ACKNOWLEDGMENT

It is well known that behind ever success there

stands some person other than that has
success. I believe that we have succeeded in
completion of my project report, but I am
thankful to all those persons who have
directly or indirectly supported and helped me
in completion of my project. Firstly, I would
like to express my gratitude and special
thanks to my teacher Mrs. Soniya Sayam as
well as our principal Mr. Ashish Mishra who
gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic
“ COLLISON ’’
which also helped me in doing a lot of
research and I came to know about so many
things. I am thankful to them. Secondly, I
would also like to thank my parents who
helped me a lot in finishing this project within
the limited time
Content:

Collision

Coefficient of restitution

Types of collision:

1).Elastic Collision
2).Inelastic Collision
3).Perfectly inelastic Collision

Examples of collision In real life

Collision
It is a short-duration interaction between two bodies or more
than two bodies simultaneously causing a change in motion of
the bodies involved due to internal forces acting between them
during this. In other words, collision is a reciprocating
interaction between two masses for a very short interval
wherein the momentum and energy of the colliding masses
change. Collisions involve forces (there is a change in velocity).
The magnitude of the velocity difference just before impact is
called the closing speed. All collisions conserve momentum.
What distinguishes different types of collisions is whether they
also conserve kinetic energy. The line of impact is the line that
is collinear to the common normal of the surfaces that are
closest or in contact during impact. This is the line along which
the internal force of collision acts during impact, and Newton's
coefficient of restitution is defined only along this line.
For example:
1. The effect of a striker on coins when they collide.
2. Two balls when hit together.
3. A golf club and a ball
4. A hammer and a nail head
 Collision involves two masses m1 and m2 . The v1i is
the speed of particle m1 , where the
subscript ‘i’ implies initial. The particle with mass m2 is
at rest. In this case, the object with mass m1 collides
with the stationary object of mass m2.
 As a result of this collision the masses m1 and m2
move in different directions.

Coefficient of restitution ( e )

The elasticity of collision may be measured in terms of a

dimensionless parameter called the coefficient of restitution (e).
 The coefficient of restitution with the measure of the degree of
restitution of a collision is defined as the ratio of the magnitude of
the relative velocity of separation after collision to the magnitude of
relative velocity of approach to before collision.

Where:
For an elastic collision e = 1
For an inelastic collision 0 < e < 1
For completely inelastic collision: e = 0

TYPES OF COLLISION
Generally, the law of conservation of momentum holds true in the collision of
two masses but there may be some collisions in which Kinetic Energy is not
conserved.

Collisions are of three types:

1.) ELASTIC COLLISION:
In the elastic collision total momentum, the total energy, and the total kinetic energy
are conserved. The kinetic energy before the collision is equal to the kinetic energy
after the collision. However, the total mechanical energy is not converted into any
other energy form as the forces involved in the short interaction are conserved in
nature. Consider from the above graph two masses, m1 and m2 moving with speed
u1 and u2. The speed after the collision of these masses is v1 and v2 . The law of
conservation of momentum will give:
 m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
The conservation of Kinetic Energy says:

1 /2 m1u21 + 1/2 m2u22 = 1/2 m1v21 +1/2 m2v22

Example: The collision between subatomic particles.

Elastic Collision in One Dimension

Fig: Dimensional elastic collision between two balls.

Applying momentum conservation,

Pi = Pf

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 …(1)

m1u1-m1v1=m2v2-m2u2
m1(u1- v1) = m2(v2 – u2) …(2)

As it is elastic collision, kinetic energy is constant

2 2 2 2
1/2 m1u 1 + 1/2 m2u 2 = 1/2 m1v 1 +1/2 m2v 2

2 2 2 2
1/2 m1u 1 - 1/2 m1v1 2 = 1/2 m2v2 +1/2 m2u 2

2 2 2 2
m1( u1 - v1 ) =m2( v2 - u2 )

m1(u1-v1)(u1+v1)=m2(v2-u2)(v2+u2) …(3)

(3) / (2) gives,

u1-u2=v1-v2 …(4)

Relative velocity approach = Relative velocity separate

From (4) v2=u1-u2+v1- put in equation(1)

We get,

Special cases :
(i) When the particles have equal mass

m1 = m2 = m

we get, v1 = u2 and v2 = u1

(ii) Unequal masses m1 ≠ m2. Target at Rest: u2 = 0

v1 = v2

(a)When m >> m , we may ignore the mass of m2 in comparison

1 2

with m1. This lead to

v = u1and v = 2u , which means that m1maintains its initial

1 2 1

velocity u1 but it imparts double this value to m2.

(b)When m1 << m we may ignore m1in comparison with m2. We
2

then find that v1 = -u1 and v2= 0. Thus, m1 reverses its velocity,

leaving m2 essentially unmoved .

2). Inelastic Collision:

In an inelastic collision, the objects stick to each other or move

in the same direction. The total kinetic energy in this form of

collision is not conserved but the total momentum and energy

are conserved. During this kind of collision, the energy is

transformed into other energy forms like heat and light. Since

during the phenomenon, the two masses follow the law of

conservation of momentum and move in the same direction

with the same speed v we have:

m u + m u = (m + m )v
1 1 2 2 1 2

v= (m u + m u )/(m + m )
1 1 2 2 1 2

(i) The kinetic energy of the masses before the collision is:

K.E = 1/2 m u2 + 1/2 m u2

1 1 1 2 2

(ii) While kinetic energy after the collision is:

 K.E = 1/2 (m + m ) v2
2 1 2

(iii) But according to the law of conservation of energy:

1/2 m u2 + 1/2 m u2 = 1/2 (m + m ) v2 + Q

1 1 2 2 1 2

(iv) ‘Q’ here is the change in energy that results in the

production of heat or sound.

EXAMPLES:


1). The ball is dropped from a certain height and it is unable

to rise to its original height.


2).When a soft mudball is thrown against the wall, it will stick

to the wall.


3).The accident of two vehicles


4).A car hitting a tree


3). Perfectly Inelastic Collision:

The special case of inelastic collision is known as a perfectly

inelastic collision. Here, two objects stick together after

collision and move as a single object. The reduction of total

kinetic energy is equal to the total kinetic energy before the

collision in a centre of momentum frame with respect to the

system of two particles, because in such a frame the kinetic

energy after the collision is zero. In this frame most of the

kinetic energy before the collision is that of the particle with

the smaller mass. In another frame, in addition to the reduction

of kinetic energy, there may be a transfer of kinetic energy

from one particle to the other; the fact that this depends on

the frame shows how relative this is.

Example: When a wet mudball is thrown against a wall, the

mudball sticks to the wall.

Examples of collisions analyzed numerically:-

Animal locomotion

Collisions of an animal's foot or paw with the underlying substrate

are generally termed ground reaction forces. These collisions are

inelastic, as kinetic energy is not conserved. An important research

topic in prosthetics is quantifying the forces generated during the

foot-ground collisions associated with both disabled and non-

disabled gait. This quantification typically requires subjects to walk

across a force platform (sometimes called a "force plate") as well as

detailed kinematic and dynamic (sometimes termed kinetic)

analysis.

Collisions used as an experimental tool:-

Collisions can be used as an experimental technique

to study material properties of objects and other

physical phenomena.

Space exploration:-

An object may deliberately be made to crash-land on

another celestial body, to do measurements and send

them to Earth before being destroyed, or to allow

instruments elsewhere to observe the effect. See e.g.:

• During Apollo 13, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16 and

Apollo 17, the S-IVB (the rocket's third stage) was crashed
into the Moon in order to perform seismic measurement

used for characterizing the lunar core.

• Deep Impact

• SMART-1 - European Space Agency satellite

• Moon impact probe - ISRO probe and LCROSS with its

spent Centaur Upper Stage - NASA Probe

Attack using a deliberate collision:-

Types of attack by means of a deliberate collision include:

• Striking with the body: unarmed striking, punching,

kicking

• Striking with a weapon, such as a sword, club, or axe

• Ramming with an object or vehicle, e.g.:

• Ram-raiding, the practice of driving a car into a

building in order to break in

• A battering ram, the medieval weapon used for

breaking down large doors, also a modern version is

used by police forces during raids.

• An attacking collision with a distant object can

be achieved by throwing or launching a projectile.


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