n)
int a;
{b=n;}
public:
void display1()
void getX (int m)
{a=m;} {
cout<<"The number in Y is
void display() "<<b<<endl;
{ }};
cout<<"The number in X is
"<<a<<endl;}
};

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 26

 class Z: public X, public Y
{
protected:
int c; int main (void)
public: {
Z(int k){ clrscr();
getX(1); Z obj(3);
getY(2); obj.disp();
c=k; return 0;
} }
void disp()
{
display();
display1();
cout<<"the number in Z is <<c;
}
};
OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 27
Output
 The number in X is 1
 The number in Y is 2
 the number in Z is 3

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta 28

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
Ambiguity
class M
{ public: void display(){cout<<“ class M”;}
};
class N
{ public: void display(){cout<<“ class N”;}
};
class P : public M , public N
{ public: void display(){cout<<“ class P”;}
};

In this case function of derived class overrides the

inherited function so when object of P calls display
function it simply calls display of P. To invoke display
of M & N we use scope resolution operator.
OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 29
 int main ()
{ P p;
p.display();
p.M::display();
p.N::display();
p.P::display();
return 0;
}

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 30

  Inheriting one class by more than one class leads to
Hierarchical inheritance.

X Y Z

Hierarchical Inheritance

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 31

 Example
#include<iostream.h> class it_dept : public college
#include<conio.h> {
#include<string.h>
int faculty;
class college public:
{ void get_faculty()
protected: {
char name[12]; cout<<"enter no of faculty
void disp() members in IT" <<endl ;
{ cin>>faculty; }
cout<<"name of college void display()
is"<<name<<endl;} { disp(); // now a protected
public: member of it_dept
college() cout<<"no of teachers in IT
{cout<<"constructor of college is "<<faculty<<endl;
called"<<endl; }
strcpy (name, "PIET"); };
}};
OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 32
 class ece_dept : public void main()
college { clrscr();
{ it_dept C;
int faculty; ece_dept E;
public: C.get_faculty();
void get_faculty() E.get_faculty();
{ C.display();
cout<<"enter no of faculty E.display();
members in ECE"<<endl;
cin>>faculty;} }
void display()
{ disp(); // now a protected
member of ece_dept
cout<<"no of teachers in
ECE "<<faculty<<endl;}};

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta 33

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
OUTPUT
constructor of college is called
constructor of college is called
enter no of faculty members in IT
12
enter no of faculty members in ECE
36
name of college is PIET
no of teachers in IT 12
name of college is PIET
no of teachers in ECE 36

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta 34

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 deriving one class from other derived class leads to
multi level inheritance.

Base class X Student

Intermediate
base class Y test

Derived class Z result

Multilevel Inheritance

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 35

 Example
#include<iostream.h> class test : public student
#include<conio.h> {
#include<string.h> protected:
class student float sub1,sub2;
public:
{
void get_marks(float x, float y)
protected: {
int roll_number; sub1=x;
public: sub2=y;}
void get_number(int a) void put_marks()
{ cout<<“Marks in sub1=
{ "<<sub1<<endl;
roll_number=a;} cout<<“Marks in sub2=
void put_number() "<<sub2<<endl;
}
{cout<<“Roll number
is:"<<roll_number<<“\n”; };
}};

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 36

 class result : public test int main()
{ { clrscr();
float total; result Abc;
Abc.get_number(111);
public:
Abc.get_marks(75.0,59.5);
void display() Abc.display();
{ return 0;
total=sub1+sub2; }
put_number();
put_marks();
cout<<“Total ="<< total
<<endl;
}};

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 37

 When more than one inheritance is used, it is called
hybrid inheritance.

W Base class of X,Y

Sub class of W X Y Sub class of W

Z Sub class of X and Y

Hybrid Inheritance

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta 38

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
Virtual base class
 In case of hybrid inheritance shown, two copies of W-
members are created in class Z.

W
Int I

X Int I( of W) Int I (of W) Y

Int J Int K

Int I (of X)
Int I (of Y)
Int J (of X)
Int K (of Y)

Z
OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta 39
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 #include"iostream.h" class Y: public W
#include"conio.h" {
class W public:
{ int k;
public: };
int i; class Z: public X, public Y
}; {
public:
class X : public W
int sum;
{ public:
};
int j;
};
OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 40
 int main (void)
{
clrscr(); OUTPUT
Z obj;
obj.X::i=1; The sum is 6
obj.j=2;obj.k=3;
obj.sum=obj. X::i+ obj.j+obj.k;
// obj.i will be ambiguous
cout<<"the sum is "<<obj.sum;
return 0;
}
If X and Y derives class W as a virtual class then only one copy of W-members will
be inherited by X and Y.

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 41

 #include"iostream.h" class Z: public X, public Y
#include"conio.h" {
class W public:
{ int sum;
public: };
int i;
}; int main(void)
class X : virtual public W {
{ public: clrscr();
int j; Z obj;
}; //obj.X::i=1;
class Y: public virtual W obj.i=1;
{ obj.j=2;obj.k=3;
public: obj.sum= obj.i + obj.j + obj.k;
int k; cout<<"the sum is "<<obj.sum;
}; return 0;
}

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 42

Abstract Classes
 An abstract class is one that is not used to create
objects.
 An abstract class should have atleast one pure virtual
function
 An abstract class is only designed only to act as a base
class(to be inherited by other classes).
class ABC Class XYZ : public ABC
{ {public:
Public: void fun()
Virtual void fn()=0; {
//pure virutal function //body of function
}; };
};

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 43

Constructors in inheritance
 Constructors play an important role in
initializing objects.
 In case of inheritance the base class constructors
is first called of n den the derived class
constructor is called.
 When base class contains only default
constructor then derived class may or may not
have the constructor.
 When base class contains a constructor with
one or more arguments then it is mandatory for
the derived class to have a constructor and pass
the arguments to the base class constructors.
OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 44
More about constructors….
 When an object of derived class is created
1. In case of multi level inheritance constructors
are called in the order of their derivation.
class derived1 : public base
{ };
class derived2: public derived1 { };
That is base class constructor is called first, then
constructor for derived1 class is called, then
constructor for derived2 class is called.

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta 45

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
  In case of multiple inheritance, constructors are
called in the order specified from left to right .
 class derived: public base1,public base2
then
derived d;
will create an object of derived class by calling
constructor for base classes base1 and then base2

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta 46

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
Destructors in inheritance
 When an object of derived class is destroyed
1. In case of multi level inheritance ,destructors
are called in the reverse order of their derivation
class derived : public base1,public base2{ };
Then destructor for derived is called then destructor for
base2 is called then lastly destructor defined in
base1 will be called.

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 47

 Passing arguments to base class

 When an object of derived class is created, constructors

of base class is also invoked.
 If initialization of only derived class variables are to be
done then arguments to the constructor can be passed
in usual way.
 But if base class constructor (invoked implicitly) also
require some arguments then …….?

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 48

  Constructor of derived class should be defined as
Derived constructor (arg_list) :
base1(arg_list1),base2(arg_list)……
{ body of the constructor }
 Arg_list for base classes will contain those arguments
that are required by them,but are passed while calling
derived class constructor.

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta 49

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 #include<iostream.h> class it_dept : public college
{
#include<conio.h>
int faculty;
#include<string.h>
class college public:
{
protected:
int id ; it_dept (int a, int b) : college (a)
char name[12];
void disp() { faculty=b; }
{
cout<<"name of college is void display()
"<<name<<endl; { disp(); // now a protected member of
} it_dept
public: cout<<“initialized college id is “<<id;
college(int a) cout<<"no of teachers in IT “
<<faculty<<endl;
{ Argument
} };
id=a; for base
int main()
cout<<"constructor of college is constructor
called"<<endl; { clrscr();
strcpy (name,"PIET"); it_dept C(10,12);
} C.display();
}; return 0;
}
OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta 50
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
OUTPUT
 constructor of base college is called
 initialized college id is 10
 name of college is PIET
 no of teachers in CSE 12

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 51

  The constructors for virtual base classes are invoked
before any non virtual base classes.

METHOD OF INHERITANCE ORDER OF EXECUTION

class B : public A
{
};
class A : public B, public C
{
};
class A : public B, virtual public C

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 52

Initializing the class objects
constructor (arglist) : initialization-section
{
assignment-section
}
Example: class ABC{ int a;
public : ABC(int x)
{ a=x;
cout<< “” ABC Constructor & values”<< a;}
};
class XYZ
{ int b,c;
public: XYZ(int i, int j): a(i),b(2*j) { c=j;
cout<< “XYZ Constructor & values”<<b<<c;}
};
main()
{ XYZ x(2,3,4)
}
OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 53
Member Classes : Nesting Of classes
class alpha { };
class beta { };
class gamma
{ alpha a;
beta b;
………
};
All objects of gamma class will contain the objects a,b;
This kind of relationship is called containership or
nesting.
A class with the main purpose of holding objects is
commonly called a container.

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 54

Association, Aggregation & Composition
Association is a relationship where all objects have their
own lifecycle and there is no owner.
E.g. Teacher & Student
Aggregation is a specialized form of Association in
which one object is a part of another.
A aggregates B =
B is part of A, but their lifetimes may be different
e.g. cars and wheels, engine, etc
Composition is a specialised form of Aggregation
in which one object is an integral part of another.
A composes B =
B is part of A, and their lifetimes are the same
e.g. person and brain, lung, etc

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 55

Aggregation: Classes within classes
Inheritance is often called a “kind of” relationship e.g. if a class B is
derived by inheritance from a class A, we can say that “B is a kind of
A.”
Aggregation is called a “has a” relationship. Aggregation is also
called a “part-whole” relationship e.g. the book is part of the library.
Aggregation may occur when one object is an attribute of another e.g.
an object of class A is an attribute of class B:
class A
{
};
class B
{
A objA; // define objA as an object of class A
};

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta ( Department of IT ) 56

Composition: A Stronger Aggregation
It has all the characteristics of aggregation, plus two more:
• The part may belong to only one whole.
• The lifetime of the part is the same as the lifetime of the
whole.
Aggregation is a “has a” relationship, while composition is
a “consists of” relationship.
Even a single object can be related to a class by
composition e.g. in a car there is only one engine.

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta 57

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
Association, Aggregation & Composition
In both aggregation and
composition object of one class
"owns" object of another class.
In Composition, the object of
class that is owned by the object
of it's owning class cannot live on
it's own(Also called "death
relationship"). It will always live
as a part of it's owning object
where as in Aggregation the
dependent object is standalone
and can exist even if the object of
owning class is dead.

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta 58

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
Classification Hierarchies
By organising classes into Classification Hierarchies we
can:
 add extra dimensions to encapsulation by grouping
ADT's
 and enable classes to inherit from other classes
 thus extending the attributes and methods of the class
The inheriting class may then also add extra functionality
and attributes to produce a new object

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta 59

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
Assignment
Q1. What are the mode of inheritance?
Q2. What is function overriding and how they differ from
function overloading?
Q3. When would we use inheritance?
Q4. Why derived class cant access private things from
base class.
Q5. When do we make a class virtual?
Q6. How constructors and destructors are work in
inheritance?
Q7. What are abstract classes?With example

OOPS (Unit - 3) Dr. Gaurav Gupta 60

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 Q8. Write a program using inheritance which is shown
in diagram.
Staff
Staff_id
Name

Teacher Officer
Subject Grade
Class

Typist
speed

Casual
Regular Daily
Wages

Dr. Gaurav Gupta

OOPS (Unit - 3) 61
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)