Math 106

One Way and Two Way Anova

Comparing means among multiple groups.
Presentation by: Group 4
BSED MATH 2-A
 What is Anova?
ANOVA stands for Analysis of Variance, and it is a
statistical method used to compare means among
multiple groups. ANOVA is used to determine
whether there are any statistically significant
differences between the means of three or more
independent (unrelated) groups. The basic idea
behind ANOVA is to partition the total variance
observed in a data set into different components,
including the variance between group means and
the variance within groups.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was
developed by Sir Ronald A. Fisher, a British
statistician, in the early 20th century.
Fisher introduced the method in his 1921
paper “On the ‘Probable Error’ of a
Coefficient of Correlation Deduced from a
Small Sample.” ANOVA is a statistical
technique used to analyze the differences
among group means in a sample. Fisher's
contributions to statistics, including
ANOVA, have had a profound impact on
experimental design and data analysis. Ronald Fisher
1890-1962
ANOVA is used in statistics
to analyze the differences
among group means in a Experimental Design: ANOVA is

sample. valuable in experimental design to

assess the impact of multiple factors on
an outcome. It can analyze the main
Its main applications effects of each factor as well as
include: interactions between factors.

Comparing Means: ANOVA helps determine Quality Control: In manufacturing and

whether there are any statistically significant industry, ANOVA is often employed to
differences between the means of three or monitor and control the quality of
more independent groups. It can be used when products. It helps identify variations in
comparing means from different experimental different production processes or
conditions, treatments, or groups. conditions.
Biological and Medical Research: ANOVA is
utilized in various scientific studies, such as
clinical trials or biological experiments, to Education Research: ANOVA can be
compare outcomes between different groups applied to educational studies to
or treatments. evaluate the effectiveness of different
teaching methods or interventions.
Social Sciences: Researchers in social sciences
use ANOVA to analyze survey data or Economics: In economic research, ANOVA
experimental results to understand differences is used to analyze the impact of multiple
between groups. variables on economic outcomes or
behaviors.
Education Research: ANOVA can be applied to
educational studies to evaluate the
effectiveness of different teaching methods or Overall, ANOVA is a versatile statistical
interventions. tool that allows researchers to make
informed comparisons and draw
conclusions about population means
based on sample data.
 One Way Anova
Researchers want to test a new anti-anxiety 0mg 50mg 100mg
medication. They split participants into three
conditions (0mg, 50mg, and 100mg), then ask 9 7 4
them to rate their anxiety level on a scale of 1-10.
Are there any differences between the three 8 6 3
conditions using alpha = 0.05?
7 6 2

8 7 3

8 8 4

9 7 3

8 6 2
Steps in Solving One Way Anova

01 02 03
Define Null and State the Alpha Calculate Degrees of
Alternative Hypotheses Freedom

04 05 06 07
State Decision Rule Calculate Test Statistics State Results State Conclusions
 0mg 50mg 100mg
Step 1
9 7 4 Define Null and
Alternative Hypotheses
8 6 3

7 6 2 H0 ; 0mg = 50mg
= 100mg

H1 ; not all 's are equal

8 7 3

Step 2
8 8 4
State the Alpha

9 7 3 α = 0.05

8 6 2

K = number of treatment conditions T = total for each treatment condition

n= number of scores in each reatment
SS = Sum of Squares
N = total number of scores
 Step 3
Calculate Degrees of Freedom
0mg 50mg 100mg
n=7 N = 21
9 7 4
df Between = k - 1
8 6 3
df Within = N - k
7 6 2 df Total = N - 1
8 7 3
df Between = 3 - 1 = 2
8 8 4 df Within = 21 - 3 = 18
9 7 3 df Total = 21 - 1 = 20

8 6 2
0mg 50mg 100mg Step 4
State Decision Rule
9 7 4
To look up the critical value, we
8 6 3
need to use two different
degrees of freedom.
7 6 2
df Between = 3 - 1 = 2
8 7 3

8 8 4
df Within = 21 - 3 = 18

9 7 3 (2, 18)

8 6 2
0mg 50mg 100mg Step 4
State Decision Rule
9 7 4

8 6 3 If F is greater than 3.5546,

reject the null hypothesis.
7 6 2

8 7 3

8 8 4

9 7 3

8 6 2
Step 5 0mg 50mg 100mg
Calculate Test Statistics
9 7 4

8 6 3

7 6 2

8 7 3

8 8 4

9 7 3

8 6 2

T = 57 T = 47 T = 21
Y1(0mg) Y1² Y2(50mg) Y2² Y3(100mg) Y3²

9 81 7 49 4 16

8 64 6 36 3 9

7 49 6 36 2 4

8 64 7 49 3 9

8 64 8 64 4 16

9 81 7 49 3 9

8 64 6 36 2 4

T = 57 Y1²=467 T = 47 Y2²=319 T = 21 Y3²=67

Step 5
Calculate Test Statistic

SS df MS F

Between 98.67 2 49.34 86.56

Within 10.29 18 0.57

Total 108.95 20
Step 6
State Results

If F is greater than 3.5546,

reject the null hypothesis.

F = 86.56
Step 7
State Conlusions
Reject the null hypothesis.
The three conditions differed
significantly on anxiety level,
F(2, 18) = 86.56, p<0.05.
A two-way ANOVA (“analysis of
variance”) is used to determine whether or
not there is a statistically significant
difference between the means of three or
more independent groups that have been Two-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is
split on two variables (sometimes called a statistical method used to analyze the
“factors”).
influence of two independent categorical
variables on a dependent variable. It
It is used to estimate how the mean of assesses whether there are significant
quantitative variable changes according to the interactions between the two factors and if
levels of two categorical variables. Use a two each factor individually has a significant
way annova when you want to know how two effect on the dependent variable. This
independent variables, in combination affect a
technique is commonly used in
dependent variable.
experimental design and helps understand
how different factors may interact and
affect the observed outcomes.
 There are four assumptions that must be met
before using two-way ANOVA:

Normality: Observations from the sample Equal Variances: The variances for each
population are normally distributed. group are equal.

Sample Size: The number of observations Independence: Observations in each group

must be the same for each group. are independent.
Two Way Anova

01 02 03
Define Null and Collect the means
Collect Data
Alternative Hypotheses

04 05 06 07
Calculate sum of Degrees of freedom (df) Mean squares F-ratio
squares (SS)
Two Way Anova

08 09 10
Critical value or P-value Decision Conclusion
 Let's determine whether
gender or age group or
both gender and age group
impact the test scores.
 ADVANTAGES
Identifying Interactions: It allows for the
Statistical Power: By considering
detection of interactions between two
interactions, it may increase the statistical
independent variables, providing insights into
power to detect significant effects
how their combined effect may differ from the
compared to one-way ANOVA, especially
sum of their individual effects.
when there is a true interaction effect.
Efficiency in Experimental Design: Two-way
ANOVA is efficient for studying the effects of
two factors simultaneously, reducing the need Flexibility: It accommodates designs with
for separate analyses and potentially saving unequal sample sizes and provides
time and resources. flexibility in handling complex
Control for Multiple Variables: It enables experimental setups with multiple factors.
researchers to control for the influence of two
variables at the same time, offering a more
comprehensive understanding of the Keep in mind that while two-way ANOVA
relationship between the independent and has its advantages, proper interpretation
dependent variables. and consideration of assumptions are
crucial for valid results.
 DISADVANTAGES
Increased Complexity: Analyzing interactions
between two factors can add complexity to the
interpretation of results, making it challenging Sample Size Requirements: Large sample
to discern the individual effects of each factor. sizes may be required, especially when
dealing with interaction effects, to achieve
sufficient statistical power. Small sample
Assumption of Homogeneity of Variances:
sizes can limit the ability to detect
Like other ANOVA methods, two-way ANOVA
significant effects.
assumes homogeneity of variances across
groups, and violations of this assumption may
affect the validity of the results.
Difficulty in Interpretation: Interpreting
Assumption of Normality: It assumes that the interaction effects can be challenging, and
residuals are normally distributed. If the data misinterpretations may lead to incorrect
deviate significantly from normality, the conclusions about the relationships
results may not be reliable. between variables.
 DISADVANTAGES

Resource Intensive: Conducting a two-way

ANOVA may require more resources in terms
of time and computation compared to simpler
Despite these
analyses, particularly when dealing with large disadvantages, two-way
datasets.
ANOVA remains a valuable
Risk of Type I Error: The more tests you
tool when appropriately
conduct, the higher the risk of committing a applied, considering the
Type I error (false positive). Two-way ANOVA
study design, assumptions,
involves multiple comparisons, increasing this
risk. (In other words, false positive) and careful interpretation
of results.
Members:

Alejandro, Leslie
Hinguillo, Raiven
Laus, Imperlyn
Palma, Wilsam Bros
Sonizo, Diana Rose
THANK
YOU