GRADE 12 TEACHER : IBRAHIM AYOUB

CHAPTER : FUNCTION
 sign of quadratic equation
 Domain of definition of a function
 limit of basic function at infinity and at zero
 Determinate and indeterminate forms
 Interpretation of limits
 Relative position of curve and line
 Parity of a function
 Axis and center of symmetry
 Derivatives of basic and composite functions
 Interpretation of 𝒇′ (a)
 Solution of f(x)=0 over a given interval [a,b]
 SIGN OF QUADRATIC EQUATION
1- Quadratic equation :
 A quadratic equation in the form of a𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 where a,b and c are
2
real numbers
 The discriminant defined by ∆= 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐
2

 if ∆ < 0 then the equation has no real roots

−𝑏
 if ∆= 0 then the equation has double root x’=x’’=
2𝑎
−𝑏− ∆ −𝑏+ ∆
 if ∆> 0 then the equation has two distinct roots : x’= 2𝑎
and x’’= 2𝑎
2-Sign of trinomial :
Let f(x)=𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 be a trinomial
 if ∆ < 0 𝑜𝑟 ∆= 0 then f(x) take the sign of ‘’a’’
 If ∆> 0 then f(x) take the opposite sign of ‘’a’’ between the roots x’ and x’’
and the same sign of “a” outside the roots
DOMAIN OF DEFINITION OF A FUNCTION
 If f a polynomial function defined by f(x) then Df is IR
𝑃(𝑥)
 If f a rational function defined by f(x)= then f is defined when : Q(x)#0 so Df =IR-{roots of
𝑄 𝑥
Q(x)}
 If f a irrational function defined by f(x)= 𝑃(𝑥) then f is defined when :
 P(x)≥ 0 so Df is the solution of set of P(x)
Example : find the domain of each function
2𝑥−5
F(x)=3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 − 5 , g(x)= and h(x)= −𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5
𝑥 2 +3𝑥−4
Solutions :
F(x)=3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 − 5 is a polynomial function then Df is IR=]-∞; +∞[
2𝑥−5
g(x)= is defined for 𝑥 2 +3x-4 # 0 then x#1 and x #-4 then Df : ]-∞; −4[ ∪] − 4,1[∪]1; +∞[
𝑥 2 +3𝑥−4
h(x)= −𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 is defined for −𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 ≥ 0 then Df : [-5;1]

x -∞ -5 1 +∞
−𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 - 0 + 0 -
LIMIT OF BASIC FUNCTION AT INFINITY AND AT ZERO
1
 lim 𝑥 =+∞ lim =+∞
2 3
lim 𝑥 = ± ∞
±∞ ±∞ 𝑜+ 𝑥
1 1
 lim =0 lim 𝑥=+∞ lim =−∞
±∞ 𝑥 +∞ 𝑜− 𝑥

Examples :
𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2 6 2𝑥 2 +𝑥−3 2𝑥 2
lim = = +∞ ; lim = lim = lim 2𝑥 =+∞
1+ 𝑥−1 0+ +∞ 𝑥−3 +∞ 𝑥 +∞
𝑥−3 𝑥 1 𝑥 2 −3𝑥−5 −5
lim =lim = lim = 0 ; lim = = -∞
+∞ 𝑥 2 −3 +∞ 𝑥2 +∞ 𝑥 0+ 𝑥 0+
DETERMINATE AND INDETERMINATE FORMS
 Determinateforms :
+∞ + ∞ = +∞ ; c+∞ = +∞ ; (+∞) +∞ = +∞
-∞ − ∞ = −∞ ; c-∞ = −∞ ; (-∞) −∞ = +∞
𝐶 𝐶
(c#0)(∞) = ±∞ ; =0 ; =∞
∞ 0
 Indeterminate forms
+∞ − ∞ ( take common )
0× ∞ ( change form )
0 ∞
; ( hopital rule )
0 ∞
INTERPRETATION OF LIMITS

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = ∞ then 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒃 then y=b 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒑 =𝟎

𝑐 ∞ ∞
x=c is a vertical is a horizontal Then y=mx+p is an oblique
asymptote asymptote asymptote
 𝑥
EXAMPLE : LET F BE A FUNCTION DEFINED BY F(X)=X-1+ 2
𝑥 −1
1) FIND THE DOMAIN OF DEFINITION OF F(X) ?
2) FIND THE LIMITS AT THE OPEN BOUNDARIES OD THE DOMAIN OF
F WHAT WE CAN CONCLUDE ?
3) SHOW THAT (D):Y=X-1 IS AN OBLIQUE ASYMPTOTE AS ±∞

Solution :
𝑥
1) f(x)=x-1+ 2 defined when 𝑥 2 − 1#0 then for x#1 and x#-1
𝑥 −1
so Df=]−∞, −1 ∪ − 1,1 ∪ 1, +∞[
1 −1
2) lim 𝑓 𝑥 = −∞ + =-∞ ; lim− 𝑓 𝑥 = −2 + =-∞
−∞ −∞ −1 𝑜+
−1 1 1 1
lim+ 𝑓 𝑥 = −2 + =+∞ ; lim
−
𝑓 𝑥 = + =-∞ ; lim 𝑓 𝑥 =+ =+∞ ; lim 𝑓 𝑥 = +∞ + =+∞
−1 𝑜− 1 𝑜− 1 + 𝑜+ +∞ +∞
Then x=-1 and x=1 are vertical asymptotes to (C) the curve of f
𝑥 𝑥 1
3) lim 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑 = lim x−1+ 2 − 𝑥 − 1 = lim 2 =lim =0 then (d) is an oblique asymptote
±∞ ±∞ 𝑥 −1 ±∞ 𝑥 −1 ±∞ 𝑥
to (C ) as ±∞
RELATIVE POSITION OF CURVE AND LINE

Let (C ) be the representative curve of a function f(x)

And (d) be a straight line
To study the position between ( C) and (d) we must study the
sign of
f(x)-y(d) starting by finding the roots of f(x)-y(d) =0
 If f(x)-y(d) > 0 then (C) above (d)

 If f(x)-y(d) < 0 then (C) below (d)

 If f(x)-y(d) = 0 then (C) cut (d) at point of abscissa the root of

the last equation
EXAMPLE : LET ( C) BE THE CURVE OF FUNCTION F DEFINED BY
𝑥
F(X)=X-1+ 2
𝑥 −1
AND (D) : Y=X-1
STUDY THE POSITION OF (C ) AND (D)
 Solution :
𝑥 𝑥
 f(x)-y(d)= x-1+ -(x-1) =
𝑥 2 −1 𝑥 2 −1
x -∞ -1 0 1
+∞
f(x)-y(d) - + 0 - +

Position (c ) below (d) (C ) above (d) (C ) below (d) ( C ) above (d)

( C) cut (d) at (0,-1)

PARITY OF A FUNCTION

Let f be a function defined

over Df Let f be a function defined
over Df
f is an even function if :
f is an odd function if :
Df is centered ( x belong to Df
Df is centered ( x belong to
then –x belong to Df )
Df then –x belong to Df )
F(-x)=f(x) then (y’oy ) axis of
F(-x)= -f(x) then the origin is
symmetry
center of symmetry
 𝒙𝟑
F(x)=𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 defined over ]-∞; +∞[ ( since 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏#0 for every x in IR )
Which is centered
(−𝒙)𝟑 𝒙𝟑
F(-x)=(−𝒙)𝟐 +𝟏 =- =-f(x) then f is an odd function
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏

G(x)=|x|+𝒙𝟐 -5 defined over ]-∞; +∞[ its centered

G(-x)=|-x|+(−𝒙)𝟐 -5= |x|+𝒙𝟐 -5 =G(x) then f is an even function
AXIS AND CENTER OF SYMMETRY

The line (d) : x=a is an axis of

symmetry of a curve The point I(a,b) is a center of
symmetry of a curve (C) when :
( C) when :
Df is centered at a
Df is centered at a
F(2a-x)+f(x)=2b
F(2a-x)=f(x)
 APPLICATION :
2𝑥−1
Consider the function f(x) = defined over IR-{-1}
𝑥+1
Show that I(-1;2) is the center of symmetry of (C ) curve of f
DF is centered
F(2a-x)+f(x)=2b
F(-2-x)+f(x)=4 ??
2 −2−𝑥 −1 2𝑥−1 −4−2𝑥−1 2𝑥−1 −5−2𝑥 2𝑥−1 −(5+2𝑥) 2𝑥−1
+ = + = + = +
−2−𝑥+1 𝑥+1 −1−𝑥 𝑥+1 −(𝑥+1) 𝑥+1 −(𝑥+1) 𝑥+1
5+2𝑥 2𝑥−1 4𝑥+4 4(𝑥+1)
= + = = =4
𝑥+1 𝑥+1 𝑥+1 𝑥+1)
Then I(-1;2) is the center of symmetry of (C ) curve of f
DERIVATIVES OF BASIC AND COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
The sign of the derivative of a function f(x) denote by f’(x) represent the sense
of variation of f(x)
 If f ‘ (x) > 0 then f strictly increasing
 If f ‘ (x) < 0 then f strictly decreasing
 If f’(x)=0 at x=a then f admit an horizontal tangent
If f ‘ (x) change its sign from + to – then at x=a we have a maximum
If f’(x) change its sign from – to + then at x=a we have a minimum

f(x) f’(x) f(x) f’(x)

u+v u’+v’
Constant 0
(u.v) U’v+v’u
𝑥𝑚 m𝑥 𝑚−1
𝑢 𝑢′ 𝑣 − 𝑣 ′ 𝑢
ax a
𝑣 𝑣2
1 1
- 𝑢𝑚 m𝑢𝑚−1 .u’
𝑥2
𝑥
 APPLICATION :

Consider the function f(x)=𝒙𝟐 -4x+3 defined over IR

Determinate f’(x) and study the variation of f
Solution :
f(x)=𝒙𝟐 -4x+3
f’(x) =2x-4 2x-4=0 For x=2

x −∞ 2 +∞
f’(x) - 0 +
f(x) +∞ +∞
APPLICATION :
Find the derivative of each function :
F(x) =−𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑
F’(x)=−𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓

G(x) =(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟏𝟎𝟎

G’(x)=100(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟗𝟗 (2x+2)
𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝒙−𝟑
H(x) = 𝒙+𝟏 u= 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟑 ; v= x+1
u’= 4x+1 ; v’= 1
(4x+1) 𝒙+𝟏 −𝟏(𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝒙−𝟑) 𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙+𝟒
H’(x) = (𝒙+𝟏)𝟐
= (𝒙+𝟏)𝟐
INTERPRETATION OF 𝒇′ (A)
′
𝒀𝑩 − 𝒀𝑨
𝒇 𝒂 = 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝑻 =
𝑿𝑩 − 𝑿𝑨
Where ( T ) is the tangent
at point A ( a;f(a)) pass
through B

Remark if (T) horizontal f ‘

(a) = 0
if ( T) vertical f
‘(a) does not exist
F’(a) = slope of the tangent at ( a,f(a) ) to the curve of f
 If f’(a) = 0 the tangent is horizontal at ( a,f(a)) with equation
y=f(a)
(a,f(a)) represent as extremum point ( max or min ) of ( C)
 if f’(a) does not exist then the tangent is vertical with
equation x=a
 If f’(a) #0 then the tangent is oblique at ( a,f(a)) with
equation y=f ′(a)(x-a)+f(a)

𝑌𝐵 −𝑌𝐴
Remark : the slope of line (AB) =
𝑋𝐵 −𝑋𝐴
 𝑌𝐵 −𝑌𝐴 1−3
F’(2)= = =1
𝑋𝐵 −𝑋𝐴 0−2
 SIGN OF A FUNCTION
We can study the sign of a function f(x) by calculation or
graphically
By calculation :
Find the roots of f(x) by solving f(x)=0 and put a table of
sign of f(x) with respect to its roots (if exist )
Graphically :
If ( C) below (x’ox) then f(x) < 0
If ( C) cut x’ox at point of abscissa a then f (a) = 0
If (C ) above (x’ox) then f(x) > 0
APPLICATION :
STUDY THE SIGN OF G

SOLUTION :
AS X ∈ ] ;3 [ G(X) <𝟎

AS X ∈] − ∞; 𝟏] ∪ [𝟑; +∞[
G(X)≥ 𝟎
SOLUTION OF F(X)=0 OVER A GIVEN INTERVAL [A,B]

First case :
If f is a function :
 Defined and continuous over
[a,b]
 F strictly increasing over [a,b]

 F(a)× 𝐹(𝑏) < 0

Then the equation f(x)=0 admits

a unique solution 𝛼 where f(𝛼) =
0
Second case :
If f is a function :
 Defined and continuous over
[a,b]
 F strictly decreasing over [a,b]

 F(a)× 𝐹(𝑏) < 0

Then the equation f(x)=0 admits a

unique solution 𝛼 where f(𝛼) = 0
HOSPITAL RULES