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Development of square wave inverter

using DC/DC boost converter
June 2019 · International Journal of Power Electronics and
Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 10(2):636
DOI:10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i2.pp636-644
License · CC BY-SA 4.0

Authors:

Muhammad Zaid Aihsan

Universiti Malaysia Perlis

Nur Irwany Ahmad

Universiti Malaysia Perlis

Wan Azani Mustafa

Universiti Malaysia Perlis

Norjasmi Abdul Rahman

Universiti Malaysia Perlis

Show all 5 authors

Citations (17) References (10) Figures (3)

Abstract and Figures

span lang="EN-US">This paper proposes an alternative

topology of an inverter to the existing topologies available
in the market. A prototype is intended with the purpose of
investigates the possibility of designing an inverter using
two Boost Converters. This project initialized with a series
of simulations using Matlab in order to determine the
feasibility of the proposed topology. The next step is the
design and development of the proposed prototype where
suitable electronics components are chosen based on the
simulation result. A PIC microcontroller is used to control
the proposed prototype where a control scheme is created
based on the programming in the microcontroller. The
performance of the proposed prototype has been verified
to be optimum by several practical testing using different
values of capacitor, inductor and duty cycle. Lastly, data
and analysis are presented in a proper mannered way. In
the end, this project intends to produce stepped-up square
wave output voltage waveform by proper controlling of two
Boost Converters.</span

Switching state
for MOSFET

Figures - available via license: Creative Commons

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International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS)

Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2019, pp. 636~644
ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i2.636-644  636

Development of square wave inverter using DC/DC boost

converter

M. Z. Aihsan1, N. I. Ahmad2, W. A. Mustafa3, N. A. Rahman4, J. A. Soo5

1,2,3 Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia
4School of Electrical System Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia
5 Intel PSG PIPE, Intel Malaysia Sdn. Bhd, Malaysia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This paper proposes an alternative topology of an inverter to the existing
topologies available in the market. A prototype is intended with the purpose
Received Nov 18, 2018 of investigates the possibility of designing an inverter using two Boost
Revised Jan 25, 2019 Converters. This project initialized with a series of simulations using Matlab
Accepted Feb 17, 2019 in order to determine the fea sibility of the proposed topology. The next step
is the design and development of the proposed prototype where suitable
electronics components are chosen based on the simulation result. A PIC
Keywords: microcontroller is used to control the proposed prototype where a control
scheme is created based on the programming in the microcontroller. The
Boost converter performance of the proposed prototype has been verified to be optimum by
Harmonic several practical testing using different values of capacitor, inductor and duty
Inverter cycle. Lastly, data and analysis are presented in a proper mannered way. In
Square wave inverter the end, this project intends to produce stepped-up square wave output
Switch mode power supply voltage waveform by proper controlling of two Boost Converters.
Copyright © 2019 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.

Corresponding Author:
M. Z. Aihsan,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology,
University Malaysia Perlis,
Level 1, Block No. 2, UniCiti Alam Campus, Sungai Chuchuh, Padang Besar, 02100 Perlis.
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The inverter is known as a type of electronic device which inverts the magnitude of direct current
(DC) input voltage or current from positive to negative and vice-versa at its output [1]. The inverted DC
voltage or current at the output which having a same conducting period for negative and positive magnitude
is recognized as symmetrical alternating current (AC). To be exactly, inverters can invert a DC source to an
AC source in desired magnitude and frequency which eventually transfer power from a DC source to an AC
load [2]. The inverter also known as a DC to AC converter.
There are many types of common inverters topology such as half-bridge, full-bridge, square-wave,
and modified sine wave inverters [3]. Inverters are assembled from electronic switches (MOSFET, IGBT,
and SCR), inductors, diodes, and capacitors. The most basic waveform that produced by an inverter is the
square waveform fo r voltage and current [3]. In order to get a pure sinusoidal AC waveform, output filter is
introduced to the inverter. The output filter has to be designed to meet the specification required for the load
in the aspect of frequency, total harmonic distortion, voltage magnitude, current magnitude, and efficiency
[4]. A LC low-pass filter is implemented as to progressively filter the output of inverter for a better and lower
total harmonic distortion (THD) level [5]. Due to the widely used of solar panel, uninterruptible power
supplies (UPS), adjustable-speed ac motor drives and running ac appliances from an automobile battery,
inverter plays important roles to support every AC source application [6]. The topologies of inverter have

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  637

increased since the trend has greatly moved to the renewable energy and high voltage direct current (HVDC)
power transmission [6].

2. PROJECT BACKGROUND
This paper entitled Design and Development of a Square Wave Inverter using Converters. In this
paper, two Boost Converters is used and connected to a common load. Boost Converters convert a DC level
input voltage to another DC level output voltage stepped-up DC level output voltage. The inverter is an
electronic circuit that converts a DC input voltage to an AC output voltage [3], which produces an alternating
square shaped output voltage waveform. The concept of the research is combining two Boost Converters
which are connected to a common load to give an inverter-like output voltage waveform. The expected result
is a square wave output voltage waveform that is a stepped-up voltage level that has both positive and
negative portions of the voltage by proper controlling of two Boost Converters. The alternative inverter
topology that designed and developed in this study is named as Square Wave Boost Inverter (SWBI).

2.1. Problem statement

The desideratum of efficient inverters which used to convert DC energy to conventional AC form
has increased [8]. This project proposes a prototype with the purpose of investigating and provides alternative
topologies of an inverter to convert the DC voltage to AC voltage. In this project, Boost Converter is
implemented in the inverter to convert DC voltage to AC voltage. The implementation of Boost Converter in
an inverter can provide step-up operation mode where the output voltage varies according to the mode of
operation and it also can be used to control the frequency of the output voltage [9-10]. In order to make it
works, a proper consideration in design and developing of the inverter such as choosing the suitable
components are required. Besides that, a control scheme for the proposed inverter has to be configured in
order to provide either stepped-down or stepped-up square wave output voltage waveform of the inverter. A
critical evaluation is then performed to scrutinize the performance of the proposed inverter.

2.2. Design consideration

In order to perform analysis on a Boost Inverter, firstly the Boost Converter is assumed to be ideal
and lossless during the steady-state operation. There are two subintervals that involve the analysis which
referred to the switch and diode respectively. Due to the DC output voltage of the Boost converter that
depends on the inductor average voltage and current, the analysis of current and voltage of the inductor is
carried out during the two subintervals, which are referred as the switching period during on and off,
respectively [2]. The switching frequency is defined as the period of the switch to turn on and off in the
Boost Converter where Tsw is the period of one complete conduction cycle and fsw is the switching
frequency of the circuit. The switching interval must consider the fundamental frequency of the inverter
waveform.

1
fsw  (1)
Tsw

The duty cycle of the switch, d during on time will determine the inductor average voltage and
current of the converter and it can be determined by the following equation:

Vo
d  (2)
Vs

Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) for Boost Converters is desirable for most of the DC-DC
conversion applications [7]. The minimum value of inductance is calculated such that the inductor current, IL,
flows continuously above zero. In order words, the boundary of CCM is determined by the value of Imax and
Imin. Thus, the minimum inductance, Lmin, is formulated by

Vin  Vout  Vin 

Lmin  (3)
I L  fsw Vout

The output capacitance that determine the output voltage ripple which desired by the designers is
given by

Development of square wave inverter using DC/DC boost converter (M. Z. Aihsan)

638  ISSN: 2088-8694

Iout (max)  D
C (4)
f sw  V out

For the output section, the inverter are connected to the low pass LC filter where it requires some
calculation and the main equation is given by

1
fc  (5)
2 RC

2.3. Design perspectives

The design aspect is based on the compromised of every electronics component that required in the
SMPS. The designer has to choose every component by referring to the specification needed. There are no
rules for a designer to choose specific electronic components but the designer has to a trade-off between size,
performance and cost of the DC-DC converters [7].
The ripple current in the inductor is commonly chosen to be 30% of the load current which same as
the ripple voltage. The switching frequency is always chosen to be at a higher value which preferably greater
than 25 kHz. The inductor is usually selected which having 125% higher than the value of minimum
inductance value to prevent the CCM goes to DCM while for the capacitance value has to choose higher
value than the minimum value in order to smooth the ripple voltage. Both components have to be selected
with appropriate current and voltage rating [7].
In order to generate the Inverter output voltage from the combination of two Boost converter, the
proper switching scheme needs to be decided as mention earlier as the desired fundamental frequency for the
inverter is 50 Hz.

3. CONTROL SCHEME
There are varies of a control scheme for inverter such as pulse width modulation (PWM) and
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) in order to generate output waveform of the inverter which is
more sinusoidal like. The control scheme no t only can reduce the filter requirements but it also can control
the output voltage amplitude. The only disadvantages are the complex of a control circuit for the switches
and increasing switching losses but this drawback can be reduced by using the programmable controller such
as peripheral integrated circuit (PIC) and a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) [12].
In order to maintain the desired output voltage over a large range of input, the control method of
PWM can generate a modified square wave which based on the amplitude modulation in the PWM [11]. The
modified square wave inverters can eliminate harmonics content which depends on the level of the modified
square wave. For a 3-level modified square wave inverter, it can reduce THD to 23.8% from a square wave
which is 45% in THD [3]. Figure 1 shows an example of 3-level modified sine -wave inverters output voltage
waveform.

Figure 1. Modified square wave inverters waveform

3.1. Proposed inverter design

In SWBI, two Boo st Converters will be used and connected to a co mmon load which illustrated in
Figure 2. This connection will be produced a square wav eform when conduct alternately which resembles an

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2019 : 636 – 644

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  639

inverter. Figure 3 shows that the proposed circuit design to form an inverter from the boost converter circuit.
The addition of two MOSFETs at the end of boost converter where S3 and S4 to ensure the alternation
process can be made between positive and negative cycle. The specification of switching is shown in Table 1
above. The switching pattern is selected to be in high switching state for boost converter as the nature of
boost converter needs a high switching frequency to level up the low voltage into a higher level of voltage.

Table 1. Calculation of parameter of components

Parameter Value
Duty cycle 0.75
Resistor 100 Ω
Capacitor 1.5 uF
Inductor 95 uH
Frequency Boost converter = 100kHz
(MOSFET 1 & 2)
Inverter = 50Hz
(MOSFET 3 & 4)
Input 12 Vdc
Output Square wave 48 Vac

Figure 2. Block diagram of the proposed inverter

Figure 3. Block diagram of the proposed inverter

4. RESULTS
Simulation is the best tool during study phase as the circuit functionality can be tested before
proceeding to the real hardware. For this paper, MATLAB Simulink tool a used to simulate the modified
controller for this Boost Inverter circuit and all the parameter of the component such as Rdson at the MOSFET
are set well at the simulation page according to the datasheet of the components.

4.1. Simulation result using MATLAB Simulink

On the controller section, the main circuit needed two types controlling scheme where the boost
converter circuit need a high switching state of 100 kHz as to drive the MOSFET from a low voltage level

Development of square wave inverter using DC/DC boost converter (M. Z. Aihsan)

640  ISSN: 2088-8694

into a higher voltage magnitude. The second switching scheme needs a low switching of 50 Hz to ensure that
the generated voltage can alternate between a positive and negative side. The advantage of this topology as it
is just used the switching interval of 50 Hz compared to the conventional H-bridge inverter t hat used high
switching state. High switching state will lead to a high switching loss [13]. Table 2 demonstrates the
switching state needed for each MOSFET for the main circuit.

Table 2. Switching state for MOSFET

Power swithces Switching frequency Condition
MOSFET 1 (S1) 100 kHz High Switching State
MOSFET 2 (S2) 100 kHz
MOSFET 3 (S3) 50 Hz Low Switching State
MOSFET 4 (S4) 50 Hz

Figure 4 above demonstrate the pulses generated for MOSFET S1 until MOSFET S4. The pulses are
generated based on the fundamental frequency of 50 Hz and the one complete cycle alternation of the
inverter is 0.02 seconds. The high switching state of 100 kHz driving the MOSFET S1 from 0 until 0.01
second and it is set to off state between 0.01 until 0.02 as to let the second circuit of boost converter operate
at that time. In addition, the switching scheme of MOSFET S3 S4 is purposely designed exactly to be tu rned
on and turned off exactly at 0.01 and 0.02 seconds as to ensure the alternating process is
successfully achieved. The same sequencing is dev eloped for the hardware section but using the
microcontroller programming
The behavior of boost inverter output voltage shown in Figure 5 above where it shows that the input
voltage is 12 VDC and the output voltage alternate between +44 VDC and -44 VDC. This result has so me
distortion where the result should get approximately alternation between +48 VDC and -48 VDC. This
behavior is due to some voltage drop in the component, especially at the capacitor. It can be observed that the
switching is successfully alternate between 0.01 and 0.02 seconds.

Figure 4. Controller scheme for boost inverter circuit

Figure 5. Simulation results of square wave boost inverter

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2019 : 636 – 644

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  641

4.2. Controller section

In this project, IRF540 was chosen as the MOSFETs to construct the inverter. Based on IRF540, the
gate-to-source voltage, Vgs is 20V, there for gate drivers are needed to drive four unit of MOSFETs as
shown in Figure 6. The circuit consists of 4 units of M OSFETs together with 4 units of gate drivers. The gate
driver configuration comes with HCPL 3810 optocoupler to isolate the main circuit and the controller circuit
for safety purposes. The capacitors used are the electrolytic types as it is more suitable for power application
purposes.

Gate Driver

Boost
Inverter

Figure 6. Developed boost inverter

Figure 7 shows the pu lses generated by the gate driver that controlled by the PIC microcontroller
injected into switching devices for controlling parallel boost converter circuit. For the single stage, the
frequency used was 100 kHz and the cycle was same with high switching for parallel boost converter circuit
control. In parallel mode, the high switching count to achieve 0.01s for half cycle was calculated to make
sure the high switching will simultaneously on and off with it low switching. The same term was appl ied to
another half cycle. Figure 7 are the generated pu lses for the four units of MOSFETs and it is the combination
of high switching and low switching state.

Figure 7. Generated control scheme

As shown above the generated inverter output voltage from the proposed cascaded two units of a
boost converter. It is well known a single boost converter can boost up a DC voltage to a higher level. As
shown in Figure 8, Channel 1 displayed the input voltage approximately 13.6 Vdc thus forming into 52.8 Vac
square wave output voltage as displayed on Channel 2. Compared to simulation results in Figure 5 above, the

Development of square wave inverter using DC/DC boost converter (M. Z. Aihsan)

642  ISSN: 2088-8694

shape of the result is almost the same but the value of output voltage is slightly higher compa red to the
simulation as the digital scope read the maximum/amplitude of the output voltage. In Figure 8, it is
noticeable that there is a voltage spike at the beginning of the square wave. With a proper reading and ignore
the voltage spike, the value of output voltage is alternate between +48 VDC and -48 VDC.
The proposed inverter will undergo harmonic performance as to progressively ob serve the impact of
the combination of DC/DC Boost converter towards the harmonic performance of the inverter. Figure 9
demonstrates the harmonic spectrum using FFT by using Tektronix TPS2014 Digital Oscilloscope.

Figure 8. Input and output voltage for Boost Inverter Figure 9. Harmonic results

The value of harmonic in the developed boost inverter around 48.8% which is slightly higher
compared to the normal square wave inverter mention earlier where it should be in the range of 45%. The
value of harmonic is still acceptable as the difference of range is just 3%.
This circuit is next tested with LC filter to filtering the square wave output voltage. The value of L
and C are decided based on the value of cut-off frequency of 50 Hz and the value of C are set to be constant
and low value as in 4.5 uF and value of inductor 10.7 mH. The value of inductor quite high compared to the
LC filter used in the unipolar inverter as the square wave inverter is hard to be filtered out into sinusoidal due
to the edge of the square wave itself. The filtered output voltage as shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10. Filtered output voltage

It can be observed that the filtering process of the output voltage is nearly unsuccessful as the nature
shape is still in square wave shaped. This is due to the struggle of bending the pure square wave into a
sinusoidal wave shape. Compared to the unipolar inverter, the filtering process is a way easier as there are
many small pulses in the one whole cycle and it will easily bending the curve when entering the LC filter.
The value of peak voltage also d rops compare to the square wave after the filtering process. The suitable
capacitors for filtering process are the Cap Film types as the value of ESR in the capacitors very low and
these criteria will help on reducing the voltage stress.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2019 : 636 – 644

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  643

5. CONCLUSION
The main target is to assembling an alternative topology in inverter by using two Boost Converters
where the proposed inverter can produce a square wave output voltage waveform that resembled the ou tput
of an inverter. The proposed inverter was being utilized wh en it is using PIC Microcontroller based gate
driver which produce constant gate signal voltage to MOSFETs. The results have proved that the inverter can
provide others mode of operation besides the normal operation that an inverter did. Overall, the proje ct
achieves its goals. This inverter can be further improved as the topology does not need the transformer in
order to level up the small input voltage. The conventional inverter that used H-bridge circuit configurations
needs the transformer to level up the voltage. This configuration simultaneously improves the size of the
inverter as well as the weight of the inv erter itself. The design and development of a square wave inverter
using Boost Converters to perform as an inverter was successful.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from the University Malaysia Perlis. This
research was carried under Short Term Grant 9001-00574.

REFERENCES
[1] B. Wu, Power Conversion and Control of Wind Energy Systems. Piscataway, NJ; Wiley-IEEE Press, 2011
[2] M. E. El-Hawary, Principles of El ectric Machines with Power Electronic Applications. Piscataway, NJ; New York,
NY: IEEE Press; Wiley-Interscience, 2002.
[3] D. W. Hart, Power Electronics. Indiana: McGraw Hill, 2011.
[4] S. M. K. Poddar G, “Natural Harmonic Elimination of Square-wave Inverter for Medium-Voltage Application,"
IEEE Trans Power Electron IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, pp. 1182-1188, 2009.
[5] M. Z. Aihsan, et al., “Design and Implementation of Single-phase Modified SHEPWM Unipolar Inverter,” in 2015
IEEE Conference on Energy Conversion, CENCON 2015, 2016, pp. 337–342.
[6] R. T. Kennedy, Power Electronics: The Enabling Discipline. Kangar: Kolej Universiti Kejuruteraan Utara
Malaysia, 2006.
[7] P. T. Krein, Elements of power electronics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
[8] H. Bing, et al., “Study of a Novel Buck-Boost Inverter for Photovoltaic Systems,” in Electrical Machines and
Systems, 2008. ICEMS 2008. International Conference on, pp. 2602-2606, 2008.
[9] F. L. Y. H. Luo, Power Electronics: Advanced Conversion Technologies. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor &
Francis, 2017.
[10] J. Almazan, et al., “A Comparison Between the Buck, Boost and Buck-Boost Inverters,” in Power Electronics
Congress, 2000. CIEP 2000. VII IEEE International, 2000, pp. 341-346.
[11] A. M. Jamal, “Performance Study of a Modified Sine Wave Inverter,” Engineering and Technology Journal, vol.
28, pp. 399-415, 2018.
[12] M. A. Latif, et al., “Microcontroller based PWM Inverter for Speed Control of a Three Phase Induction Motor, ”
Intern. J. Eng. Technol. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 624-630, 2013.
[13] M. Z. Aihsan, “Lower Side Switching Modification of SHEPWM for Single H-Bridge Unipolar Inverter,” IOP
Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 318, p. 12037, 2018.

Development of square wave inverter using DC/DC boost converter (M. Z. Aihsan)

644  ISSN: 2088-8694

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF AUTHORS

Muhammad Zaid Aihsan received the B.Eng. (Hons) in Industrial Electronic

Engineering and M. Sc Electrical System Engineering degrees from University
Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia, in 2013 and 2016, respectively. In May 2016, he
was appointed as lecturer in the Faculty of Engineering Technology under Electrical
Department, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia. His research interests include
alternative power converter topologies and control strategies for renewable energy
integration.

Nur Irwany binti Ahmad received the B.Eng. (Hons) in Electrical System
Engineering from University Malaysia Perlis, Perlis Malaysia and M.Eng in
Industrial Electronics and Control engineering from University of Malaya, Bangsar,
Malaysia, in 2014 and 2016, respectively. In August 2016, she was appointed as a
lecturer in the Faculty of Engineering Technology under Electrical Department,
Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia.Her research interests include renewable energy
systems and electronics control. She is also a member of BEM malaysia.

Wan Azani Mustafa received degree in biomedical electronic engineering (2013) and
PhD in mechatronic engineering (2017) from university malaysia perlis (UniMAP).
Member of Board Engineer Malaysia (BEM) 2014 and Malaysia Board of
Tecnologist (MBOT) (2017). Published more than 40 academic articles and 1 book.
Now, working as a senior lecturer at University Malaysia perlis, Malaysia. Curr ent
interest includes image processing, biomechanics, intelligence system, and control
system.

Norjasmi Abdul Rahman received the B.Eng. (Hons) in Industrial Electronic

Engineering from Universiti Malaysia Perlis in 2007 and MSc (technology) in
electronic and electrical engineering from Aalto University, Finland, in 2010. In July
2010, he was appointed lecturer in the School of Electrical Systems Engineering,
Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia. He is currently working toward PhD degree at
Denmark Technical University (DTU) in Denmark. His research interests include
dc-dc power conversion, high efficiency step up converters, micro inverter, and
control strategies for renewable energy integration.

Soo Jian Aun received the B.Eng. (Hons) in Industrial Electronic Engineering and
M. Sc Electrical System E ngineering degrees from Un iversity Malaysia Perlis,
Perlis, Malaysia, in 2014 and 2018, respectively. In May 2016, he was appointed as
lecturer in the Faculty of Engineering Technology under Electrical Department,
Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia. His research interests include alternative power
converter topologies and control strategies for renewable energy integration.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2019 : 636 – 644

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Conference Paper

Component-Minimized Buck-Boost Voltage Source

Inverters
October 2007 · Conference Record - IAS Annual Meeting
(IEEE Industry Applications Society)

Feng Gao · P.C. Loh · F. Blaabjerg · [...] ·

Don mahinda Vilathgamuwa

This paper presents the design of buck-boost B4 inverters that

can be derived from either Cuk- or SEPIC-derived buck-boost
B6 inverters. Unlike traditional inverters, the integration of
front-end voltage boost circuitry and inverter circuitry allows it
to perform buck-boost voltage inversion. In order to form a
distinct neutral potential in the corresponding voltage boost
circuitry for correct B4 ... [Show full abstract]

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Last Updated: 22 Oct 2024

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