Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers

1. What is a computer?
A computer is an electronic device that processes data, performs calculations, and executes
instructions to produce output.
2. What are the main components of a computer?
o Input devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse)
o Output devices (e.g., monitor, printer)
o Storage devices (e.g., hard drive, SSD)
o Processor (CPU)
o Memory (RAM)
3. What are the steps in the information processing cycle?
o Input
o Processing
o Storage
o Output
4. What are some common uses of computers in everyday life?
o Communication (e.g., email, social media)
o Education (e.g., e-learning platforms)
o Entertainment (e.g., streaming, gaming)
o Business operations (e.g., accounting, inventory management)

Chapter 2: The Internet and World Wide Web

1. What is the Internet?

The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers that allows communication and data
sharing.
2. What is the World Wide Web?
The Web is a service on the Internet that uses hypertext to access documents and multimedia
resources through browsers.
3. What are some examples of web browsers?
o Google Chrome
o Mozilla Firefox
o Microsoft Edge
o Safari
4. What is the difference between a URL and an IP address?
o A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a user-friendly address for accessing websites.
o An IP address is a numerical identifier assigned to devices on a network.
5. What are common Internet services?
o Email
o File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
o Instant Messaging
o Social networking

Chapter 3: Application Software

 1. What is application software?
Application software consists of programs designed for end-users to perform specific tasks, such as
word processing or spreadsheet management.
2. What are some types of application software?
o Productivity software (e.g., Microsoft Word, Excel)
o Media software (e.g., Photoshop, VLC Media Player)
o Communication software (e.g., Zoom, Outlook)
3. What is the difference between open-source and proprietary software?
o Open-source software is freely available and allows users to modify the source code.
o Proprietary software is owned by a company, and its source code is not shared.
4. What are examples of popular application suites?
o Microsoft Office
o Google Workspace
o LibreOffice

Chapter 4: System Software and Operating Systems

1. What is system software?

System software is the software that manages hardware and provides services for application
software. It includes operating systems and utility programs.
2. What are the functions of an operating system?
o Managing hardware resources
o Running applications
o Handling input and output
o File management
3. What are examples of operating systems?
o Microsoft Windows
o macOS
o Linux
o Android
4. What is the difference between multitasking and multiprocessing?
o Multitasking: Running multiple applications simultaneously on one CPU.
o Multiprocessing: Using multiple CPUs to perform tasks.
5. What are common utilities provided by system software?
o File compression (e.g., WinRAR)
o Antivirus programs (e.g., Norton, McAfee)
o Disk cleanup tools

Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers

Detailed Questions & Answers

1. Define the term “data” and explain how it differs from information.
o Data: Raw, unprocessed facts (e.g., numbers, text).
o Information: Processed data that is meaningful and useful.
o Difference: Data is input, while information is the output generated after processing data.
2. What are the different types of computers?
o Supercomputers: Extremely powerful, used for tasks like weather forecasting.
o Mainframes: Used by large organizations for bulk data processing.
o Personal Computers (PCs): Desktop or laptop computers for individual use.
o Mobile Devices: Smartphones and tablets, designed for portability.
3. What are the benefits and risks of using computers?
 o Benefits: Speed, accuracy, automation, connectivity, and multitasking.
o Risks: Cybersecurity threats, privacy issues, and health concerns (e.g., eye strain).

Chapter 2: The Internet and World Wide Web

Detailed Questions & Answers

1. What are the main components of a URL?

o Protocol: Specifies how data is transferred (e.g., http:// or https://).
o Domain Name: The human-readable name of the website (e.g., example.com).
o Path: Specifies the location of a specific page or file (e.g., /about.html).
2. What is the role of search engines? How do they work?
o Role: Help users find information on the web by indexing web pages.
o How they work:
 Crawling: Search engines use bots to scan web pages.
 Indexing: Data is stored in a database.
 Ranking: Results are ranked based on relevance to the search query.
3. What is the difference between a web page and a website?
o Web Page: A single document or page (e.g., index.html).
o Website: A collection of related web pages under one domain.

Chapter 3: Application Software

Detailed Questions & Answers

1. What factors should be considered when selecting application software?

o Compatibility with the operating system.
o User requirements (e.g., features needed).
o Cost and licensing terms.
o Availability of technical support.
2. How does cloud-based software differ from traditional software?
o Cloud-based Software: Runs on remote servers; accessed via the internet (e.g., Google
Docs).
o Traditional Software: Installed and runs on local machines (e.g., Microsoft Word).
3. What is software customization?
o Adjusting the software’s settings, templates, or add-ons to meet specific needs (e.g., adding
extensions to a web browser).

Chapter 4: System Software and Operating Systems

Detailed Questions & Answers

1. What is the difference between system software and application software?

o System Software: Manages hardware and provides services for applications (e.g., operating
systems, drivers).
o Application Software: Helps users perform specific tasks (e.g., Word processors, browsers).
2. What are common features of a graphical user interface (GUI)?
o Icons: Visual symbols representing programs/files.
 o Windows: Rectangular areas displaying programs or files.
o Menus: Lists of options.
o Pointer: Cursor controlled by input devices.
3. What are examples of utility programs, and what do they do?
o Antivirus: Protects against malware (e.g., Avast).
o File Management Tools: Help organize files (e.g., Windows File Explorer).
o Backup Software: Creates copies of data (e.g., Acronis True Image).
4. What is the purpose of virtual memory?
o Definition: A technique that uses part of the hard drive as if it were RAM.
o Purpose: Allows computers to handle larger workloads even if physical RAM is insufficient.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers

1. Define a computer and list its primary components.

o A computer is an electronic device that processes data into meaningful information.
o Primary components: Input devices, output devices, memory (RAM), storage devices, and a
processor (CPU).
2. What is the role of the CPU in a computer system?
o The CPU (Central Processing Unit) performs calculations, processes instructions, and
controls other hardware components.
3. Explain the difference between hardware and software.
o Hardware: Physical components of a computer (e.g., keyboard, monitor).
o Software: Programs and instructions that tell the hardware what to do.
4. What are the five categories of computers? Provide examples for each.
o Supercomputers (e.g., IBM Summit)
o Mainframes (e.g., IBM Z series)
o Servers (e.g., web servers)
o Personal Computers (e.g., desktops, laptops)
o Mobile devices (e.g., smartphones, tablets)
5. Describe the steps in the information processing cycle.
o Input → Processing → Storage → Output

Chapter 2: The Internet and World Wide Web

1. What is the Internet, and how is it different from the World Wide Web?
o Internet: A global network of interconnected computers.
o World Wide Web: A service on the Internet that provides access to web pages via browsers.
2. What is the function of a web browser? Provide examples.
o A web browser retrieves, displays, and navigates web pages. Examples: Google Chrome,
Mozilla Firefox, Safari.
3. Define URL and explain its components.
o URL (Uniform Resource Locator): The address of a web resource.
o Components: Protocol (http://), domain name (www.example.com), path (/home).
4. What are some common Internet services?
o Email (e.g., Gmail), Instant Messaging (e.g., WhatsApp), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and
e-commerce websites.
5. Explain the importance of search engines.
o Search engines like Google help users find specific information by indexing and ranking web
pages.
Chapter 3: Application Software

1. Define application software and provide three examples.

o Application software is designed to help users perform specific tasks.
o Examples: Microsoft Word (word processing), Excel (spreadsheets), Adobe Photoshop
(image editing).
2. Differentiate between productivity software and multimedia software.
o Productivity software: Used for office tasks (e.g., Microsoft Office).
o Multimedia software: Used for creating and playing audio/video content (e.g., VLC Media
Player).
3. What is cloud computing? Provide examples.
o Cloud computing allows users to access software and services over the Internet. Examples:
Google Docs, Dropbox.
4. What are the advantages of open-source software?
o Free to use and modify.
o Encourages innovation and collaboration.
o Examples: Linux, LibreOffice.
5. List three differences between system software and application software.
o System software: Manages hardware, supports applications (e.g., operating systems).
o Application software: Performs user-specific tasks (e.g., browsers).
o System software runs continuously, whereas application software is run as needed.

Chapter 4: System Software and Operating Systems

1. What is an operating system, and what are its functions?

o An operating system (OS) manages computer hardware and software resources.
o Functions: Memory management, file management, process scheduling, and user interface
management.
2. What are the differences between multitasking and multiprocessing?
o Multitasking: Running multiple programs on a single CPU simultaneously.
o Multiprocessing: Using multiple CPUs to execute tasks.
3. What are utility programs? Provide examples.
o Utility programs perform maintenance tasks.
o Examples: Antivirus software (e.g., Norton), File compression tools (e.g., WinRAR), Disk
cleanup.
4. Explain the role of device drivers in a computer system.
o Device drivers act as a bridge between the operating system and hardware components (e.g.,
printer driver).
5. What is virtual memory, and why is it used?
o Virtual memory uses hard drive space as temporary RAM.
o It allows the system to run larger applications than physical memory can handle.
6. List three examples of operating systems and their uses.
o Windows: Personal and business use.
o macOS: Apple devices, creative work.
o Linux: Servers, open-source projects.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers

1. Define the term 'computer' and describe its uses.

o A computer is an electronic device capable of processing, storing, and retrieving data. It is
used in education, healthcare, business, communication, and entertainment.
2. What are the basic operations of a computer?
 o Input, Processing, Storage, Output, and Communication.
3. Explain the role of input and output devices.
o Input devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse) allow users to provide data to a computer. Output
devices (e.g., monitor, printer) display or produce results of the processed data.
4. Differentiate between data and information.
o Data: Raw, unprocessed facts.
o Information: Organized and meaningful data after processing.
5. What is the information processing cycle?
o The sequence of input → processing → output → storage → communication.
6. List and describe the types of storage devices.
o Primary Storage: RAM, ROM.
o Secondary Storage: Hard drives, SSDs.
o Portable Storage: USB drives, CDs/DVDs.
o Cloud Storage: Online data storage.
7. What are the different categories of computers?
o Supercomputers, Mainframes, Personal Computers, Mobile Devices, and Embedded Systems.
8. Explain the difference between a desktop and a laptop.
o Desktop: Designed for stationary use; more powerful.
o Laptop: Portable and compact with built-in components.
9. What is a server? Name its types.
o A server is a computer that provides services to other computers in a network. Types include
file servers, web servers, and database servers.
10. List the advantages of computers in modern society.
o Speed, accuracy, multitasking, automation, and connectivity.
11. What are the disadvantages of using computers?
o Cybersecurity risks, job displacement, privacy issues, and health concerns.
12. What are embedded computers? Provide examples.
o Embedded computers are specialized systems designed for specific tasks. Examples: ATMs,
smart TVs, and washing machines.
13. What is the role of memory in a computer system?
o Memory stores data and instructions temporarily or permanently, enabling processing and
operation.
14. Differentiate between RAM and ROM.
o RAM: Volatile memory used for temporary storage.
o ROM: Non-volatile memory storing permanent instructions.
15. What are peripheral devices? Provide examples.
o Devices connected externally to a computer. Examples: Printers, scanners, external drives.
16. Explain the importance of software in a computer.
o Software provides the instructions that enable hardware to perform specific tasks.

Chapter 2: The Internet and World Wide Web

1. What is the Internet, and how does it work?

o The Internet is a global network of computers connected via communication protocols. It
works by transmitting data in packets using the TCP/IP protocol.
2. What is the World Wide Web (WWW)?
o A system of interlinked web pages accessible via browsers, based on protocols like HTTP.
3. List the differences between the Internet and the World Wide Web.
o Internet: Infrastructure of networks.
o WWW: Service running on the Internet for accessing web pages.
4. Explain the role of a search engine. Provide examples.
 o Search engines index and rank web content to make information accessible. Examples:
Google, Bing, Yahoo.
5. What is a URL? Explain its structure.
o URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the address of a web resource. Structure: Protocol +
Domain + Path.
6. Define the term ‘ISP’ and its function.
o ISP (Internet Service Provider) provides internet access to users and organizations.
7. What is an IP address? Name its types.
o An IP address uniquely identifies devices on a network. Types: IPv4 and IPv6.
8. What are the common types of websites?
o E-commerce (e.g., Amazon), Blogs (e.g., WordPress), News (e.g., BBC), and Social
Networking (e.g., Facebook).
9. Explain the difference between static and dynamic websites.
o Static: Fixed content (e.g., informational websites).
o Dynamic: Interactive, updates based on user input (e.g., e-commerce).
10. What is a web browser? Name examples.
o Software for accessing web pages. Examples: Chrome, Safari, Firefox.
11. What are cookies, and why are they used?
o Cookies are small text files stored on a user’s device by websites to save preferences and
track activities.
12. Define phishing.
o A cyberattack that tricks users into sharing sensitive information by posing as a trustworthy
source.
13. What is e-commerce? Provide examples.
o Buying and selling of goods online. Examples: Amazon, eBay.
14. Explain the concept of cloud computing.
o Cloud computing allows on-demand access to shared resources (e.g., servers, storage) over
the Internet.
15. What is web hosting?
o A service that provides storage for websites on servers, making them accessible online.
16. What is FTP, and what is its purpose?
o FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is used for transferring files between computers over a network.

Chapter 3: Application Software

1. What is application software? Provide examples.

o Programs designed for specific tasks. Examples: Word processors, spreadsheets.
2. Differentiate between proprietary and open-source software.
o Proprietary: Restricted access (e.g., Microsoft Office).
o Open-source: Free to use and modify (e.g., LibreOffice).
3. What is productivity software? Provide examples.
o Applications that increase efficiency. Examples: Word processors, spreadsheets.
4. What are software suites?
o Bundles of related applications sold together (e.g., Microsoft Office).
5. Explain multimedia software.
o Used to create, edit, or view multimedia content (e.g., Photoshop, VLC).
6. What is a database management system (DBMS)?
o Software for creating and managing databases (e.g., MySQL).
7. Define the term ‘utility software.’
o Programs that perform maintenance tasks (e.g., disk cleanup).
8. What are the advantages of cloud-based applications?
o Accessibility, cost efficiency, and automatic updates.
Chapter 4: System Software and Operating Systems

1. What is system software? Provide examples.

o Software that controls hardware and enables basic operations (e.g., OS, drivers).
2. What are the functions of an operating system?
o Managing hardware, running applications, and providing user interfaces.
3. Differentiate between GUI and CLI.
o GUI: Visual interface (e.g., Windows).
o CLI: Text-based commands (e.g., Linux shell).
4. What are device drivers?
o Software that enables hardware to communicate with the OS.
5. Define virtualization.
o Running multiple OS instances on a single physical machine.
6. What is the role of firmware?
o Firmware provides permanent instructions for hardware initialization.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers

1. What is a computer? Describe its major components.

A computer is an electronic device that processes data into meaningful information. It can perform
complex calculations and execute instructions with high speed and accuracy. Major components
include:
o Input Devices: Hardware like a keyboard or mouse to provide data to the computer.
o Output Devices: Components such as monitors or printers to display results.
o Storage Devices: Hard drives, SSDs, and cloud storage for saving data.
o Processor (CPU): Executes instructions and performs calculations.
o Memory (RAM): Temporarily holds data and instructions for quick access.
2. Explain the steps of the information processing cycle.
o Input: Data is entered into the computer via input devices (e.g., keyboard, scanner).
o Processing: The CPU processes the input data using software instructions.
o Storage: Data is saved for immediate or future use in primary or secondary storage.
o Output: Processed data is displayed as meaningful information via output devices.
o Communication: Sharing of processed information through networks or other
communication devices.
3. Differentiate between supercomputers and mainframes.
o Supercomputers:
 Extremely powerful, designed for complex tasks like weather forecasting,
simulations, and scientific research.
 Examples include IBM Summit and Fugaku.
o Mainframes:
 Used by large organizations for bulk data processing, such as banking transactions or
airline reservations.
 Focused on reliability and scalability.
4. What is the role of storage devices in a computer? Name different types.
Storage devices are used to save data, programs, and operating systems for long-term or temporary
use. Types include:
o Primary Storage: RAM and cache memory, used for temporary data storage.
o Secondary Storage: Hard drives, SSDs, used for permanent data storage.
o Portable Storage: USB drives, CDs, DVDs for transferring data.
o Cloud Storage: Online services like Google Drive for remote access.
Chapter 2: The Internet and World Wide Web

1. What is the Internet? Explain its importance in modern society.

The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers that communicate using standard
protocols like TCP/IP. Its importance includes:
o Communication: Email, instant messaging, and video conferencing.
o Access to Information: Search engines provide access to a vast range of resources.
o E-commerce: Online shopping platforms allow businesses to reach a global audience.
o Entertainment: Streaming services, gaming, and social media platforms.
o Education: Online courses, e-learning platforms, and research.
2. Explain the structure of a URL with an example.
A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) specifies the address of a web resource. Its structure includes:
o Protocol: Specifies how the resource is accessed (e.g., http:// or https://).
o Domain Name: Identifies the website (e.g., www.example.com).
o Path: Specifies the location of a resource on the server (e.g., /about.html).
Example: https://www.google.com/search?q=computer.
3. Differentiate between static and dynamic websites with examples.
o Static Websites:
 Content remains fixed for all users.
 Simple HTML pages (e.g., company brochures).
o Dynamic Websites:
 Content changes based on user interactions or server updates.
 Examples include social media sites like Facebook and e-commerce platforms like
Amazon.

Chapter 3: Application Software

1. What is application software? Describe its categories.

Application software refers to programs designed to perform specific tasks for users. Categories
include:
o Productivity Software: For office tasks like word processing and spreadsheets (e.g., MS
Word, Excel).
o Multimedia Software: For creating and viewing audio, video, and graphics (e.g., Adobe
Photoshop, VLC).
o Database Management Systems: For organizing and managing large datasets (e.g., MySQL,
Microsoft Access).
o Communication Software: For messaging, video calls, and collaboration (e.g., Zoom,
Slack).
2. What is the difference between proprietary and open-source software? Provide examples.
o Proprietary Software:
 Owned by a company; users need a license to use it.
 Example: Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop.
o Open-Source Software:
 Free to use, modify, and distribute.
 Example: Linux, LibreOffice.
3. What are the advantages of cloud-based software over traditional software?
o Accessibility: Accessible from any device with an internet connection.
o Cost Efficiency: Reduces the need for hardware upgrades.
o Automatic Updates: Software is always updated to the latest version.
o Collaboration: Multiple users can work on the same document simultaneously (e.g., Google
Docs).
Chapter 4: System Software and Operating Systems

1. What is system software? Explain its components with examples.

System software manages hardware resources and provides services to application software.
Components include:
o Operating Systems: Manage hardware and software (e.g., Windows, macOS).
o Utility Programs: Perform maintenance tasks (e.g., antivirus, disk cleanup tools).
o Device Drivers: Enable communication between hardware and the OS (e.g., printer drivers).
2. Explain the primary functions of an operating system.
o Memory Management: Allocates and manages RAM for running applications.
o File Management: Organizes and controls access to files on storage devices.
o Process Management: Schedules and monitors running applications.
o Device Management: Coordinates communication with peripherals.
o User Interface: Provides an interface for users to interact with the system (GUI or CLI).
3. What is virtual memory, and why is it important?
Virtual memory is a technique where part of the hard drive is used as if it were RAM.
o Importance:
 Enables computers to run large applications that exceed the physical RAM.
 Prevents crashes by swapping data between RAM and the hard drive.
4. What are utility programs? List their types and functions.
Utility programs are system software designed for maintenance and optimization. Types include:
o File Management Tools: Organize and back up data.
o Antivirus Software: Detects and removes malware.
o Compression Tools: Reduce file sizes (e.g., WinRAR).
o Disk Management Tools: Optimize hard drive performance.