Course Structure and Syllabus

for

3-Years M.Sc. Tech.

in

APPLIED GEOPHYSICS

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED GEOPHYSICS

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(INDIAN SCHOOL OF MINES)
DHANBAD – 826 004
page 1 of 49
A. About the Department
The Department of Applied Geophysics, IIT (ISM) was established during the International Geophysical
Year in 1957. Since then, it has emerged as one of the premier Geophysics Departments in the country
imparting quality teaching and research. The Department of Applied Geophysics has completed its 60 years
of excellence in the year 2017. Over the years, the Department has expanded in manifold ways and offering
three years M.Sc. Tech. and five years integrated M.Sc. Tech./M.Tech. in Applied Geophysics. In
association with the Department of Applied Geology, a two-year M. Tech. in Petroleum Exploration is being
run since 1983. The Department has been running a new M.Tech. Course on Earthquake Science and
Engineering since 2015-16 academic session. In addition, it offers doctoral and post-doctoral programme in
Applied Geophysics.
The academic programmes encompass many emerging fields of study. The Department is well-equipped
with state-of-the-art geophysical instruments covering all geophysical disciplines. The Department has a
Seismological Observatory with Broadband Recording facility and a number of laboratories, to name a few,
geophysical inversion, geophysical instrumentation, rock physics, and coal geophysics. The Department has
national programmes such as DRS - I, DRS - II, UGC-SAP - I, II & III, COSIST and CAS. In addition, it has
also been supported by the Department of Science and Technology under its FIST programme.
A large number of geophysicists from this Department occupy prestigious positions in national and
international oil companies, mineral, R & D, and academic institutes around the world. The Department is
evolving in cutting-edge research, and currently, it has an ambitious plan to establish a few new centres of
excellence in areas of Mineral Exploration, Earthquake Research, Resource of Unconventional Hydrocarbon,
and Exploration of Groundwater.

B. About the Geophysics Programme

Geophysics plays a pivotal role in both efficient and sustainable use and preservation of Earth’s natural
resources. It has emerged as a new field of research for rapidly growing needs of the society. By drawing
scientific attention on the development of novel techniques based on creativity and innovation and working
together on contemporary challenges using concrete and comprehensive database, Geophysics, as a
discipline, has been significantly contributing to the society. In the Earth’s landscape, most of the regions are
highly heterogeneous in terms of properties and processes, varying complex ways across a wide range of
spatial and temporal scales. However, numerous geophysical techniques have been proven necessary and
effective for discovering mineral deposits, oil/gas deposits, and for uncovering riddles inside the Earth.
Moreover, the characteristics of heterogeneities bear important insights in many aspects, for instance, the
dynamic processes and evolution of the lithosphere including occurrences of frequent earthquakes, tsunamis,
volcanism as well as phase and chemical composition changes in the interior of the Earth. The robust nature
of linear and nonlinear inversion schemes are being used to solve complex geophysical problems.
Complexity also occurs in spatial mapping of Earth’s resources where geophysical signals are found to be
overlapping, which resultantly creates difficulty in discriminating these signals and delineating geological
sources.
The present 3-Years M. Sc. Tech/5-Year Integrated M. Tech course in “Applied Geophysics” is designed
to produce high quality intellectually accomplished manpower to take leadership role and to cater to the
needs of different segments of Indian and global economy - industry, infrastructure and service sectors, R&D
and design organizations, educational institutions, etc. It provides education for comprehensive
understanding of deep earth processes and their evolution, exploration and its manifestations to sub-
surface/near surface process phenomena, and its impact on earth and it’s environment. It is an
interdisciplinary education programme comprising of solid earth geophysics, mineralogy and petrology,
structural geology and sedimentology, seismology, digital signal analysis theory and processing, advanced
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seismic interpretation, geoelectrical methods, geoelectromagnetic methods, geoelectromagnetism for crustal
and lithospheric architecture, formation evaluation, computational seismology, remote sensing: principles
and data acquisition system, mantle and core dynamics, geophysical inversion, near surface geophysics and
geotechnical modelling, image processing and geographic information system, earth and planetary sciences,
well log and electrofacies analysis, reservoir geophysics and deep water imaging, machine-learning in
geophysics, airborne geophysics, seismological data analysis, groundwater geophysics and geophysics for
mineral exploration.
The course imparts theoretical and practical knowledge for the Mother Earth, both for exploration as well
as understanding the deeper-earth tectonics to expose the students to the latest research and developments in
science, and technology. The programme includes theoretical studies, laboratory exercises, seminars /
presentations, field-practices and internships, project, thesis, etc. Under the proposed structure, apart
from ~50% core subjects, students get opportunity to opt ~30% subjects from various electives, and the
remaining ~20% is absolutely designed for seminar/thesis work.
Apart from the in-house-teaching and practical/laboratory works, students are exposed to hands-on-
training using various sophisticated geophysical equipment in the field during winter vacation. Students are
also being involved for understanding the various rocks and their evolution during their initial winter field
visit by experts of the Department of Applied Geophysics. Students are equally allowed to carry out industry
friendly project works as a part of the curriculum. The present course structure also provides a unique
flavour and keeping a perfect balance between theory and practical aspects comprising industrial training and
projects/seminars, practical industry-academia interface enabling students to make industry ready.
The admissions in this 3-Years M. Sc. Tech in Applied Geophysics and 5-Year M.Tech. in Applied
Geophysics are done through Joint Admission Test for M.Sc. (JAM) and Indian Institute of Technology-
Joint Entrance Examination (IIT-JEE)-Advanced test, respectively.

C. Career Prospects:
 Students will find opportunities in both government and private sectors, particularly in the hydrocarbon
and mineral exploration sectors. Students are also getting opportunity to serve the companies involving in
construction sectors, software sectors.
 There is also immense opportunity in career development in the Research & Development sector.
 Teaching is also another viable option in the education sectors.

D. Eligibility Criteria

Test Paper Academic Institute Minimum Educational Qualification (s) for

Code Programme (s) admission
Essential subjects in Bachelor’s Essential
degree along with minimum subjects at
duration 10+2 level
Physics(PH) M.Sc. (Tech.) in IIT (ISM) B.Sc. Degree (3 yr.) with Physics as Mathematics
Applied Geophysics Dhanbad Honours/Major/Main/Equivalent
subject, and any two subsidiary
subjects among Mathematics,
Chemistry, Geology, Electronics,
Statistics and Computer Science

E. Proposed Seat Distribution

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 Total Seats: 44
Seat reserved for various categories as per IIT(ISM) rules

F. In the newly proposed structure the following new papers have been introduced:
1. Mathematical Functional Analysis
2. Groundwater Geophysics
3. Advanced Seismic Interpretation
4. Seismological Data Analysis
5. Geophysics for Mineral Exploration
6. Airborne Geophysics
7. Geoelectromagnetism for Crustal and Lithospheric Architecture
8. Mantle and Core Dynamics
9. Geostatistical Modelling for Oil and Gas Development
10. Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning in Geosciences
11. Well Logging and Electrofacies Analysis

TEMPLATE – 3 Yr. M.Sc. Tech (AGP)

Semester I
Course No. Course Name L T P C
GPC 501 Solid Earth Geophysics 3 0 0 9
GPC 502 Gravity Method 3 0 0 9
GPC 503 Remote Sensing Principles 3 0 0 9
GLC 202 Physical and Structural Geology 3 0 0 9
GPC 504 Mathematical Functional Analysis 3 0 0 9
GPC 505 Gravity Method Practical 0 0 2 2
GPC 506 Remote Sensing Principles Practical 0 0 2 2
GPC 507 Mathematical Functional Analysis Practical 0 0 2 2
Total 15 0 6 51

Semester II
Course No. Course Name L T P C
GPC 508 Seismology - I 3 0 0 9
GPC 509 Geoelectrical Methods 3 0 0 9
GPC 510 Well logging 3 0 0 9
GPC 511 Seismic Exploration - I 3 0 0 9

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GLC 208 Economic Geology and Indian Mineral Deposits 3 0 0 9
GPC 512 Seismic Exploration – I Practical 0 0 2 2
GPC 513 Geoelectrical Methods Practical 0 0 2 2
GPC 514/ Seismology - I Practical/
0 0 2 2
GPC 515 Well logging Practical
GLS 211 Geological Field Training 0 0 0 S/X
Total 15 0 6 51

Semester III
Course No. Course Name L T P C
GPC 516 Geophysical Inversion 3 0 0 9
GPC 517 Geoelectromagnetic Methods 3 0 0 9
GPO 501
Open Elective - I 3 0 0 9
GPO 502
GPD 501
GPD 502 3 0 0 9
GPD 503 Department Elective - I
GPD 504
GPD 505 Department Elective - II 3 0 0 9
GPD 506
GPC 518 Geophysical Inversion Practical 0 0 2 2
GPC 519 Geoelectromagnetic Methods Practical 0 0 2 2
Total 15 0 4 49

Semester IV
Course No. Course Name L T P C
GPC 520 Seismology – II 3 0 0 9
GPC 521 Magnetic Method 3 0 0 9
GPD 507
3 0 0 9
GPD 508 Department Elective – III
GPD 509
3 0 0 9
GPD 510 Department Elective - IV
GPO 503 Open Elective – II 3 0 0 9
GPC 522 Magnetic Method Practical 0 0 2 2
GPC 523 Seismology – II Practical 0 0 2 2
GPS 501 Winter Geophysical Field Training 0 0 0 S/X
Total 15 0 4 49

Semester V
Course No. Course Name L T P C
GPC 524 Thesis Unit I 0 0 0 9

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GPC 525 Thesis Unit II 0 0 0 9
GPC 526 Thesis Unit III 0 0 0 9
GPC 527 Thesis Unit IV 0 0 0 9
GPS 502 Industrial Training/Summer Training 0 0 0 S/X
Total 6 0 0 36
Semester VI
Course No. Course Name L T P C
GPD 511
Department Elective – V 3 0 0 9
GPD 512
GPO 504 Open Elective - III 3 0 0 9
GPC 528 Thesis Unit V 0 0 0 9
GPC 529 Thesis Unit VI 0 0 0 9
Total 6 0 0 36

Table 1. List of Department Electives (DE): Theory Papers

Course No. Course Name L T P C S#

GPD 501 Geothermics and Geodynamics 3 0 0 9 MS
GPD 502 Groundwater Geophysics 3 0 0 9 MS
GPD 503 Mantle and Core Dynamics 3 0 0 9 MS
GPD 504 Geophysics for Mineral Exploration 3 0 0 9 MS
GPD 505 Formation Evaluation 3 0 0 9 MS
GPD 506 Seismological Data Analysis 3 0 0 9 MS
GPD 507 Seismic Exploration - II 3 0 0 9 WS
GPD 508 Image Processing and Geographic Information System 3 0 0 9 WS
GPD 509 Airborne Geophysics 3 0 0 9 WS
GPD 510 Advanced Seismic Data Interpretation 3 0 0 9 WS
GPD 511 Near Surface Geophysics and Geotechnical Modelling 3 0 0 9 WS
GPD 512 Geoelectromagnetism for Crustal and Lithospheric Architecture 3 0 0 9 WS

Table 2. List of Open Electives (OE): Theory Papers

Course No. Course Name L T P C S#

GPO 501 Geostatistical Modeling for Oil and Gas Field Development 3 0 0 9 MS
GPO 502 Reservoir Geophysics and Deep Water Imaging 3 0 0 9 MS
GPO 503 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Geosciences 3 0 0 9 WS
GPO 504 Well log and Electrofacies Analysis 3 0 0 9 WS

Note: S#: Semester in which course may be offered

MS: Monsoon Semester, WS: Winter Semester

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 SEMESTER - I

Solid Earth Geophysics (GPC 501) Theory 3 0

0

Learning Objectives: Comprehensive understanding of various physical properties of interior of the earth
and plate tectonics. Students are exposed to fundamental concepts of seismology and Radiometric
dating techniques.

Course Goal/Learning Outcome: This course module introduces basic concepts of plate tectonics
and also provides comprehensive understanding of internal structure of the earth.

Sl. Description of Lectures Lecture

No. Hrs.
1. Interior of the Earth. Various Earth Surface features and Topography. Modelling of 6
Topography using Generic Mapping Tools (GMT). Introduction to geophysics, different
branches of geophysics and relationship with other sciences.
2. Introduction and derivation of physical parameters, like a) density, b) pressure, c) 10
gravity, d) seismic velocities, e) temperature, f) melting point, g) specific heat at constant
pressure (cp), h) volume coefficient of thermal expansion, i) Gruneisen parameter, j)
seismic wave attenuation parameters. Variations of all these parameters inside the earth.
3. Creep mechanisms in the earth. Viscoelastic model under creeping inside the earth. 5
Rigidity of the lithosphere and its bending. Strength of rocks, Strength envelop of
continental and oceanic lithosphere and its interpretation
4. Introduction to Geoid and Spheroid. Derivation and explanation of Geoid and Spheroid 3
at different locations of earth surface. Its significance to dynamics of the earth.
5. Age of the earth and various methods of its determination. Geochronology: Radioactive 8
decay; Dating of rocks: Rubidium-Strontium, Uranium-Lead, Thorium-Lead, Potassium-
Argon, Argon-Argon, Samarium-Neodymium; Age of the earth.
6. Introduction to geomagnetism. Magnetic fields of internal and external origin. Dipole 5
field. Non-dipole field. Secular variation of the dipole and non-dipole fields. Virtual
Geomagnetic poles and its derivation. MAGSAT earth-orbiting satellite and the analysis
of acquired MAGSAT data.
7. Onshore and offshore geophysics 2
Total Classes 39

Text books
1. Anderson, D., New Theory of the Earth, Cambridge University Press, 2007
2. Fowler, C.M.R., Solid Earth: An Introduction to Global Geophysics, Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Reference Books
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1. Lowrie, W., Fundamentals of Geophysics, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007.
2. Howell, B. F., An Introduction to Geophysics, Mc-Graw Hill
3. Jacobs, J. A., A Text Book of Geonomy, Adam-Hilger
4. Tucker, R. H., Cook, A. H., Iyer, H. M. and Stacey, F. D., Global Geophysics, English
5. Stacey F. and Davis P., Physics of the Earth, Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Gravity method (GPC 502) Theory 3 0

0

Learning Objectives: Understand the application of gravity method. Distinguish between different
types rocks, minerals, non-minerals and other geological signature based on gravity method.

Course Goal / Learning Outcome: The primary objective of the course is to introduce gravity
methods and their application for geological prospect such as identification of fault, fracture, joints,
syncline/anticline etc. and classification of rocks, mineral, non-minerals and mapping of
sedimentary basin etc.

Sl. Description of Lectures Lecture

No. Hrs.
1. Brief introduction to gravity methods. Gravitational field of the earth and its variation in 6
Space and Time. International Gravity Formula, Factors contributing to the gravity
variation on the earth’s surface; Concept of gravity and micro-gravity anomaly.
2. Gravity survey procedures, scales and accuracy on land, shipborne and airborne surveys. 7
Establishment of gravity base stations. Reductions/corrections of land, marine and
airborne gravity data including Eotvos correction in marine gravity surveys. Concept of
absolute and relative gravity. Interpretation of Free air and Bouguer gravity anomaly
maps.
3. Gravity anomalies expression over simple geometric bodies such as sphere, cylinder, 6
fault and anomalies over 2D and 3D irregular bodies. Gravity anomalies in time and
frequency domain. Spectral analysis of gravity field data, depth rules, spectral analysis
and Euler deconvolution for depth estimation; methods for depth to basement mapping,
Talwani’s polygonal method in gravity interpretation, Bott’s interpretation technique for
sedimentary basins.
4. Qualitative analysis of gravity anomalies. Regional-Residual separation of gravity data. 7
Upward and downward continuations of gravity anomalies; calculation of second
vertical derivatives and horizontal gravity gradients, utility of such maps; Ambiguity in
gravity data and model interpretation, conditions for unique interpretation.
5. Quantitative analysis of gravity anomalies due to various geological structures – dykes 6
and faults; Forward and Inverse modeling of gravity anomalies and indirect
interpretation; Concepts of 2D/2.5D and 3D density-depth models; Joint inversion of
Gravity and Magnetic data; Spectral methods in quantitative interpretation – limitation.,
conditions for unique gravity data interpretation.
6. Application of gravity methods in (i) regional geological and structural problems, (ii) 7
Mineral mineral and Hydrocarbons hydrocarbon Exploration exploration (iii)
Ggroundwater and Eengineering geological and geotechnical problems (iv) search for
metallic and nonmetallic ores (v) coal and lignite; (vi) mapping faults (vii) exploring for
page 8 of 49
 salt domes (vii) uplifted horst and graben, (viii) use of gravity in regional geological
studies including granitic plutons, thrust belts, accreted terrains, case histories.
Total Classes 39

Text Books
1. Dobrin, M. B. and Savit, C., Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting.
2. Nettleton, L. L., Gravity and Magnetics in Oil Prospecting

Reference Books
1. Dehlinger, P., Marine Gravity,
2. Heiskanen, and Veining Meinsez, Gravity Field of the Earth,
3. Hinze, W. J., Utility of Gravity maps,
4. Rao, B. S. R. and Murthy, I.V.R., Gravity and Magnetic Methods of Prospecting
5. Telford W. M., Applied Geophysics.

Gravity method (GPC 505) Practical 0 0

2

1. Compute drift correction from gravity data.

2. Computation of field gravity data Reduction/Corrections.
3. Computations of average density of surface rocks from Gravity and topography data by Nettleton’s
method.
4. Computations of average density of surface rocks from Gravity and topography data by Parasnis’s
method.
5. Preparing gravity anomaly contour map from field data.
6. Compute the Regional-Residual separation by various kinds of techniques.
7. Computation of Upward Continuation of Gravity fields.
8. Computation of Downward Continuation of Gravity fields.
9. Preparation of residual and regional gravity anomaly map.
10. Compute the gravity effect due to geometric models such as Spherical buried body and depth of same
body.
11. Compute the gravity effect due to geometric models such as vertical and horizontal Cylindrical buried
body and depth of same body.
12. Compute the gravity effect due to geometric models such as inclined geological sheet and depth of
same sheet.
13. Compute the gravity effect due to geometric models such as geological fault and depth of same body.

Remote Sensing Principles (GPC 503) Theory 3 0

0

Learning Objectives: Understanding of Electromagnetic Radiation and their interaction with atmosphere
and different surface features. Understanding spectral signature for delineation of different objects.
Understanding satellite geometry and different sensor characteristics

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Course Goal/Learning Outcome: Understanding fundamental of Remote Sensing Principles and Data
Acquisition System.

Sl. Lecture
Details of Lectures
No. Hrs.
1. Introduction: Physics of Remote Sensing, Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR), and its 6
EMR Spectrum, sources of EMR and governing EMR laws: Plank’s quantum theory,
Stefan-Boltzman law, Wein’s displacement law, Kirchhoff’s law, Plank’s law of thermal
radiation. Passive and active remote sensing.
2. Interaction of EMR with atmosphere and surface of the earth. Scattering, refraction, 6
reflection, diffraction, path radiance. Radiometric quantities, Atmospheric window,
generalize absorption spectrum. Transmittance, absorptance, reflectance, albedo,
emissivity.
3. Interaction of EMR with different surficial feature on the earth in optical-infrared, 6
thermal and microwave regions. Rayleigh criterion, nature different reflectance surface.
Spectral signature, spectral reflectance, spectral response of vegetation, water, soil, rock,
etc.
4. Remote Sensing Platforms: Ground borne, airborne and space borne platforms; manned 8
and unmanned space missions and satellites; importance and applications of various
platforms with reference to remote sensing of earth resources.
Geometry of satellite remote sensing, orbit of satellite, orbital period, geosynchronous,
sunsynchronous, geostationary, swath, nadir, solar elevation, solar zenith, solar azimuth.
Image reference system: Path and Row.
5. Data acquisition Types of sensors: single, multiband opto-mechanical, thermal sensors, 8
LISS; and sensor array: their principle and operations; spectro-radiometers, microwave
sensors: SLAR and SAR Systems. Types of detectors and their characteristics.
6. Across track and along track scanning. Hyperspectral scanning. Sensor resolution: 6
Spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal. Applications of different sensor bands,
Important Remote Sensing satellites: Landast-8, Seasat, SPOT, IRS, ASTER, and
IKONS etc
Total Classes 40

Text Books
1. B. Bhatta., Remote Sensing and GIS. Oxford University press, pp.984.
2. Lillesand TM and Kiefer R W, Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, John Wiley Publication.

Reference Books
1. Seigel, B S and Gillespie, Alan, Remote Sensing in Geology, John Wiley Publication
2. George Joseph, Fundamentals of Remote Sensing, Universities Press, pp.472,
3. M. Anji Reddy, Remote Sensing and Geographical Information systems
4. Thomas M. Lillesand, Ralph W. Kiefer and Jonathan W. Chipman, Remote Sensing and Image
Interpretation
5. Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods and Steven L. Eddins, Digital Image Processing Using Matlab
6. Floyd F. Sabins, Remote sensing: principles and interpretation
7. Jensen, J.R. 2007. Remote Sensing of the Environment - an Earth Resource Perspective.
8. Rao, D.P. Remote Sensing for Earth Resources, AEG Publication

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 Remote Sensing Principles (GPC 506) Practical 0 0
2

1. Numerical problem related with Wien’s displacement law and Stefan Boltzmann law for calculating
various radiation parameters
2. Calculation of emissivity and thermal Inertia of rocks.
3. Measurement of spectral reflectance curve over various land features in field within visible and near
infrared region using spectro- radiometer and their significance in remote sensing
4. Interpretation of field as well as lab spectral reflectance curves taken within visible and near infrared
region for vegetation, water, rock and soil and their importance in remote sensing.

5 Interpretation of field as well as lab spectral reflectance curves taken within visible and near infrared
region for soil and their importance in remote sensing.

6 Interpretation of field as well as lab spectral reflectance curves taken within visible and near infrared
region for water and their importance in remote sensing.
7 Interpretation of field as well as lab spectral reflectance curves taken within visible and near infrared
region for different types of rocks and their importance in remote sensing.
8. Study of given black-white satellite imagery and noting down of various image details as given there in.
Study of various imagery acquired IRS, IKONOS, SPOT, Landsat, etc.
9. Study of standard False Colour composite (FCC) image.
10. Estimation of scale, drawing latitude, longitude and north direction, identification of geological,
morphological, manmade features.

Physical and Structural Geology (GLC 202) Theory 3 0

0

Learning Objectives: Understand geomorphic processes. Appreciate fundamentals of plate tectonics. Learn
the fundamentals of Structural Geology. Learn about Structural Geological problems. Learn interpretation of
geological maps. Learn projection of structural data in stereographic plots.

Course Goal/Learning Outcome: The student will learn the basics of Physical Geology and Structural
Geology. The student will learn the basics of solving problems in Structural Geology.

Sl. Description of Lectures Lecture

No. Hrs.
1. Physical Geology: Evolution of the earth; Exogenous and Endogenous Processes shaping 6
the earth; Weathering, Erosion, Transportation and Deposition
2. Geological work of running water, wind, glaciers, seas and ground water; Diastrophism; 6
Earthquakes and volcanoes.
3. Structural Geology: Interpretation of topographic maps; Attitude of planar and linear 6
structures; Effects of topography on outcrops.
4. Unconformities, folds, faults and joints - their nomenclature, classification and 9
recognition.
5. Forms of igneous intrusions - dyke, sill and batholith. Effects of folds and fractures on 6

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 strata/ore bodies and their importance in exploration activities.
6. Principles of stereographic projection. Introduction to Plate Tectonics. 6
Total Classes 39

Text Books
1. Hefferan, K. and O’Brien, J., 2010. Earth Materials, Wiley-Blackwell, Sussex; 670 p.
2. Jain, S., 2014. Fundamentals of Physical Geology, Springer, New Delhi; 494 p.

Reference Books
1. Van der Pluijm, B.A., Marshak, S., 2004. Earth Structure – An Introduction to Structural Geology and
Tectonics, W.W. Norton & Company, New York; 656 p.
2. Davis, G.H., Reynolds, S.J., 1996. Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
New York; 776 p.
3. Billings, M.P., 1987. Structural Geology, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi; 514 p.
4. Lisle, R.J., 2004. Geological Structures and Maps, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford; 106 p.
5. Rowland, S.M., Duebendorfer, E.M. and Schiefelbein, I.M., 2007. Structural Analysis and Synthesis – A
Laboratory Course in Structural Geology, Blackwell Publishing, Malden; 304 p.

Mathematical Functional Analysis (GPC 504) Theory 3 0

0

Learning Objectives: Practical knowledge on geophysical/geological time/space series data analysis.

Practical knowledge on periodicity, how to design a filter, algorithm for signal enhancement and noise
removal. Practical knowledge on signal processing techniques for exploration of geoscience.

Course Goal / Learning Outcome: The primary objective of the course is to introduce fundamental and
advanced aspects of time series analysis techniques for geo-record analysis and processing.

Sl. Description of Lectures Lecture

No. Hrs.
1. Signal and System: Basic theory and introduction to signal and system, types of signals; 7
Classification of signals, continuous and discrete signals. Types of noises; Energy and
phase spectra, properties of time signal (time invariance, causality, linearity). Time series
analysis: Auto regressive (AR), Moving average (MA) and Autoregressive moving
average (ARMA) processes; Probability theory, Discrete, continuous and mixed random
variables, probability density function, cumulative density function, various notions of
stationarity, ergodicity.
2. Data analysis: Fourier transforms, Fourier transforms of some commonly used functions, 7
utility of domain transformation; Inverse Fourier transform; Use of one and two
dimensional Fourier transforms in solving geophysical problems, Hankel transform and
Hilbert transforms, its their properties, the concept of analytic signal and its use in
geophysics; Z transforms, inverse Z transform; Discrete Fourier transform and Fast
Fourier transforms; Discretization of continuous signals, sampling theorem, aliasing;
reconstruction of a signal from its samples-Gibb’s phenomenon. Walsh transform and
applications in geophysics; Wavelet transform and their applications in geophysics.
Singular spectrum analysis (SSA) in geophysics.
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 3. Convolution: Convolution theorem, unit impulse response and transfer function, 7
convolution in time domain and in frequency domain; Correlation and Application in
processing of random geophysical signals. Earth as a low pass filter.
4. Digital filters: Basic concepts, types of filters, ideal filters; design of Martin Graham, 7
Butterworth and Chebyshev filters. Inverse filtering: Wiener filters, de-convolution-
predictive and homomorphic, cepstral analysis.
5. Processing of random signals. Power Spectrum Analysis: Power Spectrum Estimation; 4
Periodogram, Maximum likelihood method (MLM) and maximum entropy method
(MEM).
6. Applications: 7
Signal enhancement for gravity and magnetic maps: regional and residual separation,
continuations, calculation of derivatives, pseudo gravity transformations, reduction to
poles and equator. Removal of shot generated noise- de-ghosting and de-reverberation.
Total Classes 39

Text Books
1. Bath, M., 1974. Spectral Analysis in Geophysics. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
2. Gubbins D., 2004, Time series analysis and inverse theory for geophysicists, Cambridge University Press.

Reference Books
1. Baskakov, S. 1986, Signals and Circuits, Mir Publishers
2. Bath, M., 1974. Spectral Analysis in Geophysics. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
3. Beauchamp, K.G., 1975. Walsh Functions and their Applications. Academic Press, New York, NY
236pp.
4. Blakeiy, Richard J., 1995, Potential Theory in Gravity and Magnetic Applications, Cambridge
University Press.
5. Dimri, V. P., 1992, Deconvolution and Inverse Theory: Applications to Geophysical Problems, Elsevier
Science.
6. Gubbins D., 2004, Time series analysis and inverse theory for geophysicists, Cambridge University
Press.
7. Kanasewich, E. R., 1975,Time Sequence Analysis in Geophysics, The University of Alberta Press
8. Naidu, P. S., and Mathur, M. P., 2012, Analysis of Geophysical Potential Field: A Digital Signal
Processing Approach: Elsevier
9. Robinson, E. A., 1967, Statistical communication detection with special reference to digital data
processing of radar and seismic signal: GriffIn
10. Robinson, E. A., 1981, 'Time Series Analysis and Application: D. Reidel Yilmaz, 0. Seismic Data
Processing, Society of Exploration Geophysicists.
11. Yilmaz, O., Seismic data processing, Society of Exploration Geophysicists

Mathematical Functional Analysis (GPC 507) Practical 0 0

2

1. Compute DFT coefficients of a time series and estimate energy spectra.

2. Compute convolution and cross correlations of two time series.

3. Investigate the effect of various windows in reducing the energy leakage. Estimate energy spectrum of
page 13 of 49
 a signal from auto correlation function
4. Compute FFT of a signal and investigate the effects of padding zeroes to a short time series in
estimated energy spectrum.
5. Compute the responses of Butterworth and Chebyshev filters and evaluate their performances.
6. Design a notch filter to eliminate power line frequency from an observed signal. Design a spiking
deconvolution filter using i) spectral division and ii) Wiener filtering.
7. Investigate the properties of different types of wavelets and converting a mixed phase wavelet to a
minimum phase wavelet.
8. Generate synthetic seismogram.
9. Cepstral analysis of a signal to distinguish between primary and an echo.
10. Wavelet transform and decomposition technique for de-nosing of the time series.
11. Design of commonly used signal enhancement filters, viz. upward and downward continuations,
second vertical derivation.
12. Compute 2D FFT and estimating radial spectrum. Compute the frequency response of a source/receiver
array.
13. Compute the probability density function, mean and variance of a given random signal.

SEMESTER – II

Seismology – I (GPC 508) Theory 3 0 0

Learning Objectives: The course presents fundamental concepts of applied earthquake seismology with the
objective to provide the students with a broad overview. The topics are particularly relevant to students that
continue with research within earthquake seismology. However, the concepts and methods taught are also
relevant to the general geophysics student interested in Earth structure and earthquake physics.

Course Goal / Learning Outcome: Students will gain a deeper understanding of approaches such as
forward modelling and inversion from the topics addressed within the earthquake seismology
context. The student can demonstrate how the earthquake mechanism is derived from waveform data.
Students will be able to the earthquakes, which will lead to improve Earth models. The student can discuss
the different aspects of inverse problems in earthquake seismology

Sl. Details of Lectures Lecture

No. Hrs.
1. Introduction to seismology, fracturing of rocks under different stresses, causes of 3
earthquakes, Elastic Rebound Theory for earthquake generation. Classification of
earthquakes. Earthquake, nuclear explosion, rock burst, volcanic earthquake.
2. Wadati-Benioff zone, Intra and inter plate earthquakes, Intra-plate strain-hardening 3
model and inter-plate model for mega-earthquakes along subduction zone.
3. Temporal and geographical distribution of earthquakes, seismicity and seismotectonics 2
of India and the Himalaya.
4. Effects of earthquake and tsunami. Foreshocks, Mainshocks, Aftershocks and 2
Earthquake swarm. Omri’s Law.
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 5. Frequency - magnitude relation for b-value estimation. Significance of b-values. Micro- 2
earthquakes, induced seismicity.
6. Wadati diagram for computation of origin time. Localizing of magnitude scale, various 3
magnitude scales and their limitations, seismic energy, seismic moment, slip, slow slip,
stress drop and dimension of rupturing of rock during earthquakes.
7. MM and MSK intensity scales. Earthquake hazard and risk. Seismic zonation of India 2
8. Body and surface forces. Law of equivalent body force. Single and double couple 2
mechanisms for earthquake generation. Radiation patterns of P- and S-waves.
9. Elastic, inelastic and plastic behavior of materials.
10. Definitions of stress and strain. Generalized Hooke’s law and Lame’s constants for 2
elastic materials. Stoke’s law for ductile materials. Derivation of stress and strain
matrices.
11. P-, S- and surface waves, Momentum equation, Derivation of P- and S-wave equations. 3
The effects of gravity on seismic wave propagations.
13. Propagation of various seismic body and surface waves inside the Earth. 2
14. Dispersion and Attenuation of seismic waves. Determination of phase and group 3
velocities.
15. Ray paths for horizontally and spherically stratified Earth. Travel Time Curves, Delay 4
Time and Triplication, Ray Paths for Low Velocity Zone (LVZ). Velocity structure and
VP/VS study.
16. Principle and construction of seismometers. Damping, amplitude and phase 2
characteristics.
17. Short-period, Long-period and Broad-band seismometers, and their limitations. 1
18. Earthquake prediction: dilatancy theory, short-term, middle-term and long-term 2
prediction. Earthquake Early warning System.
19. Fault plane solutions and their interpretation. Moment tensors for different fault patterns. 2
20. Introduction to free oscillations of the Earth. 1
Total: 40

Text books
1. Shearer, P. 1999. Introduction to Seismology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2. Lowrie, W., 2007. Fundamental of Geophysics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Reference books
1. Stein, S. and Wysession, M. 2003. An Introduction to Seismology, Earthquakes and Earth Structure,
Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
2. Båth, M., 1976. Introduction to Seismology, Birkhäuser Basel.
2. Agustin, U., 2000. Principles of Seismology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3. KIyoo Mogi, 1985. Earthquake Prediction, Academic Press.
4. Kasara, K., 1981. Earthquake mechanics, Cambridge University Press.
5. Bullen, K. E. and Bolt, B. A. 1985. An Introduction to the Theory of Seismology, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
6. Richter, C. F. 1945. Elementary Seismology, W H Freeman, San Francisco, W. H. Freeman & Co.
7. Kulhanek, O. 1970. Anatomy of Seismograms, Seismological section, University of Uppsala, Uppsala,
Sweden.
8. Leon Reiter, 1991. Earthquake Hazard Analysis, Columbia University Press, 254pp.
9. Scholz, C.H., 2019. The mechanics of earthquakes and faulting, Cambridge University Press, 494pp
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13. Gubins D., 1990. Seismology and Plate Tectonics, Cambridge University Press, 348pp.

Seismology – I (GPC 514) Practical 0 0 2/2

1. Visit to geodetic observatory, understanding the seismic instruments and other facilities available in the
observatory.
2. Analysis of seismograms for local, regional and teleseismic earthquake events.
3. Identification of seismic phases on the broadband record of local earthquake events.
4. Identification of seismic phases on the broadband record of regional and teleseismic events.
5. Coda magnitude estimation of local event. Computation of tentative location of earthquake using 3-
components broadband digital record, and plotting on a map
6. Computation of origin time of local earthquake using Wadati diagram.
7. Reconstruction of intensity map on the basis of a field survey data.
8. Richter magnitude calculation using attenuation data of local earthquake. Comparison of estimated
magnitudes of same earthquake using different seismographs.
9. Installation of seisan software and analysis of digital seismogram
10. Computation magnitude and stress drop of local earthquakes using seisan software.
11. Plotting of nodal planes, P- and T-axes on the stereonet using P-wave first motion data.
12. Computation of fault parameter using focal mechanism.
13. Reconstruction of block diagram for earthquake faulting using focal mechanism data.

Geoelectrical Methods (GPC 509) Theory 3 0

0

Learning Objectives: Understanding the physics of the current flow in the earth and its manifestation.
Intricacies of data acquisition, interpretation and modelling for the entire gamut of geoelectrical methods.
Understanding the phenomenon of Induced Polarization (IP) in identifying the electrical chargeability of
subsurface materials

Course Goal / Learning Outcome: The purpose of this course is to familiarise students with the resistivity
and induced polarization methods which is extensively used in hydrogeological, environmental, geotechnical
aspects of civil engineering, engineering geology and in mining engineering problems. The ultimate goal of
the course is to solve geological problems by understanding the concepts of physics using electrical
signature.

Sl. Details of Lectures Lecture

No. Hrs.
1. Electrical Properties of rocks 2
2. Potentials in homogenous media. Equipotential surface generated by single and two 3
electrodes. Effects of inhomogenous ground. Analogy between optical and electrical
images
3. Fundamental relation between potential, apparent resistivity, resistivity transform and layer 3
distribution of a stratified earth (multiplayer).
4. Electrode Configuration, Geometrical constant, definition of apparent resistivity. 3
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5. Application of linear filter theory analogy. Frequency characteristics of Schlumberger 4
filter. Sampling interval, Shanon’s Sampling theorem. Nyquist Rule. Determination of
Sampling Interval.
6. Determination of Schlumberger filters coefficients. Sinc response of the Schlumberger 4
filter. Filter coefficients, length of filter.
7. Recurrence relation, Flathe and Pekris Recurrence relations. Determination of resistivity 3
transform by using Pekris Recurrence Relation.
8. Potential due to a point source in an anisotropic medium. Triangle of anisotropy, Paradox 3
of Anisotropy, Principle of equivalence and suppression
9. Self-Potential Method: Causes of Self-Potential, Interpretation of SP Data 3
10. Introduction, Sources of IP, Membrane polarization, Electrode polarization, Time and 7
Frequency Domain measurements. Chargeability, Frequency effect and metal factor.
Apparent Chargeability over layered earth, Application in Hydrocarbon Exploration
11. Electrical resistivity tomography : Principle and Acquisition, Frechet Derivative for 5
homogenous half-space, 1-D view of the sensitivity function- depth of investigation, 2-D
view of the sensitivity function lateral and vertical resolution of the different arrays
12. Mise-a-la-masse Method 2
Total Classes 42

Text Books
1. Dobrin, M. B., and Savit, C. H., 1988, Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting (Fourth Edition),
Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Telford, W. M., Geldart, L. P., Sheriff, R. E., and Keys, D. A., 1988, Applied Geophysics.

Reference Books
1. Parasnis, D. S., 1997, Principles of Applied Geophysics (Fifth Edition), Chapman and Hall.
2. Bhattacharya, B. K., and Patra, H. P., 1968, Direct Current Electric Sounding (Methods in
Geochemistry and Geophysics) Elsevier Publishing Co.

Geoelectrical Methods (GPC 513) Practical 0 0

2

1. Acquisition of Vertical Electrical Sounding data

2. Acquisition of Electrical Resistivity Tomography Data
3. Generation of Vertical Electrical Sounding data using filter theory.
4. Interpretation of Vertical Electrical Sounding data using partial curve matching technique
5. Interpretation of Vertical Electrical Sounding data for resolution, sensitivity and uncertainty
6. Interpretation of Dipole Dipole data using pseudo section
7. Interpretation of SP data
8. 8.Computation of Frechet Derivative for different arrays and its utility in field planning
9. 9.Generation of triangle of anisotropy for the given data set
10. Generation of second derivative of apparent resistivity curves for tackling equivalence problem.

Well Logging (GPC 510) Theory 300

page 17 of 49
Learning Objectives: Knowledge on Well Logging Tool. Knowledge on borehole Corrections. Knowledge
on Perforation and Cased-hole tools

Course Goal / Learning Outcome: The primary objective of the course is to introduce Well logging
Techniques for Hydrocarbon and groundwater exploration.

Unit Details of Lectures Lecture Outcome

No. Hrs.
1. Introduction to well logging and borehole environment. 2 History of logging
and Use of drilling
fluid
2. Rock composition, Resistivity and water saturation Profile with 1 Property variation
lateral distance for Oil wet and Water wet rock with later distance
in wells
3. Definition of porosity and permeability, Darcy’s law, absolute 1 To know the
permeability, effective and relative permeability, effective porosity. Darcy’s law
Relationship between porosity and permeability.
4. Formation Factor, Resistivity Index and Water saturation, Archie’s 1 To know about
Law Archie’s law
5. Principles of Spontaneous Potential (SP) tool and borehole 3 SP Log response
environmental correction
6. Resistivity Tools (Normal, Lateral, Laterolog, Dual Latero log and 5 Resistivity tools and
Dual Induction log) and borehole environmental correction. response
7. Sources of Natural Gamma ray and Natural Gamma Ray 4 GR tools and
Spectrometry tool, Compensated Neutron Logging (CNL) Tool. response
8. Formation Density Compensated Tool, Borehole Compensated 5 Density tool and
Sonic/Acoustic Tool, CBL/VDL tool response
9. Dipmeter Logging Tool 1 Principle of
Dipmeter tool
10. Temperature, Caliper, Repeat Formation Tester (RFT), Side Wall 4 Principle of
Coring, Four-Arm Dip meter logs. Temperature,
caliper, RFT, coring
tools
11. Thermal Decay Time (TDT) Tool 5 Principles of TDT
Logging while Drilling (LWD)/ Measurement while Drilling (MWD) and LWD/MWD
tools
12. Continuous Flow meter Tools 2 Concept of
continuous
flowmeter tools
13. Fluid Density and Temperature measurement Tool in producing well 3 Log response of
Fluid density and
Temperature
measurement tools
in producing well
14. Perforation Devices, Depth control and Safety aspects in wells 2 Use of perforation
in wells
Total Classes 39
page 18 of 49
Text Books
1. Bateman, R, M., Open Hole Log Analysis and Formation Evaluation.
2. Bateman, R, M., Cased Hole Log Analysis and Reservoir Performance Monitoring.

Reference Books
1. Brock, J., Open Hole Log Analysis
2. Ellis, D. V., Well Logging for Earth Scientists
3. Helander, D. P., Fundamentals of Formation Evaluation.
4. Serra, O., Fundamentals of Well Log Interpretation
5. Vaish, J. P., Geophysical Well Logging: Principles and Practices

Well Logging (GPC 515) Practical 0 0

2/2

1. Use of Shale Base Line in Spontaneous Potential (SP) log and Estimation of SP in porous and
Permeable layers
2. Estimation of Formation Water Resistivity
3. Correction of Dual Latero Log Responses with Tornado Chart and estimation of True Resistivity(Rt)
of
4. Correction of Dual Induction Log Responses with Butterfly Chart and estimation of Rt
5. Bed Thickness and Adjacent bed correction to Resistivity and SP log
6. To find out lithology from Natural Gamma Ray, Resistivity neutron, density and sonic logs

Seismic Exploration – I (GPC 511) Theory 3 0

0

Learning Objectives: Knowledge on seismic wave theory. Knowledge on 2D seismic data acquisition
technique. Knowledge on 3D seismic data acquisition technique. Knowledge on various shooting technique
and challenges for marine seismic data acquisition technique. Knowledge on shear data acquisition
technique. Laboratory and on field practical classes will provide knowledge on seismic data acquisition
technique in various geological condition with different geometry and shooting condition.

Course Goal / Learning Outcome: The primary objective of the course is to introduce fundamental and
advanced aspects of seismic data acquisition technique which is vital part for applied geophysics study of
any kind sub-surface geological study. The underlying physics and mathematics of the various seismic
analysis methods are presented through theory and practical classes, giving students an appreciation of their
limitations and potential for creating models of the subsurface.

Sl. Description of Lectures Lecture

No. Hrs.
1. Fundamentals to seismic wave theory: Seismic attenuation, reflection and transmission 5
coefficients, Knott and Zoeppritz equations. Geometry of reflection ray path and time
distance relationship, seismic noise and their cause. Travel time relation for direct,

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 reflected and head waves over multi layered earth. Travel time relation for direct,
reflected and head waves over multi layered earth. Seismic attenuation, reflection and
transmission coefficients, Knott and Zoeppritz equations. Geometry of reflection ray
path and time distance relationship, seismic noise and their cause.
2. Instrumentation study for seismic data acquisition: Land and marine energy sources, 5
electromagnetic pulse and Accelerated Weight Drop. Basic theory and working principle
of seismic transducers. Concept of seismic channel. Seismic recording instruments. Non
distributed and distributed systems. Seismic telemetry system. Land and marine energy
sources, electromagnetic pulse and Accelerated Weight Drop. Basic theory and working
principle of seismic transducers. Concept of seismic channel. Seismic recording
instruments. Non distributed and distributed systems. Telemetry system.
3. Shooting technique: Various refraction shooting techniques: such as profiling and 5
reverse. Up-hole Survey, Various refraction/transmission shooting techniques: reduction
of refraction data.
4. Methodology for 2D reflection survey design: Different kinds of spread geometries, end 8
on, slit spread, crooked lined profiling, linear and tapered geophone arrays, effect of
arrays on the seismic response, optimization of spread geometry, offset matching, source
arrays. Common depth point shooting and its advantages. Different kinds of spread
geometries, end on, slit spread, crooked lined profiling, linear and tapered geophone
arrays, effect of arrays on the seismic response, optimization of spread geometry, offset
matching, source arrays. Common depth point shooting and its advantages.
5. Methodology for 3D reflection survey design: Different 3D geometries, Fresnel Zone, 8
swath, Offset, Frequency, Fold, Bin, Migration Aperture, SLI, RLI, Template, Group
Interval, Channel, 3D survey design shootings- in line, slant and orthogonal, Spread
Type & Arrays, Vertical and Horizontal resolution, Acquisition Filters, Optimization of
source and receiver lines, optimization of different offsets. 3D survey designing:
Different 3D geometries, swath, MESA, GEOLAND, GX-III, 3D survey design
shootings- in line, slant and orthogonal, optimization of source and receiver lines in a
swath, optimization of different offsets.
6. Marine seismic data acquisition technique and Navigation system: Offshore survey: 6
Single, streamer and multiple streamer surveys, feathering, Q-Marine, OBS & OBN
surveys.
Various navigation and positioning systems used for reflection survey, Shallow Hazard
Seismic Data acquisition Technique and Acquisition Footprints. Single, streamer and
multiple streamer surveys, feathering, Q-Marine, OBS surveys. Various navigation and
positioning systems used for reflection survey.
7. Shear data acquisition: Introduction to shear data acquisition technique. Introduction to 2
shear data acquisition technique
Total Classes 39
Text Books
1. Dobrin, M. B., and Savit, C. H., 1988, Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting (Fourth Edition), Tata
McGraw Hill.
2. Telford, W. M., Geldart, L. P., Sheriff, R. E., and Keys, D. A., 1988, Applied Geophysics.

Reference Books
1. Parasnis, D. S., 1997, Principles of Applied Geophysics (Fifth Edition), Chapman and Hall.
2. Grifith, and King, Applied Geophysics for Engineers and Geologists.
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3. Kearey, P., Brooks, M., and Hill, I., 2002, Introduction to Geophysical Exploration: BlackWell Scientific
Publications.
4. Parasnis, D. S., 1997, Principles of Applied Geophysics (Fifth Edition), Chapman and Hall.
5. Field records and on field setup literature (SEG/EAGE publication)
6. Evans, B., Field Geophysics: SEG Publications
7. Grifith, and King, Applied Geophysics for Engineers and Geologists.
8. Kearey, P., Brooks, M., and Hill, I., 2002, Introduction to Geophysical Exploration: BlackWell Scientific
Publications.

Seismic Exploration – I (GPC 512) Practical 0 0

2

1. Plotting of time distance curve for reflection, refraction and diffraction data.Plotting of time distance
curve for reflection and diffraction data.
2. Calculation of statics (elevation and weathering correction) on the basis of given models.Calculation of
statics (elevation and weathering correction) on the basis of given models.
3. Acquisition and processing of refraction data using signal enhancement seismographs: Part -
IAcquisition and processing of refraction data using signal enhancement seismographs.
4. Acquisition and processing of refraction data using signal enhancement seismographs: Part -
IIAcquisition of CDP reflection data using signal enhancement seismograph.
5. Acquisition of CDP reflection data using signal enhancement seismograph and Construction of CDP
stacking chart.Acquisition of reflection / refraction data using accelerated weight drop seismic energy
source.
6. Acquisition of reflection / refraction data using accelerated weight drop seismic energy source.Study of
field reflection seismic records acquired for various spread configurations.
7. Study of field reflection seismic records acquired for various spread configurations: Part - IStudy of the
noise tests records and design of linear uniform array based on the field noise records.
8. Study of field reflection seismic records acquired for various spread configurations: Part - IIGeneration
of response curves for various source receiver arrays.
9. Study of the noise tests records.Construction of CDP stacking chart.
10. Design of linear uniform array based on the field noise records.Study of zero-offset VSP records and
identification of down going, up going and multiples events.
11. Generation of response curves for various source receiver arrays.
12. Design of Linear uniform array based on the field noise record.
13. Study of zero-offset VSP records and identification of down going, up going and multiples events.

Economic Geology and Indian Mineral Deposits Theory 3 0

0
(GLC 208)

page 21 of 49
Learning Objectives: Basic concepts of the processes of the formation of the ore deposits. Mode of
occurrences of the different types of ore deposits in India and in various parts of the world. Spatio-temporal
distribution of the different kinds of mineral deposits in India

Course Goal/Learning Outcome: The primary objective of the course is to introduce fundamental aspects
of origin, mode of occurrences and the distribution of ore deposits to the students.

Sl. Details of Lectures Lecture

No. Hrs.
1. Introduction & Terminology: Syngenetic /epigenetic, stratiform /stratabound ores, 3
Hypogene and supergene ores, ore and gangue minerals, grade and tenor
2. Classification of ore deposits & Processes of Ore mineralisation: Ores formed by 7
Sedimentary process. BIF, stratabound, stratiform types, polymetallic nodules. Residual
and mechanical concentration and supergene processes
3. Ores of igneous affiliations: Magmatic associations with special types like ultramafic- 6
mafic and felsic suites. Different categories of magmatic ore deposits.
4. Ores formed by metamorphism. Metamorphism of ores and associated rocks. Skarn type 5
mineralisation. Hydrothermal ore deposits. Vein type deposits; Lode gold and
hydrothermal base metal deposits.
5. Mode of occurrence and controls of ore deposition 5
6. Temporal pattern and distribution of types of ores through geologic time. 4
7. Distribution and brief geological aspects of important Indian metallic and non-metallic 9
deposits.
Total Classes 39

Text Books
1. Economic mineral deposits, (by Jansen ML & Bateman AM; Eds: John Willey and Sons (1982)
2. An introduction to Economic Geology and its environment (by Anthony M. Evans; Eds: Blackwell
Science, 1997)

Reference Books
1. Mineral resources of India (by D.K. Banerjee, 1998; Word Press Ltd, 2nd Eds).
2. Handbook of mineral exploration and ore petrology: Techniques and Applications. (by R.Dhanraju,
Publisher : Geological Society of India, Bangalore 2009)

SEMESTER – III

page 22 of 49
Geophysical Inversion (GPC 516) Theory 3 0 0

Learning Objectives: Knowledge on inverse theory. Knowledge on local and global optimization technique.
Knowledge on Bayesian trans-dimensional inversion.

Course Goal / Learning Outcome: The primary objective of the course is to introduce fundamental and
advanced aspects of geophysical inversion for geo-physical exploration.

Sl. Details of Lectures Lecture

No Hrs.
1. Foundation of Inverse theory: Vector space, Hilbert space; norm and dimension; 7
common matrices in inverse problems, rank of a matrix, Matrix partitioning; eigen
values and eigen vectors, inverse of a matrix- Moore-Penrose inverse, singular value
decomposition. Foundation of Inverse Theory: vector algebra, Vector space, Hilbert
space; norm and dimension; common matrices in inverse problems, Matrix algebra, rank
of a matrix.
Matrix partitioning techniques; eigen values and eigen vectors, inverse of a matrix,
Moore-Penrose inverse, singular value decomposition. Empirical orthogonal function
2. Forward and inverse problems in geophysics: definition of model, relation between 7
model and data space, examples of forward and inverse problems; inversion as an
appraisal problem. Classification of inverse problems: linear, quasi linear and nonlinear
inverse problems, examples, Structure of an inverse problem: existence, approximation,
uniqueness and stability; formulation of an inverse problem as minimization of a
functional. Inverse problem and Structure: Definition of model, relation between model
space and data space, examples of forward and inverse problems; Discussion on
inversion as an appraisal problem. Classification of inverse problems: linear, quasi linear
and non-linear inverse problems and, examples. Structure of an inverse problem:
Eexistence, approximation, uniqueness and stability; formulation of an inverse problem
as minimization of a functional. Joint Inversion. Defining objective function for joint
inversion.
3. Least squares inversion: steepest descent, conjugate gradients, Gauss Newton, 7
Levenberg-Marquardt approaches, Least Squares Inversion: steepest descent, stochastic
gradient descent, conjugate gradients, scaled conjugate gradient, Gauss Newton,
Levenberg-Marquardt approaches.
4. Model and data covariance-understanding uncertainty and resolution. Tikhonov 4
regularization and Backus-Gilbert method. Constrained inversion: role of a priori
information, Occam‘s principle. Model and Data: Variance and Covariance-
Uunderstanding of uncertainty and resolution. Tikhonov regularization. Backus-Gilbert
method for continuous inversion. Constrained inversion: Rrole of a priori information,
Tikhonov regularization, Occam‘s principle, Occam’s inversion.
5. Stochastic inversion: Bayesian approach, a priori and a posteriori probabilities. 7
Nonlinear inversions and global opt imization-an overview; Monte Carlo, simulated
annealing, genetic algorithm, tabu search, Neural networks and hybrid methods,
comments on speed and accuracy. Stochastic Inversion: Probabilistic inference, Bayesian
approach, a priori and a posteriori probabilities.
Nonlinear inversions and global optimization-a: an overview; Monte Carlo, Reversible
Jump Markov-Chain Monte Carlo, simulated annealing, genetic algorithm, Trans-
page 23 of 49
 dimensional inversion in geophysics. tabu search. Neural networks, Bayesian neural
networks, particle swarm optimization and hybrid methods, comments on speed and
accuracy. Introduction to Trans-dimensional inversion in geophysics.
6. Examples of inverting geophysical data over 1D and 2D structures: gravity and magnetic 7
anomalies, resistivity, IP and MT data, Examples of travel time and velocity inversion,
full waveform inversion, cross-hole tomography. Application: Examples of inverting
geophysical data over 1D and 2D structures: gravity and magnetic anomalies, resistivity,
IP and MT data. Examples of travel time and velocity inversion, full waveform
inversion, cross-hole tomography.
Total 39

Text Books
1. Menke, W., 1989, Geophysical data analysis: Discrete inverse theory, Academic Press, International
Geophysical series, Vol. 45, 3rd Edition. MATLAB Edition
2. Sen, M.K., 2013, Global Optimization Methods in Geophysical Inversion. Second Edition.

Reference Books
1. Gubbins, D. 2004, Time series analysis and Inverse theory for Geophysicists, Cambridge Univ. Press,
2. Scales, J. A., Smith M. L. and Trietel, S., 2001, Introductory Geophysical Inverse Theory, Samizdat
Press, Golden Colarado, USA,
3. Tarantola, A, 1987, Inverse Problem Theory, Elsevier Publishers, New York.

Geophysical Inversion (GPC 518) Practical 0 0 2

1. Formulate 1D/ resistivity/IP forward problem and computate of the sensitivity matrix.
2. Calculate damping factors for damped least-squares inversion.
3. Estimate delay time parameters in exploration seismology.
4. Compute the sensitivity matrix of amplitude variation with offset (AVO) for isotropic / anisotropic
reflector.
5. Develop steepest descent (SD) and Gauss Newton (GN) method to invert 1D resistivity/MT data. Apply
SVD for VES data inversion.
6. Use conjugate gradient (CG)/Lavenberg-Marquardt (LM) to invert noisy geophysical data.
7. Compute data resolution and model resolution matrix and understand their importance.
8. Use singular value decomposition to invert a near singular matrix-solving Christofel equation for
homogeneous isotropic medium.
9. Develop an algorithm for particle swarm optimization (PSO) simulated annealing (SA)/Very Fast SA
(VFSA).
10. Develop Markov-Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm to invert multi-parameter data.
11. Develop Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Neural Network (NN) and Bayesian neural network algorithm
(BNN).
12. Evaluate the performances of local search and global search algorithm.
13. Develop hybrid algorithms for inversion of non-linear geophysical problems.

Geoelectromagnetic Methods (GPC 517) Theory 3 0

0
page 24 of 49
Learning Objectives: Understanding the physics of the electromagnetic waves in the earth and its
manifestation. Intricacies of data acquisition, interpretation and modelling for the entire gamut of geo-
electromagnetic methods. Understanding the concept of static shift

Course Goal / Learning Outcome: The purpose of this course is to familiarise students with the
geoelectromagnetics methods which covers Electromagnetic, magnetotelluirc and Ground Penetrating Radar
Methods. These methods are used hydrogeological, environmental, mineral exploration and hydrocarbon
exploration. The ultimate goal of the course is to utilize the concepts of electromagnetism and Maxwell’s
equation in understanding the Mother Earth.

Sl. Details of Lectures Lecture

No Hrs.
Electromagnetic Method 17
1. Principle of electromagnetic induction 01
2. Magnetic field due to a current carrying loop, Elliptical polarization, plane of 03
polarization, dip and tilt angles
3. Response of a single closed conducting circuit by using a fixed horizontal transmitter- 03
receiver system. Analysis of response functions with frequency and different ranges of
conductivities, amplitude and phase relations, vector diagrams and their significance.
4. Maxwell’s equations, propagation of electrical and magnetic field as a dissipative 03
wave, diffusion equation, propagation constant, Hertz vector, Lorentz condition,
boundary conditions
5. Electromagnetic scale modelling 02
6. Response of a thin conducting sheet in half-space, phasor diagrams, effect of a 03
conducting host medium to the response of a thin conducting vein embedded in a
conducting host, concept of current channelling
7. Basic principles of transient electromagnetic methods, Advantages of TDEM over 02
FDEM, Concept of Smoke Ring
Magnetotelluric Method 18
8. Sources of MT signal, interaction with the earth-uniform earth, horizontal layers, 2
anisotropy, inhomogeneity, impedance tensor and tipper, topographic and regional
effects, static shift.
9. Theory of electromagnetic wave propagation in horizontally layered earth and 2
response over multi layered earth
10. Data processing and analysis: auto and cross spectra, solution to the impedance and 6
tipper equations, local and remote references, errors and noise. Robust and hybrid
processing.
11. Interpretation: 1-D and 2-D interpretation of MT data, strike, rotation swift strike, 4
polar diagram, tipper, skew, ellipticity, TE and TM modes
12. Impedance Distortion: Groom Bailey Decomposition , Phase Tensor Analysis 4
GPR Method 6
14. Basic of GPR, antennas, pulse width and central frequency, time windows and 3
samples; propagation of electromagnetic waves in group- Q and loss tangent,
reflection and transmission coefficients.
15. Field procedure and interpretation: monostatic and bistatic arrangements, profiling and 3
stacking, reflection and diffraction, distance determination, migration; depth of
page 25 of 49
 penetration and resolution.
Total Classes 41

Text Books
1. Dobrin, M. B., and Savit, C. H., 1988, Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting (Fourth Edition), Tata
McGraw Hill.
2. Nabighian, M. N., 1988, Electromagnetic Methods in Geophysics, Volume 1, SEG Publication.

Reference Books
1. Nabighian, M. N., 1991, Electromagnetic Methods in Geophysics, Volume 2, Parts A and B, SEG,
Publication.
2. Parasnis, D. S., 1997, Principles of Applied Geophysics (Fifth Edition), Chapman and Hall.
3. Simpson, F., and Bahr, K., 2005, Practical Magnetotellurics: Cambridge University Press.
4. Telford, W. M., Geldart, L. P., Sheriff, R. E., and Keys, D. A., 1988, Applied Geophysics.
5. Vozoff, K., 1996, The Magnetotelluric Method; in Nabighian, M. N., Ed., Electromagnetic Method in
Applied Geophysics: 2, Soc. of Explor. Geophys., 641-711.

Geoelectromagnetic Methods (GPC 519) Practical 0 0 2

1. Acquisition of audio magnetotelluric data.
2. Robust Processing of magnetotelluric data.
3. Hybrid Processing of magnetotelluric data sets.
4. Interpretation of the provided 2D model(s)
5. Comment on the resolution capabilities of Transverse Electric and Transverse Magnetic mode data for
the provided data set.
6. Comment on the dimensionality and directionality of the data set using Phase Tensor Analysis.
7. Interpretation of dip angle profile data.
8. Acquisition of GPR data.
9. Interpretation of radarogram.
10. Comment on the complexity of the structure by analysing the rose diagram

SEMESTER - IV

Seismology - II (GPC 520) Theory 30

0

Learning Objectives: This subject will introduce a simulation of time-dependent processes in Earth science,
physics, engineering, and many other fields. Comparative analysis of numerical methods. Clear presentation
with code examples. Many exercises from simple to difficult. Ready-to-use computational tools. Many
application examples.

Course Goal / Learning Outcome: Any student of modern seismology would be master of its fundamental
knowledge, and deepening his understanding with a coherent balance of theory, concepts and applications.
page 26 of 49
 SI. Lecture
Details of Lectures
No. Hrs.
Introduction: Overview of the course, body waves, surface waves, normal modes,
1. 03
Kinematics and dynamics of earthquakes, Attenuation and scattering.
Methods to calculate theoretical seismograms: The Finite-Difference Method, Finite-
Element Method, Spectral-Element Method and the Spectral-Element Method,
2. 06
Accoustic and Elastic Wave Propagation in 1D homogeneous media, Concept of
Parallel Computing.
Seismic tomography: Introduction to ray theory, Eikonal equation, ray theory in
3. spherical media, Travel-time inversions, imaging of anisotropy and attenuation, Local 06
earthquake tomography, global tomography.
Receiver function modeling and inversion: Definition of receiver functions and its
importance in seismology, Concept of P-and S-wave converted phases, Computation
4. 07
of Ps and Sp receiver functions (rotation and deconvolution), Modeling and inversion
of receiver functions, CCP stacking and H-ĸ stacking.
Surface Wave dispersion, phase and group velocities: Rayleigh waves in half space,
Love waves in an elastic layer over a half space, Surface waves in layered and
5. spherical media, Stoneley waves, Phase and group velocities, Dispersion curves, 06
Determination of phase and group velocity dispersion curves, modeling and inversion
of dispersion curves, Brief overview of ambient noise processing.
Moment tensor inversion and its interpretation: Introduction (nomenclature and
terms), Elementary physical sources (isotropic, dislocation sources), decomposition
6. into elementary sources (strike slip, dip slip and CLVD), moment tensor 05
representations: basic relations, moment tensor inversions (Pre-processing, calculation
of greens function for specific model).
Seismic Hazard Assessments: Introduction to Seismic Zonation, Deterministic and
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessments, Deterministic Vs Probabilistic
7. 06
Approaches, Liquefaction susceptibility assessment, Various Case studies and
histories of Seismic Microzonation in India
Total 39

Text Books
1. Igel H., 2016. Computational Seismology-A Practical Introduction: Oxford University Press.
2. Aki, K., P. G. Richards, 2002. Quantitative Seismology, 2nd edition, University Science Books,
Sausalito, California.

Reference books
1. Shearer, P., 1999. Introduction to Seismology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2. Lowrie, W., 2007. Fundamental of Geophysics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3. Agustin, U., 2000. Principles of Seismology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4. Scholz, C.H., 2019. The mechanics of earthquakes and faulting, Cambridge University Press, 494pp
5. Gubins D., 1990. Seismology and Plate Tectonics, Cambridge University Press, 348pp.

Seismology – II (GPC 523) Practical 0 0 3

page 27 of 49
1. Introduction to Unix/Linux and associated various commands/tools on its terminal. (Part 1)
2. Introduction to Unix/Linux and associated various commands/tools on its terminal. (Part 2)
3. Learning various command lines in Seismic Analysis Code (SAC). (Zhigang Peng Webpage)
4. Rotation of seismograms from ZNE to ZRT and LQT components using SAC and MatLab. (Zhigang
Peng Webpage)
5. Computation of synthetic seismogram using normal modes of string in Fortran. (Stein and Wysession).
6. Generation of synthetic seismogram using Reflectivity method via Bob Herrmann Codes.
7. Computation of Ps and Sp receiver functions and understanding their various characteristics for
interpreting subsurface features.
8. Determination of group and phase velocity dispersion curves for surface waves.
9. Moment tensor inversions for regional earthquakes.
10. Effect of Moho gradient on receiver functions and dispersion curves.
11. Calculations involved in Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) and Deterministic Seismic
Hazard Analysis.

Magnetic Method (GPC 521) Theory 3

00

Learning Objectives: Students are exposed to potential field theory, basic survey practices of data
acquisition, advanced processing and interpretation methods of magnetic data used in today’s oil and mineral
exploration.

Course Goal / Learning Outcome: To emphasize the importance of magnetics in geophysical exploration.

Sl. Details of Lectures Lecture

No. Hrs.
1. Magnetic field of earth and its variation in time and space: Concept of magnetic potential 5
field; Factors contributing the earth’s magnetic field; Element of geomagnetic field.
Earth’s main magnetic field, and its variation in time and space.
2. Magnetic properties of rocks and minerals such as rocks such as Paramagnetic, 6
diamagnetic and Ferro magnetism, Natural Remnant magnetization. Magnetic
petrophysics and magnetic petrology: Induced and Remanent Magnetization; types of
remanent magnetisation; Mineral Magnetism; Magnetization of rocks and soils;
Magnetic susceptibility, factors controlling susceptibility, Laboratory and in-situ
methods of determining susceptibility.
3. Brief introduction to the working principle of modern magnetometers: Fluxgate, proton 12
precession and Alkali vapour magnetometers. Principle of magnetic prospecting,
Instruments: Nuclear, fluxgate and optical pumping magnetometers, gradient
measurements;
Magnetic survey procedures, scales and accuracy on Land, Ship-borne and air-borne
data. Magnetic data corrections/reduction; Measurement of earth’s magnetic field and its
gradient from air and sea. Instrument mounting and stability platforms. Plan of magnetic
surveys in regional geological mapping and different exploration programs, Magnetic
data reduction: diurnal and IGRF corrections; Airborne magnetometry: orientation
mechanisms, survey techniques, data acquisition and reduction, Advantages and
disadvantages; Brief principles of ship-borne and satellite magnetometry.
page 28 of 49
 4. Qualitative analysis of magnetic anomalies; Regional-Residual separation; vertical 9
and horizontal derivatives of magnetic anomalies and its utilities; upward and downward
continuations techniques for magnetic anomalies; Reduction to pole, Reduction to
equator; Interpretation of land, shipborne and airborne magnetic maps; Quantitative
analysis of magnetic anomalies over some geological structures dykes and faults;
Qualitative interpretation of magnetic data: nature of anomalies, identification of
different structural features; Dependence of magnetic anomalies on latitude and
orientation; Isolation and enhancement of anomalies using graphical, trend surface
analysis, digital filtering, reduction to pole filter, derivative and continuation filters;
Ambiguity in magnetic model and magnetic data interpretations, conditions for unique
magnetic data interpretation. Ambiguity in magnetic interpretation, generalized approach
of interpretation.
5. Magnetic anomalies expressions over single pole, dipole, line pole, spheres, cylinders, 4
faults and dykes, graticules and anomalies of irregular bodies; relation between gravity
and magnetic potentials, magnetic anomalies in time and frequency domain; Werner,
Euler deconvolutions and analytical signal, Source parameter 2D and 3D Imaging;
Structure calculation and Spectral analysis for depth estimation; utility of aeromagnetic
maps in mineral and hydrocarbon exploration and regional-residual studies. Depth
determination methods: Peter’s half slope, Werner and Euler deconvolution, and
statistical spectral technique; Forward and Inverse modelling of magnetic anomalies and
Concepts of 2D/2.5D and 3D models; Joint inversion of Gravity and Magnetic data.
Application of magnetic method in (i) Regional Geological and Structural problems (ii)
Mineral and Hydrocarbon Exploration (iii) Groundwater and geotechnical problems, (iv)
locating Coal fire zones, case histories.
Total Classes 39

Text Books
1. Telford, W. M., Geldart, L. P and Sheriff, R.E., Applied Geophysics, 1990.
2. Rao, B. S. R and Murthy, I. V. R., Gravity and Magnetic Methods of Prospecting, 1978.

Reference Books
1. Blakely, R., Potential theory in gravity and magnetic applications, 1996.
2. Campbell, W.H., Introduction to Geomagnetic Fields. Cambridge University Press, 1997.
3. Hinze, W. J., Ralph, R. B. V and Saad, A.H. Gravity and Magnetic Exploration: Principles, Practices, and
Applications, 2013.
4. Nettleton, L. L., Gravity and Magnetics in Oil prospecting, 1976.

Magnetic Method (GPC 522) Practical 002

1. Computations of average susceptibility of surface rocks from magnetic data.

2. Handling of Magnetometer and Gradiometer, Field planning and acquisition of Land Magnetic data.
3. Reduction of Magnetic data and preparation of anomaly map
4. Preparation of a residual anomaly maps by (a) Graphical and (b) Grid methods
5. Upward and downward continuation of Aeromagnetic magnetic data
6. Computation of Second vertical derivative of Aeromagnetic magnetic data
page 29 of 49
7. Construction of Magnetic profiles for simple geometrical models such as sphere, Cylinder and fault
8. Interpretation of magnetic anomaly profile across a dyke using Koloumzine method
9. Computation of basement depth from magnetic data using Peters half slope method

DEPARTMENT ELECTIVE

Geothermics and Geodynamics (GPD 501) Theory 3 0

0

Learning Objectives: Students will learn about the rock cycle and the water cycle, and their relationship to
the flow of solar and geothermal energy. The Earth Processes: Matter Cycling and Energy Flowing. Students
will learn the mutual interaction between mantle and core, crustal-mantle interaction vis-à-vis geodynamics.
Geodynamics is the area of science that strives to understand the internal forces of the Earth and their effects
on the crust or surface. It is a multi-disciplinary area that makes use of elements from physics, chemistry,
mathematics, and more recently computer science, to generate that understanding.

Course Goal / Learning Outcome: Understand what the geothermal gradient is. Understand that the
lithosphere and asthenosphere are made from solid rock – the lithosphere is rigid and brittle but the
asthenosphere can flow plastically. Be able to use the geotherm to describe why in a normal crust-mantle
situation magma is not generated. Understand the quantitative aspects of plate tectonics. Understand the
geomagnetic field and the principles of palaeomagnetism as they apply to plate tectonics. Practical
experience of the application of elastic plate bending theory and heat conduction equations. Understand the
constraints on features around the core-mantle boundary.

Sl. Description of Lectures Lecture

No. Hrs.
1. Evolution of the earth as a member of the solar system; distribution of major chemical 2
elements in the inner and outer planets of the solar system, Urey’s hypothesis for
evolution of Moon.
2. Definition of heat flow, its units and dimensions. Major sources of heat inside the Earth, 5
role of radioactive heating, radioactive heat production, distribution of long-lived
radioactive elements in crustal rocks. Various heat transport processes inside the earth.
Derivations of heat conduction and advection equations.
3. Thermal history of the Earth. Earth’s solidification from molten magma, sinking of iron 7
and formation of proto-core; adiabatic self-compression. Geothermal gradient,
derivation of adiabatic and melting point temperature gradients inside the earth.
Stacey’s model for variation of temperature and melting point with depth inside the
earth. Various thermal boundaries inside the earth.
4. Thermal structure of the oceanic lithosphere. Heat flow at subduction zones. Terrestrial 2
heat flow for geologic processes. Pattern of continental and oceanic heat flows.
Measurement of continental and suboceanic heat flow. Heat flow values for continental
shields and orogenic areas.

page 30 of 49
 5. Cooling of oceanic lithosphere, Thickness of oceanic lithosphere, Empirical 4
relationships between heat flow, bathymetry and lithospheric thickness with age for
oceanic areas. Mantle convection, mantle plume. Importance of Reynolds number,
Nusselt number, Peclet number, and Prandtl number for convection process
6. Heat-flow province. Geothermal provinces in India and their characteristics. 3
7. Geotherms for hydrocarbon generation, Geothermal case studies for hydrocarbon 2
bearing basins.
8. Composition and structure of upper and lower continental crust, layering in oceanic 1
crust.
9. Isostasy, schemes of isostasy, reduction procedures, isostatic anomalies, study of 4
isostatic compensation (both local and regional). Isostatic rebounds and associated
vertical tectonics. Crustal structures for mountains, plateau, basins in India, Gravity and
DSS studies for the Himalayas
10. Sea floor spreading and continental drift. Various evidences in support of the 5
continental drift and sea floor spreading. Oceanic magnetic anomalies and their
interpretations, magneto stratigraphic time scale, APWP for different continents.
11. Plate tectonics, plate margins and processes at plate margins, triple junction and its 2
importance for new plate evolution.
12. Characteristic movement of Indian plate and formation of the Himalayas. 2
Total Classes 39

Text Books
1. C.M.R. Fowler, 2004. The Solid Earth: An introduction to Global Geophysics, Cambridge University
Press, 728 pp.
2. D. Turcotte, G. Schubert, Geodynamics, 2014. Cambridge University Press, 636pp.

Reference Books
1. Bott, M. H. P., The Interior of the earth, Hodder & Stoughton Educational.
2. J. P. Muffler. Wiley, Chichester, 1981. Geothermal Systems: Principles and Case Histories. 359pp.
3. GSI, Geothermal Atlas of India
4. Xavier Le Pichon Jean Francheteau Jean Bonnin, 1973. Plate Tectonics, Elsevier, 314pp.
5. O. Kappelmeyer; Ralph Haenel, 1974. Geothermics with Special Reference to Applications,
Geoexploration Monographs, Number 4, 238pp.

Groundwater Geophysics (GPD 502) Theory 3 0

0

Learning Objectives: Knowledge on groundwater systems. Knowledge on geophysical technology for

groundwater management. Knowledge on sustainable techniques for groundwater protection.

Course Goal / Learning Outcome: The primary objective of the course is to introduce fundamental and
advanced aspects of geophysical technology for exploration of groundwater management.

Sl. Details of Lectures Lecture

No. Hrs.
page 31 of 49
 1. Introduction to Groundwater: Groundwater: Problems and definition. Definition of 7
groundwater table. Definition of aquifers, classifications of aquifers; confined and un-
confined, perched, aquiclude, aquitard, aquifuge etc. Darcy laws. Groundwater flow in
unconfined aquifer: Theory and mathematical formulation.
2. Hydraulic Properties: Hydraulic properties of soils, porosity, permeability, 7
transmissibility, hydraulic conductivities, empirical relations among hydraulic
parameters. Geophysical methods for groundwater exploration.
3. Estimation of Hydraulic Properties: Dar Zarrouk parameter estimation, anisotropy. 7
Pumping test method. Geophysical and hydro-geochemical methods for aquifer
parameter estimations. Fracture characterization in various hydro-geological settings of
India. Multi-scale modelling approach for fracture characterization of heterogeneous
medium. Interpretation of hydro-geological sections.
4. Hydro-geological Cycles and Sustainability: Hydro-geological cycles, linkage to other 4
geo-cycles, their importance to groundwater exploration and sustainability.
5. Geophysical Methods for Groundwater Management: Application of geo-physical 7
methods (DC resistivity/Electromagnetic (EM), Well logging etc) and remote sensing
(RS) and geographical information systems (GIS) for groundwater management.
6. Groundwater Quality Assessment: Geophysical and hydro-geochemical methods for 7
groundwater pollution assessment. Assessment of Groundwater Quality. Various
standardization and index for groundwater quality: Bureau of Indian Standards. World
Health Organisation etc. Modelling of groundwater quality index, quantification of role
of each geophysical/hydro-geochemical parameter for groundwater quality assessment.
Arsenic pollution and Arsenic pollution source modelling; rock-water interaction process
for groundwater quality assessment.
Total 39

Text Books
1. Schwartz, W.F., Zhang, H., 2004. Fundamentals of Groundwater, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 583
2. Telford, W.M., Geldart, L.P., Sheriff, R.E., 2004. Applied Geophysics, 2nd Edition, Cambridge
University Press

Reference Books
1. Kirsch, R., 2006. Groundwater Geophysics- A Tool for Hydrogeology,Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg, pp. 500
2. Parasnis, D.S., 1997. Principles of Applied Geophysics. Fifth edition, Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary
Row, London SE1 8 HN, UK
3. Schwartz, W.F., Zhang, H., 2004. Fundamentals of Groundwater, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 583
4. Telford, W.M., Geldart, L.P., Sheriff, R.E., 2004. Applied Geophysics, 2nd Edition, Cambridge
University Press
5. Todd, D. K., 1959. Groundwater hydrology, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp.535

Mantle and Core Dynamics (GPD 503) Theory 3 0

0

Learning Objectives: Study of the Earth's Deep Interior. The 'deep interior' is generally considered to be the
core and lower mantle, but interest may extend to the surface, for example, in the study of mantle plumes or
page 32 of 49
dynamics of descending lithospheric slabs. The teaching will involve the Mantle Structure and Composition,
Mantle History and Dynamics, Core-Mantle Boundary, Outer Core Observations, structure, composition,
Outer Core Dynamics and modelling, Inner Core. Dynamo Theory vis-à-vis palaeomagnetism. Experimental
issues.

Course Goal / Learning Outcome: Students will learn the structure, dynamics, and evolution of Earth’s
deep interior with focus on the mantle system, Mantle Convection and Plate Tectonics. Convection drives
our dynamic planet. The planet's liquid outer core convection, creating the Earth's magnetic field.
Formulating the dynamics of the mantle‐inner core gravitational (MICG) interaction in terms of the
spherical‐harmonic multipoles of mass density.

Sl. Details of Lectures Lecture

No. Hrs.
1. Basic fluid dynamics: 1 Dimensional and 2 Dimensional flows, Stokes flow, Navier- 3
Stokes equation, vorticity equation.
2. Linear Stability: Plane Layer, Spheres and Spherical Shells. 4
3. Structure and Composition of the Mantle: The Upper Mantle, The Transition Zone The 2
Lower Mantle, The Dʺ Layer and the Core–Mantle Boundary.
4. Mantle convection: Thermal convection, Convection at high Rayleigh numbers, Models 3
of mantle convection, Mantle plumes
5. Mantle viscosity: effects of Earth rotation, Changes in the Length of Day, True Polar 2
Wander, Creep mechanisms.
6. Thermal evolution of the Earth: A Model of Coupled Core–Mantle Thermal Evolution, 3
Two-layer Mantle Convection and Thermal Evolution
7. The Core: Properties and dynamics, Thermal gradients, Compositional gradients, Double 5
diffusive convection, Gravity waves, effect of rotation, Stratified outer core of the Earth.
8. Core convection, effect of rotation: Coriolis force, formation of Taylor columns, 5
geostrophy, quasi geostrophic approximation, Kelvin's circulation theorem, energy and
dissipation, helicity.
9. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations, Lorentz force, low and high magnetic 5
Reynolds number, Alfven waves, Magnetic-Coriolis (MC) waves, MHD of planetary
cores.
10. Terrestrial magnetism: Geomagnetism, Magnetic fields of external and internal origin, 4
Secular variation, Origin of the internal field, Magneto-static and electromagnetic
models,
11. The geomagnetic dynamo, Geomagnetic polarity, Frequency of polarity reversals. 4
Total: 40

Text books
1. Acheson, D. J., Elementary fluid dynamics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1990
2. Turcotte, D., and Schubert, G., Geodynamics, Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition,

Reference books
1. Davidson, P.A., Introduction to Magnetohydrodynamics (Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics)
2. Fowler, C. M. R., The solid earth: An Introduction to Global Geophysics, Cambridge University Press,
2005.

page 33 of 49
3. Davidson, P.A., Turbulence in rotating, stratified and electrically conducting fluids, Cambridge
University Press
4. Treatise of Geophysics, Mantle Dynamics, Ed. D Bercovici, Gerald Schubert, 2015
5. Treatise of Geophysics, Core Dynamics, Ed. Peter Olson, Gerald Schubert, 2015
6. Ranalli, G. Rheology of the Earth. Chapman & Hall, 1995.
7. Davies, G. F., Dynamic Earth: Plates, plumes, mantle convection, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
8. Malvern, L. E., Introduction to the mechanics of a continuous medium, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1969.
9. Rogers, N. (ed). An Introduction to our Dynamic Planet, Cambridge University Press, 2008.
10. Karato, S.-i., Deformation of Earth Materials, Cambridge University Press, 2008.
11. Kennett, B. and Bunge, H.-P., Geophysical continua, Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Geophysics of Mineral Exploration (GPD 504) Theory 3 0

0

Learning Objectives: Understand the mineral system concept and its implications for geophysical
exploration, especially when exploring for blind targets. Know how to recognise responses from components
of mineral system in their geophysical datasets. Understand how to use analyse petro-physical data to predict
geophysical responses of mineral system components. Be familiar with the geophysical characteristics of
metamorphic orogenic deposits.

Course Goal / Learning Outcome: The purpose of this course is to familiarise mineral exploration
geoscientists with the very latest developments in our understanding of the geophysical responses of mineral
systems. The course discusses the mineral system concept and considers these ideas in a geophysical context.
The geophysical responses of key mineral system components are considered from first principles. Physical
property contrasts expected to be associated with different components are described and new methods of
analysing petro-physical data are demonstrated. Further, the course discusses the synergy between
geophysics and geology for effective exploration strategy and mineral discrimination. Finally exploring
mineral systems using geophysical methods is demonstrated using examples from metamorphic deposits and
in VMS Setting.

Sl. Details of Lectures Lecture

No. Hrs.
1. Introduction to geophysics: Geophysical methods used in mineral exploration, 5
Geophysical anomalies and their sources, Ambiguity, Geophysical exploration practice.
2. Synergy between geophysics and geology for effective exploration strategy and mineral 6
discrimination.
3. Key mineral systems targets (major faults, craton margins, mantle metasomatism, fluid 7
reservoirs, major magma chambers) and their geophysical expression.
Potential field data (responses from mineral system components).
Magneto-telluric data (responses from mineral system components).
Active source seismic methods - deep reflection, refraction data (responses from mineral
system components).
Passive seismic methods – teleseismic, ambient noise methods (responses from mineral
system components).
4. Description of the concept and implications for mineral exploration 7
Mineral system classification schemes
page 34 of 49
 The importance of geographically widespread data and deep penetrating geophysical
methods
New targets suggested by the mineral systems concept: source, reservoirs, pathways and
the importance of associated alteration
5. Petrophysics: Bulk-grain-texture, Importance of proper sampling, Rock and mineral 8
density and magnetism, Physical properties and common geological
processes, Importance of analyzing the data in a geochemical/petrological/geological
framework, Workflow for petro physical data in a mineral systems context: analysis in
context of lithology, stratigraphy, metamorphism/alteration, location
6. Geophysics of metamorphic orogenic deposits and VMS Setting 6
Total Classes 39

Text Books
1. McCuaig, T.C. and Hronsky, J.M.A., 2014. The Mineral System Concept: The Key to Exploration
Targeting Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 18, pp. 153–175.
2. Michael , D., and Mudge, S. T., 2014, Geophysics for the Mineral Exploration Geoscientist, Cambridge
University Press

Formation Evaluation (GPD 505) Theory 3 0

0

Learning Objectives: Knowledge on Interpretation of well log data. Fundamental petrophysical concepts
and equations. Petrophysical parameters like porosity, permeability and saturation. Log measured properties
can be used to determine the porosity, permeability, water/hydrocarbon saturation, shale content and rock
type. Well log Characteristics for Electrofacies and depositional environmental studies

Course Goal / Learning Outcome: The primary objective of the course is to introduce Well logging
Techniques for Hydrocarbon and groundwater exploration.

Sl. Details of Lectures Lecture Outcome

No. Hrs.
1. Archie’s law for Clean sand interpretation, Apparent water resistivity, 3 Interpretation of
Tixier ratio methods clean sand
2. Resistivity vs. porosity and porosity log Cross plotting for 3 Use of Hingle plot
identification of matrix and porosity and Pickett plot
3. Multimineral evaluation for complex lithology 2 Lithology
determination
4. Shaly sand interpretation using neutron, density, resistivity and sonic 3 Interpretation of
log responses shaly sand
5. High Resolution four arm Dipmeter (HDT) Data Processing, Azimuthal 4 Interpretation of
Frequency (AZF) PLOT, Smidth Plot, Interpretation of Dipmeter logs sedimentary
for structural and sedimentary environmental studies environmental studies
6. Utilisation of SP, Gamma, Resistivity and Porosity Logs to extract 4 Interpretation in
reservoir parameters, Applications of well logs in mineral and ground Ground water
water investigations exploration
7. Advanced Logging Tools: 7 Principles of
page 35 of 49
 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Lithodensity advanced logging
Geochemical, Induced Gamma Ray Spectrometry, Chlorine, Reservoir tools
saturation
8. Determination of Porosity, Permeability and Capillary pressure of 3 Petrophysical
sedimentary rocks using laboratory instruments properties in
Laboratory
9. Application of well logs in characterization of coals, Determination of 2 Log responses against
quality of coal and rock strength in coal
10. Log characteristics for identification of electrofacies and depositional 4 Electrofacies
environment and Case study identification
11. Detection of Fracture from Acoustic and Resistivity Image Tools and 3 Fracture
Case study identification from
image logs
12. Overpressure zone detection from sonic, density and Resistivity log 1 Identification of
responses and Case study overpressure zones
from well log
responses
Total Classes 39
Text Books
1. Bateman, R, M., Open Hole Log Analysis and Formation Evaluation
2. Helander, D. P., Fundamentals of Formation Evaluation.

Reference Books
1. Brock, J., Applied Open Hole Log Analysis
2. Ellis, D. V., Well Logging for Earth Scientists
3. Bateman, R, M., Cased Hole Log Analysis and Reservoir Performance Monitoring.
4. Serra, O., Fundamentals of Well Log Interpretation
5. Vaish, J. P., Geophysical Well Logging: Principles and Practices

Seismological Data Analysis (GPD 506) Theory 3 0

0

Learning Objectives: This course offers hands-on experience with a variety of seismological analysis
techniques using Linux/Bash Shell Scripting/Fortran/MatLab/Python etc. One expected outcome is an
improved understanding of these techniques, the theory that support them, and how they are applied in
practice. Another outcome will be the acquisition of skills in handling digital data on a computer: acquiring,
editing, manipulating, and filtering, etc. The goal is to give each of you a working knowledge of techniques
and programs that are commonly used in seismology. It should prove helpful both for those of you who will
carry out research using these techniques and for those of you who use the products of these analyses (e.g.,
earthquake locations, receiver functions, tomographic models). Also, this course would equip yourself with
various computational tools in MatlLab, Linux, Bash Scripting, Python etc.

Course Goal / Learning Outcome: This course will provide students some experience on various tools in
seismology using linux.

Sl. Details of Lectures Lecture

page 36 of 49
No. Hrs.
1. Introduction to Unix/Linux, Bash Shell Scripting, Introduction to MatLab 04
2. Seismic data formats (e.g., SEED, SEGY, etc.), Processing digital seismogram 04
3. Removal of instrument response 03
4. Spectral analysis, Filtering seismogram, Seismograph Transfer Functions (RESP files, 03
dataless SEED),
5. Accessing data from the IRIS Data Management Center, Intro to Seismic Analysis Code 05
(SAC)
6. Data quality assessment/Station noise characterization (PQLX), Earthquake locations, 04
Focal mechanism determination
7. Estimating surface wave dispersion from ambient noise, Phase and group velocity 04
dispersion from earthquake data.
8. Seismic tomography, Receiver function computation, H-ĸ stacking, CCP stacking 04
9. Velocity analysis, Processing and measuring SsPmP arrivals, Computer programs in 06
Seismology, Ray Tracing using TauP
10. Revision of the entire course 01
Total Classes 39

Text books
1. Herrmann, R. B., 2013. Computer programs in seismology: An evolving tool for instruction and research,
Seism. Res. Lettr. 84, 1081-1088, doi:10.1785/0220110096.
2. Agustin, U., 2000. Principles of Seismology, Cambridge: Cambridge University

Reference books
1. Shearer, P., 1999. Introduction to Seismology, Cambridge: Cambridge University
2. Lowrie, W., 2007. Fundamental of Geophysics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3. Gubins D., 1990. Seismology and Plate Tectonics, Cambridge University Press, 348pp.

Seismic Exploration – II (GPD 507) Theory 3 0

0

Learning Objectives: Knowledge on fundamentals of seismic data processing. Knowledge on 2D and 3D

seismic data processing technique. Knowledge on 3D seismic data special processing technique. Knowledge
on seismic data modelling technique and converted wave processing technique. Knowledge on processed
seismic data interpretation
Course Goal / Learning Outcome: The primary objective of the course is to introduce fundamental and
advanced aspects of seismic data processing, modelling and interpretation technique which is vital part for
applied geophysics study of any kind sub-surface geological study. The underlying physics and mathematics
of the various seismic analysis methods are presented through theory and practical classes, giving students an
appreciation of their limitations and potential for creating models of the subsurface.

Sl. Details of Lectures Lecture

No. Hrs.
1. Fundamental of seismic data processing and its basic steps: Introduction to seismic data 8
processing. Processing sequences- preparation of processing geometry, quality checks,
true amplitude recovery, deconvolution, filtering, velocity analysis, Statics Corrections,
page 37 of 49
 NMO corrections, Stacking; Complex-trace analysis; Hilbert transform (instantaneous
frequency; instantaneous phase); noise elimination through multichannel filtering,
parameter optimization for generation final stacked section. Discrete time sequence; Z-
transform, Linear system; Filtering system, Frequency alias; Nyquist frequency;
Interpolating; Low-pass, high-pass, band-pass filters; Notch, Moving average; Gibbs
effect; Spectral analysis, Zero Phase; Linear phase shift, DMO and
migration.Introduction to seismic data processing. Processing sequences- preparation of
processing geometry, quality checks, true amplitude recovery, deconvolution, filtering,
velocity analysis, statics, noise elimination through multichannel filtering, parameter
optimization for generation final stacked section. DMO and migration, AVO and
attribute analysis. Anisotropy processing: HTI, VTI Mode. Converted Wave Processing.
2. 3D seismic data processing techniques: Generation of time slice and stacked sections for 6
both land and marine.3D Processing techniques- generation of time slice and stacked
sections.
3. Special seismic data processing technique: Pre Stack Time Migration and Pre Stack 6
Depth Migration, Introduction of Reverse Time Migration.Concepts of SRME, Radon.
PSTM and PSDM.
4. Seismic modelling: Introduction to wave equations & wave equation modelling, VSP 6
and converted wave processing.Seismic modeling: Introduction to wave equations &
wave equation modeling.
5. Introduction to seismic data interpretation: Overview of Seismic Stratigraphy. Wavelet 6
analysis for seismic stratigraphic interpretation. Seismic sequence analysis and seismic
facies analysis.Overview of Seismic Stratigraphy. Wavelet processing for seismic
stratigraphic interpretation. Seismic sequence analysis and seismic facies analysis.
6. Seismic data interpretation technique: Study of seismic section and other geological 7
aspects of prospecting, structural interpretation, construction of isochron and isopach
maps, thin bed resolution and pitfalls, LRLC interpretation, AVO and attribute analysis,
Prospect evaluation & Ranking, Basis of seismic interpretation in workstation
environment.Study of seismic section and other geological aspects of prospecting,
structural interpretation, construction of isochron and isopach maps, thin bed resolution
and pitfalls, prospect evaluation, new development such as work station environment in
seismic interpretation using standard packages.
7. Case study: a) Case study for seismic processing and modelling for Salt and Coal 3
Environment, b) Case study for seismic processing, modelling and interpretation for
Unconventional reservoir, c) Case study for seismic processing and modelling for
Carbonate reservoir
Total Classes 39

Text Books
1. Al Sadi, H. M., 1982, Seismic Exploration: Birkhauser Verlag.
2. Claerbout, J. F., 1985, Imaging the interior of the earth, BlackWell Scientific Publications.

Reference Books
1. Dobrin, M. B., and Savit, C. H., 1988, Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting (Fourth Edition), Tata
McGraw Hill.
2. Lavergene, M., Seismic Methods.
3. Lindseth, R. O., 1976, Digital processing of geophysical data - A review: Technica Publication
page 38 of 49
4. Telford, W. M., Geldart, L. P., Sheriff, R. E., and Keys, D. A., 1988, Applied Geophysics.
5. Waters, K. H., Reflection Seismology (Third Edition), John Wiley Publications
6. Yilmaz, O., Seismic data processing, SEG Publication.
7. Lavergene, M., Seismic Methods.
8. Lindseth, R. O., 1976, Digital processing of geophysical data - A review: Technica Publication
9. Digital Signal Processing by Oppenheim and Schafer
10. Field Traces hard/soft for SEG publication
11. SEGD data for from SEG publication/Industry/Field Acquired
12. Claerbout, J. F., 1985, Imaging the interior of the earth, BlackWell Scientific
13. National and International Journal Published Paper for Case Studies

Image Processing and Geographic Information System Theory 3 0

0
(GPD 508)

Learning Objectives: Understanding of different satellite digital image. Processing, enhancement,

classification and analysis of satellite digital image. Understanding different types of raster and vector data
and their integration in GIS.

Course Goal / Learning Outcome: Processing and analysis of Satellite digital Image and integration of
different vector and raster data in GIS.

Sl. Details of Lectures Lecture

No. Hrs.
1. Structure of Remote Sensing Images: Characteristics of digital image, pixel, digital 4
number, resolution, Bands/layers. Level of data, Metadata, Data formats BIL, BSQ and
BIP and type of data products: Fast format, super structure, GeoTIFF, HDF, CDF,
MPH/SPH/DSR, and SDTS.
2. Image Processing technique as applied to Satellite image data restoration, Pre- 12
processing, Atmospheric corrections, image registration/ geo-referencing/ geometric
correction, re-sampling, projection system, image-reduction /magnification, radiometric
calibration, estimation of thermal image using Plank’s law, contrast enhancement (linear
and non-linear), histogram equalization, rationing, filtering in spatial and frequency
domain and edge enhancement, convolution filtering : low-pass, high-pass filtering:
mean, mode, zero-sum kernel: Pewitt, Sobel, Laplacian, user defined kernels etc.
3. Special transformation, principle component analysis and vegetation indices. Principle of 8
thematic information extraction and image classification processes, supervised and
unsupervised classification, principle of change detection, and image differencing.
Hyper-spectral image analysis, Image Fusion.
4. Fundamentals of Geographic Information System (GIS): GIS-definition, terminology, 8
functional elements of GIS, map projection, data structure, composition of raster and
vector data model. Data acquisition, data input, data processing, data management
system, product and report generation.
5. Interpretation and application of remote sensing and GIS in mineral, ground water, 8
hydrocarbon and environmental management. Key elements of visual interpretation.
Fundamental of geological interpretation of satellite imagery based on terrain and image
page 39 of 49
 elements. Identification and mapping of rock types including mapping of faults/folds and
joints and other curvilinear and circular features as applicable for mineral and oil
exploration. Photo linear, curvilinear and circular features and their significance,
geological guides for mineral and oil exploration including surface alteration. Remote
sensing applications in water resources and environmental impact assessment studies.
Total Classes 40

Text Books
1. B. Bhatta (2010) Remote Sensing and GIS. Oxford University press
2. George Joseph (2005), Fundamental of Remote Sensing. Universities press

Reference Books
1. Rafael C.G. and Woods R.E.(1992) Digital Image Processing
2. Lillesand T.M.; Kiefer R.W. and Chipman J.W. (2012) Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, Wiley.
3. Damen M.C.J., Smith G.S. and Kerstappen (Ed) ( ) Remote Sensing for Resources Development and
Environmental Management 3rd volume Set Netherlands: Balkema.
4. John R. Jensen Digital Image processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective, Prentice-Hall, 2004
5. Ulaby F.T., Moore R.K. and Fung A.K. (1986) Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive, from
Theory Applications. Artech House Publishers, 1986.

Airborne Geophysics (GPD 509) Theory 3 0 0

Learning Objectives: The airborne geophysics can produce information from the surface down to a depth of
several kilometres. Airborne geophysics produces additional data supplementing other available information
(geological maps, drilling and seismic data, etc.) to support better descriptions and a better understanding of
the subsurface, with applications in the fields of planning, water and materials resources, geothermal energy,
underground storage and geological knowledge in general. Airborne geophysical surveys to acquire high-
resolution data require flights at very low altitudes, from about 80 to 120 m above the ground.

Course Goal / Learning Outcome: Many different methods are used in airborne geophysics, each designed
to produce information on one or more surface or subsurface parameters, at different resolutions and
penetrating to different depths. Students will learn the geophysical feasibility modelling study based on the
geological setting and all other geophysical and geological data available.

Sl. Details of Lectures Lecture

No. Hrs.
1. Introduction of Airborne Geophysical survey and its instrument; The purpose of airborne 7
geophysical surveys, advantages and disadvantages of airborne geophysical surveys.
Planning of Airborne surveys, sensors types, flight path recovery methods. Airborne
geophysical techniques: Airborne magnetics survey, Airborne Electromagnetic surveys,
Airborne Gravimetric surveys, Airborne Gamma-ray surveys, Helicopter-
Borne Bathymetric surveys (Georadar).
2. Airborne Electromagnetic method: Brief introduction of Airborne Electromagnetic 8
methods (EM), uses and importance, Continuous wave systems, Different systems in
operation, Airborne transient system description, Rigid Boom Helicopter system, Passive
Airborne EM systems – AFMAG and VLF, Different noises in Airborne EM systems,
page 40 of 49
 methods of suppression, interpretation of AEM data and applications.
3. Airborne Gravity method: Introduction of Airborne Gravity meters; Principles of airborne 8
Gravity meters; Aircraft installations and Gravity compensation; Navigation and position-
fixing systems; Altimeters and digital elevation models; Recording systems, Adaptation of
airborne geophysical instruments, survey procedures and planning of survey lines,
airborne gravimeters, correction of airborne gravity data, calculation of gravity anomalies
and absolute gravity value, vertical and horizontal gradients, amplitude of the analytic
signal, upward or downward continuation.
4. Airborne Magnetic method: Principle of airborne magnetic prospecting and Instruments, 8
magnetic and gradiometer measurements; airborne magnetic surveys in regional
geological mapping and different exploration programs, Airborne magnetometry:
orientation mechanisms, survey techniques, Magnetic data reduction/correction,
Advantages and disadvantages, vertical and horizontal gradients, amplitude of the analytic
signal, reduction to the pole, reduction to the equator, upward or downward continuation.

5.  Applications of Airborne geophysical survey: Hydrocarbon exploration, mineral 8

exploration, engineering projects, Geothermal resource mapping, Geophysical survey
mapping, mapping exposed bedrock, Mapping of geological structure and lithology, sub-
surface conductors, paleochannels, mineral deposits and salinity, identification of
structural features, altered zones, Base metals exploration.
Total Classes 39

Text Books
1. Dobrin, M. B. and Savit, C., Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting,
2. Dehlinger, P., Marine Gravity,

Reference Books
1. Heiskanen, and Veining Meinsez, Gravity Field of the Earth,
2. Hinze, W. J., Utility of Gravity maps,
3. Nettleton, L. L., Gravity and Magnetics in Oil Prospecting,
4. Rao, B. S. R. and Murthy, I.V.R., Gravity and Magnetic Methods of Prospecting
5. Telford W. M., Applied Geophysics.

Advanced seismic data interpretation (GPD 510) Theory 3 0

0

Learning Objectives: Upon completion of the course, students will be able to interpret seismic data, analyze
structural and stratigraphic seismic data, to understand unconventional seismic data interpretation technique.

Course Goal / Learning Outcome: The primary objective of the course is to introduce fundamental and
advanced aspects of seismic interpretation technique for conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon
exploration.

Sl. Details of Lectures Lecture

No. Hrs.
page 41 of 49
 1. Introduction to fundamentals of seismic interpretation technique: Introduction of Seismic 7
Interpretation, Review basic concepts: Waves; Wavelet; Seismic sections, Choice of
Wavelets; Well to Seismic Tie; Seismic Polarity; Basic well log correlation
2. Advanced steps for structural seismic interpretation: Direct contouring and the 8
importance of the strike perspective; Fault recognition and mapping; Interpretation in the
vicinity of salt; Composite displays; subtle structural features.
3. Challenges and overcome for stratigraphic seismic interpretation: Seismic facies; 10
Internal reflection configuration; External geometry of seismic facies units; Recognition
of characteristic shape; Evaluate the Potentials of DHI; Attribute work flows; Surface
based and volume based attributes; structural and spectral attributes, and multivariate
analysis; Computation of Amplitude, Phase and Frequency based attributes.
4. Quantitative interpretation: AVO inversion; Pre/Post stack seismic inversion; EEI; 4D 8
and Micro-seismic data interpretation; Construction of reservoir qualitative and
quantitative map.
5. Case study: a) Challenging clastic reservoir, b) Gas Hydrate reservoir, c) Salt and sub- 4
salt reservoir, d) Carbonate reservoir, d) Indian and World Scenario
6. Industry based work flow for seismic interpretation: Workflow on standard practice from 2
one no. Industry based application e.g. Schlumberger Petrel/IHS Kingdom Suit etc.
Total Classes 39

Text Books
1. Cosse, R., Basics of Reservoir Engineering
2. Craft, B. C and Hawkins, M., Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering.

Reference Books
1. Muskat, Flow of Homogeneous Fluids
2. William, D., McCain, Jr., the Properties of Petroleum Fluids.
3. Sheriff, R.E., Reservoir Geophysics
4. Muskat, Flow of Homogeneous Fluids
5. William, D., McCain, Jr., the Properties of Petroleum Fluids.

Near-surface Geophysics and Geotechnical Modelling Theory 3 0

0
(GPD 511)

Learning Objectives: Elastic and Electromagnetic Properties of Near surface soil. Understanding
fundamental concept of different near-surface geophysical techniques. Understanding basics of different
geotechnical modelling techniques. Understanding on the association of rock physics principles with
geotechnical parameters

Course Goal / Learning Outcome: Understanding of rock physics principles for near surface geophysics
and association with geotechnical parameters.

Sl. Description of Lectures Lecture

No. Hrs.
1. Definition of near-surface geophysics, its branches and users. Near surface problems 10
page 42 of 49
 their models and fundamental parameters. Rock Physics Principles for near surface
geophysics: Identity and properties of components, volume fractions of components,
Geometry of the components, interaction between components. Elastic and
Electromagnetic Properties of near-surface soil.
2. Concept and application of electro-seismic and seismo-electrics in geophysical 6
investigation. Case studies on application of electro-seismic and seismo-electrics.
3. Concept of various Tomography, Fundamentals of up-hole seismic tomography, Cross- 10
hole seismic tomography, Up-hole Shear-wave velocity tomography and their
application for near surface investigation. Seismic Refraction Tomography and Electrical
resistivity Tomography (ERT) study for near surface characterization. Basic principle
and application of Multichannel Analysis of Surface waves (MASW), Refraction
Microtremor (ReMi) and GPR for near surface characterization. Data acquisition,
processing and interpretation for near surface characterization. Estimation of geo-
engineering properties, Vs30 estimation, site classification.
4. Case studies of Geophysical methods (Seismic, Resistivity, EM, GPR, and Magnetic) in 6
Near surface Geophysics (Seismic, Resistivity, EM, GPR, and Magnetic) geophysical
problems: resource mapping, void/old mine working detection, coal mine fire, dam
seepage, archaeological study etc.
5. Concept of geotechnical modelling/characterization. Liquefaction and lateral spreading - 8
Liquefaction related phenomena, Liquefaction susceptibility. Evaluation of liquefaction
by cyclic stress and cyclic strain approaches, Lateral deformation and spreading, Criteria
for mapping liquefaction hazard zones. Seismic Cone Penetrometer Test, Cone
Penetration Test, Standard Penetration Test, Cyclic Stress Ratio, Cyclic Resistance
Ratio, estimation of blow count ‘N’ of SPT from Shear Wave.
Total Classes 40

Text Books
1. Dwain K. Butler, 2005, Near-Surface Geophysics. SEG, 725pp.
2. Kramer, S. L., “Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering”, Pearson Education.

Reference Books
1. Mark E. Everett, 2013. Near-Surface Applied Geophysics. Cambridge University Press, pp400.
2. William Lowrie, 2007, Fundamental of Geophysics. Cambridge University Press pp 381.
3. Telford, W. M., Geldart, L. P., Sheriff, R. E. and Keys, D. A., 1990, Applied Geophysics. Cambridge
University Press, pp770.
4. Ansal, A., “Recent Advances in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering and Microzonation”, Springer

Geoelectromagnetism for Crustal and Lithospheric Architecture Theory 3 0

0
(GPD 512)

Learning Objectives: Electromagnetic signature for understanding the crustal and lithospheric
architecture. Different electromagnetic models explaining the geothermal reservoir. Electromagnetic
signature for hydrothermal exploration.

page 43 of 49
Course Goal / Learning Outcome: Provides comprehensive understanding of geophysical phenomenon of
deep earth and gives an overview of dynamics of planetary interiors. The purpose of this course is to
familiarise students with the imaging and observing the electric moho, LAB. In addition the course discusses
the case histories related to geothermal and hydrocarbon exploration.

Sl. Details of Lectures Lecture

No. Hrs.
1. Brief Introduction of Interpretation techniques in Electromagnetic Method 03
2. Definition of the lithosphere and common proxies used to estimate its thickness 03
3. LAB beneath Kaapvaal craton, Slave craton, Fennoscandian Shield, Singhbhum 10
4. Controlled-source electromagnetic sounding of the oceanic lithosphere 03
5. Imaging and observing the electric Moho 06
6. Concept of Window to Mantle, Implication of resistive lower crust 03
7. Electromagnetic signatures over Geothermal Province 05
8. Electromagnetic method for Hydrocarbon Exploration 06
Total Classes 39

Text Books
1. Eaton et al. (2009), The elusive lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) beneath cratons: Lithos, 109,
1-22.
2. Jones, Alan, and Simpson, I., 2001, The electric Moho, Nature, 409(6818):331-3

OPEN ELECTIVE

Geostatistical Modelling for Oil and Gas Field Development Theory 3 0

0
(GPO 501)

Learning Objectives: Knowledge on pre-stack and post-stack seismic data response for various geological
setup. Knowledge of seismic interpretation for complex geological architecture and integrated sub-surface
study. Knowledge of Quantitative Interpretation. Knowledge on the development of Geo-cellular model.
Knowledge on the establishment of a full-scale development plan for maturing hydrocarbon production

Course Goal / Learning Outcome: The primary objective of the course is to introduce advanced
interpretation on reservoir geophysics and reservoir geology through geo-cellular modeling. This study will
help to get comprehensive knowledge on the maturing of oil and gas discovery towards production.

Sl. Details of Lectures Lecture

No. Hrs.
1. Introduction to seismic and well log interpretation technique: Introduction to Oil and Gas 7
operation cycle; Seismic and Well log Interpretation in basic to advanced level, Challenges
in sub-surface towards interpretation; Comparison between qualitative and quantitative
interpretation. Development of interpretation skill towards conventional and

page 44 of 49
 unconventional oil and gas field.
2. Overview of Indian and Global sedimentary basin: Introduction to Green and Brown field; 8
Onshore, Shallow water and Deepwater Sedimentary basin development from India and
Global scenario; Sedimentary Basin evaluation & its classification; Case history towards
basin evaluation of Indian sedimentary basin ranking; Petroleum system analysis and
introduction to 1D and 3D basin modelling; Usefulness of Geophysical data towards basin
modelling.
3. Concept of Geostatistical model: Purpose of model; Introduction to model elements, issues 10
of determinism and probability, model scaling towards static to dynamic model and
uncertainty handling; Rock Model; Concept of Structural and Stratigraphic framework and
modelling; Essential geostatistics for model building; Intuitive geostatistics for model
building; Guidelines for rock model; Property Modelling; Property elements;
Understanding of Permeability; Handling of statistical data for property modelling; Cut-
offs; Vertical permeability and barriers; Porosity, Saturation and Permeability modelling.
4. Seismic to Simulation: Conventional and multicomponent seismic analysis to model build 8
up; Velocity model build up; Incorporation of Anisotropy; Development of QI model;
Rock Physics Template development; Fluid substitution model; AVO inversion; Pre/Post
stack and stochastic seismic inversion; EEI; Coloured Inversion; 4D seismic and Micro-
seismic data interpretation towards modelling.
5. Upscaling flow properties: Multiscale flow modelling; Multiphase flow; multiscale 4
geological modelling concept & way forward; Uncertainty for reservoir modelling and its
solution.
6. Case study: Model development for fractured reservoir. 2
Total Classes 39

Text Books
1. Cosse, R., Basics of Reservoir Engineering
2. Craft, B. C and Hawkins, M., Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering.

Reference Books
1. Muskat, Flow of Homogeneous Fluids
2. William, D., McCain, Jr., The Properties of Petroleum Fluids.
3. Published Journal Papers from different cases and scientific reports
4. Sheriff, R.E., Reservoir Geophysics

Reservoir Geophysics and Deep Water Imaging Theory 3 0

0
(GPO 502)

Learning Objectives: Knowledge on fundamentals of reservoir geophysics. Knowledge on reservoir

architecture and its properties towards computation of the geological model. Knowledge of advanced
geophysical interpretation. Knowledge of deepwater reservoir architecture and challenges. Knowledge on
Marine Controlled Source Electromagnetic tool and its advantages for hydrocarbon exploration

page 45 of 49
Course Goal / Learning Outcome: The primary objective of the course is to introduce fundamental and
advanced aspects of reservoir geophysics and deep water imaging study and use of geophysical
tool/application towards the study of the reservoir and deep water.

Sl. Details of Lectures Lecture

No. Hrs.
1. Introduction to reservoir geophysics: Definition, elements and types; Petrophysics: fluid 5
properties, stress conditions, fluid flow in two and three dimensions, radial and spherical
lows, generalized Darcy’s law, phase behaviour: P-T & P-V diagrams.Definition,
elements and types; Petrophysics: fluid properties, stress conditions, fluid flow in two
and three dimensions, radial and spherical flows, generalized Darcy’s law, phase
behaviour: P-T & P-V diagrams.
2. Introduction advanced seismic study for reservoir geophysics: Introduction to multi 5
component seismic survey and utilization of shear wave output in complementing
pressure wave outputs. Application of 3D and 3C seismic data in reservoir
studies.Introduction to multi component seismic survey and utilization of shear wave
output in complementing pressure wave outputs. Application of 3D and 3C seismic data
in reservoir studies.
3. VSP and passive seismicVertical Seismic profiling: acquisition, processing and 5
interpretation, Zero Offset VSP, Walkaway VSP, Faroffset VSP and 3D VSP;
Introduction to Passive Seismic studyacquisition, processing and interpretation, Zero
Offset VSP, Walkaway VSP, Faroffset VSP and 3D VSP; Passive Seismic
4. Cross well seismic tomography and reservoir management with case studies: Use of 5
cross hole seismic tomography and AVO in reservoir management. Reservoir
Geophysics Study for LRLC and Condensate reservoir. Case studies of 4D seismics in
reservoir management. Case study on pore-scale displacement mechanism in carbonate
rocks for reservoir modelling.Use of cross hole seismic tomography and AVO in
reservoir management. Case studies of 4D seismics in reservoir management.
5. Introduction to Deepwater Imaging: Introduction 4
Deepwater: Indian and World ScenarioIntroduction
Deepwater: Indian and World Scenario
6. Deep water depositional model and exploration strategy: Deepwater Depositional 6
System, Deepwater Challenges and Strategy, Problems associated with Seismic in Deep
Water Imaging, Quantitative Risk for Deepwater explorationDeepwater Depositional
System, Deepwater Challenges and Strategy, Problems associated with Seismic in Deep
Water Imaging
8. Marine Controlled Source Electromagnetic (MCSEM): Physics of MCSEM, EM 5
Boundary Condition and Attenuation, Numerical Studies and Case Studies, Principles of
Marine Magnetotelluric and Case StudiesPhysics of MCSEM, EM Boundary Condition
and Attenuation, Numerical Studies and Case Studies, Principles of Marine
Magnetotelluric and Case Studies
9. Case study: (a) Deplete Clastic & Carbonate Reservoir, (b) Case study: Sub-Basaltic 4
layer
Total Classes 39

Text Books
1. Cosse, R., Basics of Reservoir Engineering
page 46 of 49
2. Craft, B. C and Hawkins, M., Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering.
Reference Books
1. Muskat, Flow of Homogeneous Fluids
2. William, D., McCain, Jr., The Properties of Petroleum Fluids.
3. Sheriff, R.E., Reservoir Geophysics
4. Muskat, Flow of Homogeneous Fluids
5. William, D., McCain, Jr., The Properties of Petroleum Fluids.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Geosciences Theory 3 0

0
(GPO 503)

Learning Objectives: Knowledge on AI and ML for time/space series data analysis. Knowledge on
automatic nonlinear classification, regression and prediction of geo-records. Knowledge on application of AI
and ML with deep network for big data processing.

Course Goal / Learning Outcome: The primary objective of the course is to introduce fundamental and
advanced aspects of Artificial intelligence and machine learning for geo-record analysis and processing.

Sl. Details of Lectures Lecture

No. Hrs.
1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML): Definition of Machine Learning 7
(ML). The relation between AI and ML. ML classification algorithm: supervised,
reinforcement and unsupervised learning: Principal component analysis (PCA), K-means,
Decision Tree (DT), Random forest (RF), Logistic regression (LR), Self-organizing map
(SOM).
2. Artificial neural networks: Introduction to artificial neural networks (ANNs). Pre- 4
processing and dimension reduction techniques for time/space series
modeling/classification.
3. Transfer Function: Types of transfer function, training, validation and test data set 7
selection. Over-fitting, role of regularization, Calibration of model, cross-validation, early
stopping techniques, bias-variance dilemma.
4. Optimization: ANNs optimization: local and global techniques. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy 7
systems (ANFIS). Hybrid ML algorithm with ordinary kriging (OK), semi-variogram
modeling, singular spectrum analysis (SSA) for de-noising, interpolation and missing value
prediction techniques.
5. Probabilistic methods:Probabilistic inference, Bayesian learning for artificial neural 7
networks, evidence maximization (EA), hybrid Monte Carlo (HMC), Automatic relevance
determination (ARD), Gaussian process (GP), Support vector machines (SVM).
6. Deep learning and Big data: Introduction to deep learning. Convolutional neural network 7
(CNN): Theory and practices. Application of ML algorithm for earth parameter estimation,
classification and prediction of rock-type/litho-logy/litho-facies/mineral boundary for
analysis of space-time geophysical data. Application of deep learning to “Big Data”
analysis of geophysics.
Total 39

page 47 of 49
Text Books
1. Aggarwal Charu C., (2018). Neural networks and deep learning. Springer International Publishing AG,
part of Springer Nature 2018 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94463-0
2. Bishop C M, (1995) Neural networks for pattern recognition. Oxford University Press.

References Books
1. Aggarwal Charu C., (2018). Neural networks and deep learning. Springer International Publishing AG,
part of Springer Nature 2018 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94463-0
2. Bishop C M, (1995) Neural networks for pattern recognition. Oxford University Press.
3. Haykin, S. (1999). Neural networks – a comprehensive foundation (2nd Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall.
4. MacKay, D.J.C., (1992). A practical Bayesian framework for back-propagation networks. Neural
Comput, 4 (3), 448–472.
5. Poulton M, (2001) Computational Neural Networks for Geophysical Data Processing, Pergamon, Oxford,
U.K.
6. Van der Baan M, and Jutten C, (2000) Neural networks in geophysical applications, Geophysics, 65:
1032–1047.
7. Wasserman, P.D. (1993) Advanced methods in neural computing. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York,
NY 10003

Well Log and Electrofacies Analysis (GPO 504) Theory 3 0

0

Learning Objectives: Knowledge on petrophysical parameters like porosity, permeability, Capillary

Pressure and saturation. Log measured properties can be used to determine the Reservoir properties from
well log data. Fracture Detection using Image logs.

Course Goal / Learning Outcome: The primary objective of the course is to interpret Well logging
Techniques for Hydrocarbon and mineral exploration.

Unit Details of Lectures Lecture Outcome

No. Hrs.
1. Reservoir Characterization (Porosity, permeability, water saturation, 2 Information of
pore pressure) reservoir
properties
2. Introduction to Well Logging Tools: 12 Principles of well
Self-Potential, Natural Gamma Ray, Natural gamma ray logging tools
spectrometry, Resistivity, Density, Neutron and Sonic
3. Crossplotting Techniques for matrix identification 4 Use of cross
plotting for rock
matrix
identification
4. Shaly sand interpretation from neutron and density log responses 3 Interpretation of
shaly sand
5. Interpretation of Well log Data for evaluation of Formation in 3 Log responses
hydrocarbon and mineral exploration and its use in
page 48 of 49
 Hydrocarbon and
mineral
exploration
6. Structural Interpretation using Dipmeter logs 3 Structural
interpretation
7. Electrofacies analysis from resistivity, density, neutron logs 3 Electrofacies
identification
8. Sedimentary Environment using Self Potential, Gamma ray and 2 Identification of
dipmeter logs Sedimentary
environment
9. Log Characteristics for identification of electrofacies and depositional 3 Identification of
environment depositional
environment
10. Overpressure zone detection from well logs 2 Over pressure
zones from log
responses
11. Image logging Tools for fracture detection 2 Fracture types
and detection
Total Classes 39

Text Books
Serra, O., Fundamentals of Well Log Interpretation
Vaish, J. P., Geophysical Well Logging: Principles and Practices

Reference Books
Bateman, R, M., Open Hole Log Analysis and Formation Evaluation

page 49 of 49