Scribd
Upload
20 views16 pages

Data Presentation

Uploaded by

neeta.n
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
20 views16 pages

Data Presentation

Uploaded by

neeta.n
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Centre for Distance and Online

Education
Quantitative Techniques
Unit I

Course Outcome :
Ascertain statistical techniques to collect, analyze and forecast data
Data Presentation
Variable
Values obtained on the basis of some factor, whose value cannot be
predicted in advance. For ex. Height of some students, wages, age etc.
A variable can be Discrete or Continuous.
Discrete Random Variable
Characterized by gaps or discontinuous variable which cannot
manifest every conceivable fractions. It assumes values with definite
jumps .
For ex: Number of students in a class, number of families with 2
children etc.
Types of Variable
Frequency Distribution
Example on Frequency
Distribution
Let us consider marks of 25 students
10 20 20 30 40 25 25 30
40 20 25 25 50 15 25
30 40 50 30 25 25 15
40 40 50
Here it can be observed that there is one student who scored 10 marks,
two students scored 15 marks , and so on. Now we convert in
frequency distribution shown in table below:
Table
Table 1.1
Marks Tally Bars Frequency
10 I 1
15 II 2
20 III 3
25 IIII II 7
30 IIII 4
40 IIII 5
50 III 3

Total 25
Classification according to
class intervals:
The classes should be collectively exhaustive and non-
overlapping i.e. mutually exclusive.
The number of classes should not be too large other wise the
purpose of class i.e. summarization of data will not be served.
The number of classes should not be too small either, for this
also may obscure the true nature of the distribution.
The class should preferable of equal width. Other wise the class
frequency would not be comparable, and the computation of
statistical measures will be laborious.
Exclusive Class
Classification is called exclusive (Continuous), when the upper
limit of one class is the lower limit of the next class interval. Also
the upper limit of a class is not included in that class. For example
Table 1.2
Income(Rs.) Number of Persons
1,000-11,00(≤ 1000 but less 40
than 1,100)
1,100-1,200 50
1,200-1,300 20
1,300-1,400 40
Total 150
Inclusive Class
Classification is said to be inclusive or discontinuous when the upper
of a class is included in that class itself. For example

Table 1.3
Marks Number of students
15-19 4
20-24 8
25-29 7
30-35 6
Total 25
Cumulative Frequency
Distribution
When the frequencies are summed up to the frequency of the next
class, then such frequencies are called cumulative frequencies. They are
generally used to find the count above or below a particular value.
Table 1.4
Frequency Distribution with arrangement of data into several classes.
A class has:
• A lower limit
• An upper limit
Generally, the minimum number of classes are 6 and not more than 20.
Class Limits

Once we know the number of classes, we can find the class limits i.e lower
limit & upper limit of the classes.

Rules for class intervals:

If the data values are integer and the lower limit of the first class should
be 0.5 less than the lowest data value.
The midpoint of the class should be an integer.
The lower limit is the same as the preceding class’s upper limit.
The interval length is the same for all classes.
Data Presentation

Data can be presented in the following ways:

Histogram
Relative frequency histogram
Polygon
Ogive
Data Presentation
Histogram
A type of bar chart in which class limits are shown on x-axis and
frequencies on Y-Axis.
Data Presentation
The Polygon
If the mid-points of all classes of a histogram are connected together, a
frequency polygon is formed.
O-give
On an o-give, the x-axis represents the upper limit of each class and the
y-axis represents cumulative frequencies. The points are connected. The
lower limit of the first class is the beginning point with zero frequency.
A relative cumulative frequency o-give can be formed by replacing
cumulative frequencies of an o-give with relative cumulative
frequencies.

You might also like