Operating System I

(CS215)
Lecture 2:Types of operating
systems

Dr. Abdelrahman Elsayed

 Agenda
 Evolution and types operating systems What
Operating Systems Do
 Computer System Architecture
 Computer System Environments
 Evolution and types
operating systems

 Open Shop
 Batch Processing
 Multiprogramming
 Timesharing
 Personal Computing
 Distributed Systems

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 OPEN SHOP

 We begin the story of operating systems in 1954

when computers had no operating systems but
were operated manually by their users:
 Each user was allocated a minimum 15-minute
slot, of which time he usually spent 10 minutes
in setting up the equipment to do his
computation.
 By the time he got his calculation going, he may
have had only 5 minutes or less of actual
computation completed
• wasting two thirds of his time slot.
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 OPEN SHOP cont.

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 OPEN SHOP cont.

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 BATCH PROCESSING

 The first operating system (OS) was created in the early

1950s and was known as GMOS.
• General Motors has developed OS for the IBM
computer.
 The early operating systems took drastic measures to
reduce idle computer time:
• the users were simply removed from the computer
room!
• They were now asked to prepare their programs and
data on punched cards and submit them to a
computing center for execution.
• The open shop had become a closed shop.
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 BATCH PROCESSING cont.
 The OS major task was to transfer control automatically
from one job to the next.
 The OS was always resident in memory.
 To speed up processing, operators batched together
jobs with similar requirement/needs and ran them
through the computer as a group. Thus, the
programmers would leave their programs with the
operator.
 The operator would sort programs into batches with
similar requirements and, as the computer became
available, would run each batch.
 The output from each job would be sent back to the
appropriate programmer.
 BATCH PROCESSING cont.

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 Advantages of Batch Operating System

 Multiple users can

share the batch
systems.
 The idle time for the
batch system is very
less.
 It is easy to manage
large work repeatedly
in batch systems.

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 Disadvantages of Batch Operating System

 Batch systems are hard to debug.

 The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown
time if any job fails.
 In batch operating system the processing time
for jobs is commonly difficult to accurately
predict while they are in the queue.

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 MULTIPROGRAMMING

 Multiprogramming Operating Systems can be simply

illustrated as more than one program is present in the
main memory and any one of them can be kept in
execution. This is basically used for better utilization of
resources.
 Interrupts enabled a processor to simulate concurrent
execution of multiple programs and control simultaneous
input/output operations. This form of concurrency
became known as multiprogramming.

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 Advantages of Multi-Programming Operating
System

 Multi Programming increases the Throughput of the

System.
 It helps in reducing the response time

Disadvantages of Multi-Programming Operating

System
 There is not any facility for user interaction of system
resources with the system.

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 Time sharing

 Time-sharing computer interacts with many

simultaneous users through a number of remote
consoles.
 Such a system will look to each user like a large private
computer
 When the user wants service, he simply starts typing in a
message requesting the service.
 The computer is always ready to pay attention to any key
that he may strike.

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 Multitasking (Timesharing)

 The CPU switches jobs so frequently that users can

interact with each job while it is running, creating
interactive computing
• Each user has at least one program executing in
memory  process
• If several jobs ready to run at the same time 
CPU scheduling
• Virtual memory allows execution of processes not
completely in memory

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 Advantages of Time-Sharing OS

 Improved User Experience: Time-sharing provides an

interactive environment that allows users to
communicate with the computer in real time, providing a
better user experience than batch processing.
Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS
 Security Risks: Time-sharing systems require careful
management of user access, authentication, and
authorization to ensure the security of data and software.
 Complexity: Time-sharing systems are complex and
require advanced software to manage multiple users
simultaneously. This complexity increases the chance of
bugs and errors.

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 PERSONAL COMPUTING

 In the 1970s microprocessors and semiconductor

memories made it feasible to build powerful personal
computers.
 Reduced hardware cost eventually allowed people to
own such computers.
 personal computers have offered programmers a chance
to build small software systems of outstanding quality
using the best available programming languages and
design methods.

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 PERSONAL COMPUTING Cont.

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 Distributed Systems
 Collection of separate, possibly heterogeneous, systems connected
together.
 Network Operating System provides features between systems
across network
• Communication scheme allows systems to exchange messages
• Illusion of a single system

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 Computer System Architecture

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 Computer-System Architecture

 Most systems use a single general-purpose processor

• Most systems have special-purpose processors as well
 Multiprocessors systems growing in use and importance
• Also known as parallel systems, tightly-coupled systems
• Advantages include:
1. Increased throughput
2. Economy of scale
3. Increased reliability – graceful degradation or fault tolerance
• Two types:
1. Asymmetric Multiprocessing – each processor is assigned
a specie task.
2. Symmetric Multiprocessing – each processor performs all
tasks

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 Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture

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 Dual-Core Design
 Multi-chip and multicore
 Systems containing all chips
• Chassis containing multiple separate systems

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 Non-Uniform Memory Access System

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 Clustered Systems

 Like multiprocessor systems, but multiple systems working together

• Usually sharing storage via a storage-area network (SAN)
• Provides a high-availability service which survives failures
 Asymmetric clustering has one machine in hot-standby mode
 Symmetric clustering has multiple nodes running applications,
monitoring each other
• Some clusters are for high-performance computing (HPC)
 Applications must be written to use parallelization
• Some have distributed lock manager (DLM) to avoid conflicting
operations

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 Clustered Systems

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 PC Motherboard

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 Computer System Environments

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 Computing Environments

 Traditional
 Mobile
 Client Server
 Peer-to-Peer
 Cloud computing
 Real-time Embedded

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 Traditional

 Stand-alone general-purpose machines

 But blurred as most systems interconnect with others (i.e.,
the Internet)
 Portals provide web access to internal systems
 Network computers (thin clients) are like Web terminals
 Mobile computers interconnect via wireless networks
 Networking becoming ubiquitous – even home systems
use firewalls to protect home computers from Internet
attacks

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 Mobile

 Handheld smartphones, tablets, etc.

 What is the functional difference between them and a
“traditional” laptop?
 Extra feature – more OS features (GPS, gyroscope)
 Allows new types of apps like augmented reality
 Use IEEE 802.11 wireless, or cellular data networks for
connectivity
 Leaders are Apple iOS and Google Android

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 Client Server

 Client-Server Computing
• Dumb terminals supplanted by smart PCs
• Many systems now servers, responding to requests generated by
clients
 Compute-server system provides an interface to client to
request services (i.e., database)
 File-server system provides interface for clients to store and
retrieve files

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 Peer-to-Peer

 Another model of distributed system

 P2P does not distinguish clients and servers
• Instead all nodes are considered peers
• May each act as client, server or both
• Node must join P2P network
 Registers its service with central
lookup service on network, or
 Broadcast request for service and
respond to requests for service via
discovery protocol
• Examples include Napster and Gnutella,
Voice over IP (VoIP) such as Skype

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 Cloud Computing
 Delivers computing, storage, even apps as a service
across a network
 Logical extension of virtualization because it uses
virtualization as the base for it functionality.
• Amazon EC2 has thousands of servers, millions of
virtual machines, petabytes of storage available
across the Internet, pay based on usage

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 Cloud Computing (Cont.)
 Many types
• Public cloud – available via Internet to anyone willing to pay
• Private cloud – run by a company for the company’s own use
• Hybrid cloud – includes both public and private cloud components
• Software as a Service (SaaS) – one or more applications available
via the Internet (i.e., word processor)
• Platform as a Service (PaaS) – software stack ready for application
use via the Internet (i.e., a database server)
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – servers or storage available
over Internet (i.e., storage available for backup use)

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 Cloud Computing (cont.)
 Cloud computing environments composed of traditional OSes, plus
VMMs, plus cloud management tools
• Internet connectivity requires security like firewalls
• Load balancers spread traffic across multiple applications

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 Real-Time Embedded Systems

 Real-time embedded systems most prevalent form of computers

• Vary considerable, special purpose, limited purpose OS, real-
time OS
• Use expanding
 Many other special computing environments as well
• Some have OSes, some perform tasks without an OS
 Real-time OS has well-defined fixed time constraints
• Processing must be done within constraint
• Correct operation only if constraints met

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 Free and Open-Source Operating Systems
 Operating systems made available in source-code format rather than
just binary closed-source and proprietary
 Counter to the copy protection and Digital Rights Management
(DRM) movement
 Started by Free Software Foundation (FSF), which has “copyleft”
GNU Public License (GPL)
• Free software and open-source software are two different ideas
championed by different groups of people
 https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-
point.en.html
 Examples include GNU/Linux and BSD UNIX (including core of Mac
OS X), and many more
 Can use VMM like VMware Player (Free on Windows), Virtualbox
(open source and free on many platforms - http://www.virtualbox.com)
• Use to run guest operating systems for exploration

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 End of Chapter 1

Operating System Concepts – 10h Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018