MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL-BASED DIRECT TORQUE CONTROL FOR

DUAL MATRIX CONVERTER

ABSTRACT

To reduce the torque ripple in motors resulting from the use of conventional direct
torque control (DTC), a model predictive control (MPC)-based DTC strategy for a dual
matrix converter is proposed. Two new look-up tables are proposed, these are derived on the
basis of the control of the electromagnetic torque and stator flux using all the feasible voltage
vectors and their associated switching states. Finite control set model predictive control
(FCS-MPC) has then been adopted to select the optimal switching state that minimizes the
cost function related to the electromagnetic torque. The main objective is the use of rectifier
pulse width modulation technique PWM (indirect PMW), to achieve the required control of
the presented dual matrix converter, it well knows that the matrix converter provides fully
bidirectional power flow operation and it is necessary to add small input filter to reduce
harmonic of the source side current. Finally, the experimental results are shown to verify the
reduced torque ripple performance of the proposed MPC-based DTC method. The
performance of the proposed control approach is finally discussed through simulation results
compared with simple matrix converter feeding induction machine drive under star
connection (with the same parameter) and the performance of control of Dual Matrix
converters are also discussed.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Matrix converter (MC) has attracted a lot of attention due to its inherent advantages,
such as bi-directional energy flow, controllable input power factor, the potential for high
power density, and the lack of bulky dc-link capacitors. Previous studies are mainly
concentrated on the modulation and the switching pattern of the MC. High-performance
speed control for MC-fed induction motors (IM) has received less attention. The direct torque
control (DTC) method for MC-fed IM was first proposed by experimentally verified.
Nevertheless, variable frequency operation, torque ripple and flux ripple have been identified
as the main drawbacks. Several methods based on constant switching frequency and
switching table's imposition in DTC has been employed to overcome these problems. In an
improved direct torque control-space vector method was proposed, which used the space
vector method and a flux dead-beat algorithm to decrease the torque ripple and obtain unity
input power factor.

The Matrix converter is a single-stage power converter, which consists of m x n

bidirectional power switches in an array form. The bidirectional switches in the converter are
composed by means of two IGBTs and two diodes connected in anti-parallel. Generally, the
number of input phases, m must be at least three, and the number of output phases, n can be
chosen from one to infinity. Currently, research works on commutation techniques operation
stability and control/modulation strategy of MCs increase the usage of Matrix converter in
many fields like elevators, wind power generation, and mechanical manufacture. A
tremendous research work focusing on control and modulation strategies of MCs can be
divided into four types. They are scalar techniques, pulse width modulation (PWM),
predictive control, and direct torque control (DTC).The method is the first scalar technique,
which obtains the duty ratio of each switch directly by calculating the function of the
instantaneous value of the input voltage and the reference value of the output voltage. The
Space vector modulation (SVM) is based on the instantaneous space vector representation of
input and output voltages and currents and it exploits the pulse width modulation, which was
developed

The matrix converter offers an all silicon solution for AC/AC power conversion. The
performances of this approach are similar to those of a conventional inverter with some
advantages like the DC-link stage elimination, Bidirectional power flow capability,
Sinusoidal input/output current and adjustable input power factor. The matrix converter drive
has recently attracted the industry application and the technical development has been further
accelerated because of increasing importance of power quality and energy efficiency issues.
Direct torque control (DTC) is a control technique used in AC drive systems to obtain high
performance torque control. It is introduced for Voltage Source Inverters (VSI) drives. As the
name indicates, DTC directly controls both the torque and flux of an electrical machine,
selecting convenient space voltage vectors from the power converter, taking into account the
error of the variables under control and the sector in which the flux vector lies

In an improved DTC method is proposed, which is based on twelve 30° sectors of

both voltage and flux vectors for MC-fed IM. A new lookup table was developed and the
optimal switching vector was selected for control of the torque with minimized variations of
the stator flux within the hysteresis band. As a result, a lower torque ripple was obtained
compared to the conventional DTC method; however, the required look-up table is complex.
The FCS-MPC has been developed and applied to the control of power converter and motor
drives because of its advantages such as fast dynamic response, easy inclusion of
nonlinearities and constraints of the system, and the flexibility to include other system
requirements in the controller. In an improved model predictive torque control is proposed for
a 2-level voltage source inverter-fed induction motor drive, which reduces the control
complexity and torque ripple.

In a weighting factor optimization method for reducing the torque ripple of inductions
machine fed by an indirect matrix converter is presented. In a predictive current control
method for an IM based on the MC was proposed, which uses MPC to control the stator
current and hence achieves the control of torque and flux of the IM. All 27 valid switching
states are utilized in the cost function, which is time-consuming. In MPC is used to control
the electromagnetic torque and the stator flux. Nevertheless, it still considers all 27 switching
states, so the problem of time-consuming calculations is left unsolved. Several methods have
been proposed to reduce the calculation effort for the MC with the FCS-MPC method. To
reduce the torque ripple caused by conventional DTC strategy, an improved MPC-based DTC
strategy for a direct matrix converter-fed (DMC-fed) IM is proposed in this paper. Consistent
with the theory of direct torque control, the proposed method achieves the desired control
effect through the direct control of electromagnetic torque and stator flux. Two look-up tables
are proposed in order to fully utilize the available switching states.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

[1] Preselection Algorithm Based on Predictive Control for Direct Matrix Converter, H.
Dan, Q. Zhu, T. Peng, Y. Sun, P. Wheeler-May 2017

An enhanced predictive control strategy to reduce the calculation effort for direct matrix
converters is proposed. The main idea is to preselect the switching states to decrease the
calculation effort during each sample period. The proposed Preselection algorithm enables a
predefined cost function to consider only the preselected switching states to perform the
expected control. On the basis of the Preselection of switching states at each sample period,
the proposed method can effectively reduce the calculation effort as well as show a good
performance. The proposed predictive control scheme uses only preselected switching states
to generate the desired source/load current waveforms and control the input power factor. In
most predictive control algorithms, all possible control actions are evaluated by the cost
function and then the optimum control can be taken by using the minimization of the cost
function. Consequently, a certain predictive horizon will be formed by the system’s reaction
to these control actions. A higher prediction horizon theoretically leads to a better control
performance, but the calculation effort rises exponentially. Among most of the predictive
control methods for the MC, the easiest way to realize the minimization of cost function is an
evaluation of all the possible switching states. The disadvantage of this method is obvious
that the calculation effort rises with the prediction horizon. Hence, an optimal algorithm is
needed which will reduce the calculation effort and make possible higher predictive horizons.

TECHNIQUE

 Preselection algorithm

ADVANTAGES

 Good performance
 Improve feasibility process

DISADVANTAGES

 Complex control schemes

 Multiobjective problems
[2] Weighting Factor Design in Model Predictive Control of Power Electronic
Converters: An Artificial Neural Network Approach, Tomislav Dragiˇcevi´c, Mateja
Novak-2018

It proposes the use of an artificial neural network (ANN) for solving one of the ongoing
research challenges in finite-set model predictive control (FS-MPC) of power electronics
converters, i.e. the automated selection of weighting factors in cost function. The first step in
this approach is to simulate a detailed converter circuit model or run experiments numerous
times using different weighting factor combinations. The key performance metrics (e.g.
average switching frequency (fsw) of the converter, total harmonic distortion (THD), etc.) are
extracted from each simulation. This data is then used to train the ANN, which serves as a
surrogate model of the converter that can provide fast and accurate estimates of the
performance metrics for any weighting factor combination. Consequently, any arbitrary user-
defined fitness function that combines the output metrics can be defined and the weighting
factor combinations that optimize the given function can be explicitly found. The proposed
methodology was verified on a practical weighting factor design problem in FS-MPC
regulated voltage source converter (VSC) for uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system.
Designed weighting factors for two exemplary fitness functions turned out to be robust to
load variations and to yield close to expected performance when applied both to detailed
simulation model (less than 3% error) and to experimental test bed

TECHNIQUE

 Finite-set model predictive control (FS-MPC) of power electronics converters

ADVANTAGES

 Accurate estimates of the performance

 Fast process

DISADVANTAGES

 Limitations of classical linear control approaches

 High cost
[3] Guidelines for Weighting Factors Design in Model Predictive Control of Power
Converters and Drives, Patricio Cortés, Samir Kouro, Bruno La Rocca, José I. León,
Sergio Vazquez-2015

Model Predictive Control with a finite control set has emerged as a promising control tool for
power converters and drives. One of the major advantages is the possibility to control several
system variables with a single control law, by including them with appropriate weighting
factors. However, at the present state of the art, these coefficients are determined empirically.
There is no analytical or numerical method proposed yet to obtain an optimal solution. In
addition, the empirical method is not always straightforward, and no procedures have been
reported. This paper presents a first approach to a set of guidelines that reduce the uncertainty
of this process. First a classification of different types of cost functions and weighting factors
is presented. Then the different steps of the empirical process are explained. Finally, results
for several power converters and drives applications are analyzed, which show the
effectiveness of the proposed guidelines to reach appropriate weighting factors and control
performance. Unfortunately, there are no analytical or numerical methods or control design
theories to adjust these parameters, and currently they are determined based on empirical
procedures. Although this challenge has not kept back FCS-MPC to be applied successfully
to several power converters, it is highly desirable to establish a procedure or define some
basic guidelines to reduce the uncertainty and improve the effectiveness of the tuning stage.

TECHNIQUE

 Numerical method

ADVANTAGES

 Increase control performance

 Accurate prediction process

DISADVANTAGES

 Increasing demand for higher performance

 MPC optimization problem
[4] An Improved DTC Strategy For Induction Motors Fed by Direct Matrix Converter,
Tao Peng, Meng Wen, Zhejun Li, Zhandong Xu, Jian Yang-2015

For limitation in switch selection and the torque ripples in the traditional direct torque
control, an improved direct torque control method is proposed in this paper. This control
strategy combines the direct torque control strategy and model predictive control strategy.
First of all, pre-select the switching states from the direct torque control strategy and then
select the switching state of the matrix converter that minimizes the cost function from pre-
selected switching states. The simulation results show that the proposed method can
effectively improve the static and dynamic performance of the system as well as maintain the
unity power factor. First of all, DTC strategy is used to pre-select six switching states, and
then the predictive values of torque, stator flux and reactive power are calculated by using
model predictive strategy. A cost function using quadratic errors between predicted values
and their references is established. The switching state which minimizes the cost function will
be selected. The simulation results show that the optimized control strategy has solved the
problem of limitation in switch selection and the torque ripples. Moreover, compared to the
traditional predictive control strategy, the new strategy proposed in this paper reduces the
calculation workload significantly.

TECHNIQUE

 Direct torque control method

ADVANTAGES

 Improve the static and dynamic performance

 It maintain the unity power factor

DISADVANTAGES

 Large torque errors

 Increase losses
[5] Predictive Torque Control of an Induction Machine Fed by a Matrix Converter
With Reactive Input Power Control, Ren´e Vargas, Ren´e Vargas, Jose Rodriguez, and
Patrick Wheeler-2010

A new control method for a matrix-converter-based induction machine drive. A discrete

model of the converter, motor, and input filter is used to predict the behavior of torque, flux,
and input power to the drive. The switching state that optimizes the value of a quality
function, used as the evaluation criterion, is selected and applied during the next discrete-time
interval. Experimental results confirm that the proposed strategy gives high-quality control of
the torque, flux, and power factor with a fast dynamic control response. The key
implementation issues are analyzed in depth to give an overview of the realization aspects of
the proposed algorithm. The objective of this paper is to develop and experimentally validate
an MC-based IM drive control method using MPC. This method features fast dynamic
response, low torque ripple, and reactive input power control. The simple approach is based
on the evaluation of an objective function through unified switching-state selection criteria.
This use of quality functions allows further attributes to be added to the method such as
reduction of switching losses, common-mode voltage control, spectrum regulation, etc. The
method does not require additional modulation stages and can utilize all the allowable space
vectors generated by the MC, including the rotating vectors.

TECHNIQUE

 Matrix-converter-based induction machine drive

ADVANTAGES

 High-quality control of the torque

 Fast dynamic control response

DISADVANTAGES

 Increase current ripple process

 Increase amount of complexity
[6] Simplified Finite Control Set-Model Predictive Control for Matrix Converter-Fed
PMSM Drives, Mohsen Siami, Davood Arab Khaburi and Jose Rodriguez-2017

Finite control set-model predictive control (FCS-MPC) is emerging as an attractive

alternative for power converters control. In comparison with the classical linear controllers,
FCS-MPC needs a shorter control loop cycle time to achieve the same performance. But, the
conventional FCS-MPC involves a large amount of calculation. The calculation efforts
increase with the number of switching states of the power converter as well as the control
objectives, which is a challenge for its application. This paper proposes an effective method
to simplify the FCS-MPC and to reduce its calculation efforts for its application in matrix
converter-fed permanent magnet synchronous motors. The experimental results which verify
the good performance of the proposed method, are presented. The main contribution of this
paper is to simplify the implementation of FCS-MPC on a matrix converter-fed a permanent
magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) by extending the introduced ideas. This simplification is
achieved through two main steps: 1) elimination of the prediction of motor currents for
different switching state, and 2) reduction of candidate switching state for prediction and
evaluation. The experimental implementations of the proposed method and the conventional
FCS-MPC shows that with the proposed method the running time is considerably reduced
without significant effect on the control performance.

TECHNIQUE

 Finite control set-model predictive control (FCS-MPC)

ADVANTAGES

 Reduce its calculation efforts

 Good performance

DISADVANTAGES

 Less switching frequency

 Increase computational burden
[7] A Computationally Efficient Lookup Table Based FCS-MPC for PMSM Drives Fed
by Matrix Converters, Mohsen Siami, Davood Arab Khaburi, Marco Rivera, and Jose
Rodríguez-2017

Finite control set-model predictive control (FCS-MPC) is an interesting alternative for the
control of drive systems. However, FCS-MPC requires a large amount of calculation, because
it uses all feasible voltage vectors of a power converter for prediction and evaluation. This is
an obstacle for its application when the number of voltage vectors of power converter is
increased. The computational burden is more challenging when the control objectives are
increased. At the same time, matrix converter is an attractive alternative to conventional
back-to-back converters with dc link. However, implementation of FCS-MPC for a matrix
converter is computationally expensive due to the 27 feasible voltage vectors of the matrix
converter. In this paper a Lookup table is used to reduce the candidate voltage vectors that
makes the FCS-MPC computationally efficient for matrix converter-fed permanent magnet
synchronous motors. This approach is implemented experimentally and is compared with the
conventional approach to evaluate its performance. However, in a matrix converter, the
number of feasible switching states is 27 and prediction of control objectives for all switching
states and evaluation of them through the cost function is inescapably time consuming. The
computational time increases rapidly with more control objectives resulting in high sampling
interval of the control algorithm. Hence, FCS-MPC may not still be widely applied for matrix
converters in industry applications.

TECHNIQUE

 Finite control set-model predictive control (FCS-MPC)

ADVANTAGES

 Minimize the cost function

 Computationally efficient matrix converter

DISADVANTAGES

 It requires a large amount of calculation

 It computationally expensive
[8] Predictive Current Control of an Induction Machine Fed by a Matrix Converter
With Reactive Power Control, René Vargas, José Rodríguez, Ulrich Ammann and
Patrick W. Wheeler-2008

A different approach to perform the control of an induction machine fed by a matrix

converter (MC) is presented in this paper. The proposed technique is based on predictive
control and effectively controls input and output variables to the power converter, as expected
from an MC. The method allows the use of all valid switching states, including rotating
vectors that are not considered in most control techniques, as space vector modulation or
direct torque control for induction machines fed by MCs. Experimental results show the
excellent performance of the proposed approach, with low-distortion input currents,
adjustable power factor, sinusoidal output currents with smooth frequency transitions, and
good speed control in motoring and regeneration conditions, even working under an
unbalanced power supply. The implementation and comprehension of the method should be
considered simple compared to other control strategies with similar features. The high
computational effort required should not be a problem considering recent progresses in digital
signal processors—and even less in years to come. A quality function is evaluated, based on
predictions from a model of the system, over a finite receding horizon. No modulation or
linear controllers are required. In this paper, the MPC approach is applied to obtain a method
to control the current of an induction machine and, at the same time, allow the control of the
input current and reactive power to the system, in order to obtain low-distortion input
currents, controlled PF, and excellent drive performance even if the energy source presents
disturbances

TECHNIQUE

 Matrix converter

ADVANTAGES

 Good speed control

 Low-distortion input currents

DISADVANTAGES

 Increase complexity process

 Increase evaluating error
[9] Model Predictive Torque Ripple Reduction with Weighting Factor Optimization Fed
by an Indirect Matrix Converter, Muslem Uddin, Saad Mekhilef, Marizan Mubin
Marco Rivera-2014

Model predictive control has emerged as a powerful control tool in the field of power
converter and drive’s system. In this article, a weighting factor optimization for reducing the
torque ripple of induction machine fed by an indirect matrix converter is introduced and
presented. Therefore, an optimization method is adopted here to calculate the optimum
weighting factor corresponding to minimum torque ripple. However, model predictive torque
and flux control of the induction machine with conventionally selected weighting factor is
being investigated in this article and is compared with the proposed optimum weighting
factor based model predictive control algorithm to reduce the torque ripples. The proposed
model predictive control scheme utilizes the discrete phenomena of power converter and
predicts the future nature of the system variables. For the next sampling period, model
predictive method selects the optimized switching state that minimizes a cost function based
on optimized weighting factor to actuate the power converter. The introduced weighting
factor optimization method in model predictive control algorithm is validated through
simulations and shows potential control, tracking of variables with their respective references
and consequently reduces the torque ripples corresponding to conventional weighting factor
based predictive control method.

TECHNIQUE

 Model predictive control scheme

ADVANTAGES

 Minimum torque ripple

 Minimizes a cost function

DISADVANTAGES

 It causing high frequency losses

 Less performance
[10] Model Predictive Control of High-Power Modular Multilevel Converters – An
Overview, Apparao Dekka, Bin Wu, Venkata Yaramasu, Ricardo Lizana Fuentes, and
Navid R. Zargari-2018

Model predictive control (MPC) has emerged as a promising approach to control a modular
multilevel converter (MMC). With the help of a cost function, the control objectives of an
MMC are achieved easily by using an MPC approach. However, the MPC has several
technical challenges and issues including the need of accurate system models, computational
complexity, and variable switching frequency operation and weighting factor selection, when
it comes to the control of an MMC. The past few years several research studies are conducted
to address some of the challenges and issues in an MPC and developed several model
predictive algorithms for an MMC. In this paper, the importance of each challenge and its
impact on the system performance is discussed. Also, the MMC mathematical models used in
the implementation of MPC are presented. Furthermore, some of the popular MPC algorithms
are discussed briefly, and their features and performance are highlighted through case studies.
Finally, summary and future trends of MPC for an MMC are presented. These modulation
indices are used to control the total energy stored in each arm [8]. Further, the pre-calculated
circulating current components and capacitor voltage ripple are used along with the measured
output currents to control the circulating currents in an MMC

TECHNIQUE

 MPC algorithms

ADVANTAGES

 Improve system performance

 High switching frequency

DISADVANTAGES

 Increase computational complexity

 Less reliability process
 CHAPTER 3

EXISTING SYSTEM

An improved DTC method is proposed, which is based on twelve 30° sectors of both voltage
and flux vectors for MC-fed IM. A new lookup table was developed and the optimal
switching vector was selected for control of the torque with minimized variations of the stator
flux within the hysteresis band. As a result, a lower torque ripple was obtained compared to
the conventional DTC method; however, the required look-up table is complex. In MPC is
used to control the electromagnetic torque and the stator flux. Nevertheless, it still considers
all 27 switching states, so the problem of time-consuming calculations is left unsolved.

EXISTING BLOCK DIAGRAM

LCD Display
Unit

Input Source PIC Microcontroller Switching

unit State

MC Model
Input Filter

Output Matrix
Converter

DISADVANTAGES

 Lack of bulky dc-link capacitors

 High power density
 Complex lookup table
PROPOSED SYSTEM

To reduce the torque ripple caused by conventional DTC strategy, an improved MPC-based
DTC strategy for a dual matrix converter-fed (DMC-fed) IM is proposed Consistent with the
theory of direct torque control, the proposed method achieves the desired control effect
through the direct control of electromagnetic torque and stator flux. Two look-up tables are
proposed in order to fully utilize the available switching states. Nine switching states are
preselected according to the two look-up tables, saving considerable processor time in the
calculations. Then, MPC is used to select the optimal switching state, which will be used in
the next control period. Some principle of the proposed MPC-based DTC for MC-fed IM is
described. Simulation tests were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the used
topology and the used control approach in both single and dual matrix converter application
for the same induction machine drive.

ADVANTAGES

 Reduce the torque ripple

 High performance speed control process
 Improve flexibility process
PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM

Arduino Microcontroller unit

Power Supply unit Phase Estimator

Direct Torque Control Voltage Vector Table

SVPWM Dual Matrix Converter

Motor
 CHAPTER 4

MODES OF OPERATION

The multilevel Dual Converter can synthesize more than two-level output voltage to
improve output performance in terms of reduced harmonic content. Due to the lack of a DC-
link capacitor, the dual converter transfer power between source and load instantaneously.
Therefore, it is possible to formulate a transfer function relating the electrical parameters on
one side with the corresponding parameters on the other side.

• The simultaneous connection of two devices to the same output line must be averted
to prevent short circuit of the input voltage sources, and • one device must always be
conducting to establish a path for the inductive load current in order to prevent overvoltage's.

 Prompt perception of the necessary commutation process;

• reach the maximum voltage transfer ratio without 3rd harmonic
component injection;
• independent control of the input and output power factor;
• minimize the effective switching frequency in each cycle, which
reduces the switching losses
 • minimize harmonic content; and • straightforward digital
implementation.

The common-mode voltage (CMV) is known as the main reason of the shaft voltage,
leakage current, and bearing current damage, not only harms the motor lifetime, but also
degrades the reliability of the electrical system. Thus, the techniques to reduce the CMV or to
limit it within certain bounds are very important for the adjustable speed drive system which
is fed by Dual Converter. The modulation strategies affect the CMV and several methods to
reduce the CMV have been introduced. These SVPWM methods are suggested for
conventional IMC and DMC to reduce the peak value of CMV by selecting the suitable zero
switching states.
 A Dual Converter comprises of two stages: The rectifier stage and the three-level T-
Type inverter stage. The function of the rectifier stage is to generate sinusoidal input currents
as well as to maintain the maximum DC voltage at the DC-link. The expected output voltages
with variable frequency are obtained by control at the inverter stage. The cascaded rectifier is
built by two identical three-phase bidirectional front-end current source rectifier (CSR)
modules connected in series. Each CSR includes six bidirectional as shown in Figure 3 (Sap1,
San1, Sbp1, Sbn1, Scp1, Scn1 for upper rectifier; and Sap2, San2, Sbp2, Sbn2, Scp2, Scn2
for lower rectifier), and they are connected at neutralpoint “O”. The upper and lower rectifier
stages generated the DC-link voltage: VPO and VON, respectively. The switching states at
the rectifier stage and the DC-link voltage are shown in Table 1, where vab, vac, vbc, vba,
vca, vcb are the line to line input voltage.

Table 1 Switching state:

In traditional voltage source inverter, the operation involves in two modes: a) active state
mode b) zero state mode. It has two active states and two zero states. In DC, the operation
involves in three modes: a) active state mode b) zero state mode and c) shoot through mode.
It has two active states, two traditional zero states and three shoot through zero states.

Active states: One of the upper switches and one of the lower switches of different legs are
turned on and power flow to load.

During this mode, capacitor voltage is equal to input voltage. No voltage across the inductor
since only pure DC current is flowing through inductor. Single-phase DC has two active
states. In the non-shoot through mode or active mode, the switching pattern for the DC is
similar to that of voltage source converter. The input dc voltage is available as DC link
voltage input to the inverter, which makes the DC behave similar to a VSC in this mode.

Traditional Zero states: Upper or lower two switches are turned on and power does not flow
to load.

During this mode, inductor current decreases linearly and voltage across the inductor is
difference between input voltage and capacitor voltage. Dual phase DC has two traditional
zero states.

Shoot through states: The switches of same leg or total switches are turned on.

During this mode, inductor current increases linearly and voltage across inductors is equal to
voltage across capacitors. These capacitors charge the inductors and current through the
capacitor is equal to the current through the inductor. Dual phase DC has three shoot through
states. In this mode, switches of the same phase in the inverter bridge are switched on
simultaneously for a very short duration. The source however isn’t short circuited when
attempted to do so because of the presence of LC network (quasi), that boosts the output
voltage. The DC link voltage during the shoot through states, is boosted boost factor, whose
value depends on the shoot through duty ratio for a given modulation index.
OPERATING STATES

Circuit Diagram Explanation:

P O W E R S U P P L Y (P S N 1 2 )
9V 1
D1
2 1
D2
2

1 3
D4 D3
IN
7805 OUT +5V
GND

1 2 1 2
C1
1000MF/35V
C2
10MF/63V
0V
2

0V

15V D5 D6
1 2 1 2 1
IN
7812 OUT
3
+12V
GND

C3 C6
1000MF/35V 10MF/63V
D8 D7
1 2 1 2
15V 0V
2

10MF/63V

0V 1000MF/35V
7912
C4 C5
2 3
IN OUT -12V
GND
1

R1
R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 VC C
U1
1k \MC LR /V PP R B 7/PG D
1 40 1k 1k 1k 1k 1k
2 M C L R / V P P / TH V R B 7/PG D 39 R B 6/PG C
3 R A 0/AN 0 R B 6/PG C 36 R B 3/PG M S6
4 R A 1/AN 1 R B 3/PG M 38 R B5 1 2
R A3 5 R A 2/AN 2/VR E F - R B5 37 R B4 S7 1 2 R7
R A4 6 R A 3/AN 3/VR E F + R B4 35 R B2 S8 1 2 R9
R A5 7 R A 4 / T0 C K I R B2 34 R B1 S 1S
09 1 2 R 10
E 8 R A 5/AN 4/SS R B1 33 R B0 1 2 R 11
R /W 9 R E 0/R D /AN 5 R B 0/IN T 32 R 12
R E 1/W R /A N 6 VD D VC C R 13
R S 10 31 VC C
R E 2/C S/A N 7 VSS
1

11 19 RD0 VC C J4
VC C VD D R D 0/P SP 0
12 20 RD1
OSC 1 13 VSS R D 1/P SP 1 21 RD2
O S C 1/C LK IN R D 2/P SP 2 2 1
OSC 2 14 22 RD3 2
RC0 15 O S C 2/C LK O U T R D 3/P SP 3 27 RD4
22p f

R C 0 / T1 O S O / T1 C K 1 K I R D 4/P SP 4 3
RC1 16 28 RD5 RS 4
X1 RC2 17 R C 1 / T1 O S I / C C P 2 R D 5/P SP 5 29 RD6
R C 2/C C P 1 R D 6/P SP 6 R /W 5
RC3 18 30 RD7 E 6
3

RC4 23 R C 3/S C K/S C L R D 7/P SP 7 26 RC7

4 M hz RC5 24 R C 4/S D 1/S D A R C 7 / R X/ D T 25 RC6
RD0 7
RD1 8
R C 5/S D 0 R C 6 / T X/ C K
RD2 9
RD3 10
RD4 11
RD5 12
22p f RD6 13
RD7 14
15

C O N 15

VC C

+12V

R2
R E1 J2
1k D2
1 1
D IO D E 2
3
D1 CON3
LED

R1
1 2 Q1
2 BC 547
1k
R5 C L100
1k
1
+5 V

+5 V

R2
4 .7 K
R8
R1
A Q1
4 .7 K
B C 557
G N D1

1K
R7 Q2
B
B C 557
G N D1

1K
+15V 1

R3 +1 5 V 1
220E
R4 R 28
R9 +1 5 V 2
R
22K
220E
+15V 2

R 10
U8
1 6 R 25 22K
R5
5 Q 13 R 285
BD B01A R
2 4 R 27 22E U 13
4N 35 R
R R 26 1 6 R 11
.01uf 5
R 1 2
GND2
G N D1

2 4 R 255
G N D2

Q 15 22E
GND2

4N 35
BD B01A
R 275
G N D1

R R 265
G N D3

R
R
GND3

GND3

2 Q7 3

10k D 33
1 2
1

10Am p
2

C 32
2200m f/ 63v

22E T8 D IO D E C
D1 1 5 L10
J3
L10
1

3 6
D 34
1

2 I N D U C TO R I N D U C TO R
1 4 8 C 33
4 - + 2 C
TR A N S F O R M E R C T
D IO D E
CON3
V
22E
2
3

1 2 1 Q 10
1

10K
3
2

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The above circuit is MPC based dual converter. This dual converter mainly divided in 4 parts

 Power Supply Unit

 Arduino Unit
 Driver Circuit
 Dual Matrix Converter

Power Supply Unit

Arduino boards can operate satisfactorily on power that is available from the USB port. It
provides 5V DC voltage and can be sourced from the port from a PC, wall socket adapter or
portable power bank

Arduino Uno

The project is based on the Arduino Uno microcontroller board. Out of the 14
available digital input / output pins on the Arduino Uno, we need only three pins to
implement this project. One pin provides the clock signal to the LED display driver IC (MAX
7219) while another pin is used to transmit the serial data to the IC for displaying on the LED
matrix. The corresponding pins must be appropriately mentioned in the program.

Driver Circuit:

Model Predictive Control uses a discrete time model of the system to calculate future value of
the controlled quantities. In order to obtain the discrete time model of the upper load and
lower load, the forward Euler approximation is used. Constants A, B and C are the weighting
factors. Three phase load currents are calculated in α-β frame and costs for the two ac load
current errors are evaluated in this frame. Producing a positive dc-link voltage is necessary
for the operation of the NSI stage. The State Elimination process is responsible for selecting
rectifier switching states that provide positive dc-link voltage. As a result, only rectifier
switching states that produce positive dc-link voltage are used to calculate future load current

Dual Matrix Converter

The Direct Matrix Converter is a single-stage topology composed by a set

of m×n bidirectional power switches to connect a m-phase voltage source to a n-phase load.
The 3Φ−3Φ MC is the preeminent topology as it connects a three-phase voltage source (e.g.,
electric grid) with a three-phase load (e.g., motor). The power circuit is made of nine
bidirectional switches distributed in three sets of three. Each group can also be designated as
a switching cell (SwC). Therefore, with this arrangement it is possible to connect any of the
input phase a, b, or c to any of the output phase A, B, or C, as represented. The schematic
diagram is similar to a matrix, with the rows consisting of the three input phases (a, b, and c),
the columns consisting of the three output phases (A, B, and C), and the bidirectional switches
making the connection between the rows and columns, which are symbolized with circles.

 The dual input matrix converter is a converter, that consists of two input AC sources,
nine voltage source converters (NVSC), Current source inverter, and Diode and foil
capacitor.
 The circuit operation of Dual input matrix converter directly consists of operation
AC-DC-AC because here using two input AC sources, so bidirectional switch is not
possible to get an output from another direction of switch.
 The matrix converter can be classified into two types and it depends upon the
semiconducting stage.