INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION

SYSTEMS
Here is where your new route begins

Deekshith Jain
Assistant Professor, Civil Department
RNSIT, Bangalore
 MODULE - 3

❑ Public transportation applications,

❑ ITS and regional strategic transportation planning, including regional

architectures.
● Some of thegeneral issues involvedwith public transport services, where
ITS can help, are:
○ Not adheringspeed limits
○ Not followingbus lanes or not standingat bus stops bays
○ Not stoppingat bus stops
○ Not completing trips
○ Not following the route and timetable
○ Overcrowding
○ Coin change problem
Use of GPSSystem
● The GPS systemcan be used for trackingandmonitoring of public
transport vehicles.
● This systemprovides a real-time data on tracking individual vehicles.
Through this techniquemovement of eachbus, details of trip length, trip
time, time spent at bus stop, change in route, completemovement of the
bus on a route for every minute, crisis circumstances, log of total trips, etc.
are recorded.
● This strategy additionally helps in creatingpassenger information system
at every bus stop.
● Throughcontrol room, one canwatch, coordinate and speakwith every
bus of this system.
Automatic Passenger Counter (APC)
● The automatic passenger counter is the technology which is used to record
the number of travellers using the public transport with time and the
location of every stop as passengers get on and off transport.
● The technology cancollect the information records physically or with a
hand-held device, with a reduction in time, cost, and effort.
● The infrared bars at the doors or weight delicatemats on the steps can
also be used as APCwhichcorrectly records the time, region, and the
number of travellers as they enter or leave the vehicle.
● With the information provided by the APCs, the public transport operator
can improve the plans that better serve the transportation needs of the
commuters.
 Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) and Automatic Vehicle
Identification (AVI) Systems
● There are several benefits associatedwith this technology, whichcan be
used in BRT vehicles:
● This system improves the control to ensure efficient operations.
● This systemcan be calibrated to distribute service times andcovers the
signal priority andcontrol centre.
● This technology improves the bus safety in an emergency condition by
showing the vehicle location.
● This also improves quality of service by notifying the location of next bus
and expected arrival time.
● This improves the system integration by providing the better bus
schedulingandknowing the location of each vehicles.
● It also reduces need of voice communications.
Traffic Signal Priority (TSP)
● Traffic signal priority is a technique that accords priority to
public transport at signalled intersections by keeping a
traffic light green or turning it green earlier to facilitate the
movement of vehicle without stopping at the intersection.
● Conventionally signal priority was only implemented for
emergency vehicles, but now is being used for public
transport as a measure to encourage people to use public
transport.
● The TSP system is combined with AVL technology, which
allows the system to provide priority only when needed
(i.e., when a public transport vehicle is running behind
schedule).
Geographic Information System (GIS)
● Ageographic information system(GIS) is a systemdesigned to capture,
store, manipulate, analyse, manage, and present spatial or geographical
data.
● It is widely used in transportation planningagencies, especially among
metropolitan transportation organisations.
● Ageographic information system(GIS) technology facilitates the public
transport operator to assemble, store, examine and show information by
geographic location.
● With GIS programming, a spatial analysis of data is possible whichcan be
helpful in identifying the areas of economic activities where demand of
transportation is high. Travel coordinators further can use the information
given by GIS to alter, enhance, or include new administrations.
Real-TimePassenger Information (RTPI)
● RTPI is a public information systemwhich provides real-time passenger
information regardingpublic transport system.
● RTPI may include both estimated arrival and departure times as well, as
information about the nature andcauses of disruptions.
● This technology provides information related to the status of transit
service to the passengers including information needed before makinga
trip, during the trip and at the termination of a trip on real-time basis.
● The informationmay be communicated to the users physically within a
transportation hub and remotely usinga Web browser or mobile device.
● The AVL or GPS technologiesmay be used to generate necessary data to
provide real-time information.
Fare Collection
● Fare collection is theway in which travellers pay their fares, either on the
bus or at the station or ahead of time.
● The use of magnetic strip or RFID based electronic fare collection has
changed the way fares are collected in a public transport system.
● The RFID based smart cards are increasingly in use as integrated faremedia
applicable across all modes of public transport systems in a city.
LaneControl Technologies
● This technology is used for dedicatinga lane for public transport (bus
usually) for short of time.
● Intermittent bus lane can also be called a movingbus lane. This concept
consists of usinga general-purpose lane that can be changed to a bus-only
lane just for the duration of time needed for the bus to pass. Afterward,
the lane reverts back to a general-purpose lane until another approaching
bus needs the lane for its movement.
● By using this technology speeds and reliability are improved and bus can
move independently from thegeneral traffic.
● Movingbus lane does not require expensive capital cost because it uses
the existing roadway infrastructure and takes time to move separately
fromgeneral traffic. This allows the bus lane to be used for general traffic
majority of time.
Passenger Wi-Fi
● Wi-Fi technology facilitates customers to connect the Internet usingmobile
devices, such as laptops, cell phones, smart watches, etc.
● The public access toWi-Fi is provided throughhotspots either free of
charge or for a fee (pay-per-use or subscriptionsmodels are possible).
● Thesewireless hotspots can be set up both on-board transit vehicles and
at stations. At stations, wireless service can be providedwith off-the shelf
routers andmodems (cable or DSL).
● For on-boardWi-Fi, two options exist: installing routers on each vehicle
connected to satellite networks, or creatinga continuouswirelessmesh
along the corridor through a number of overlapping fixed access points.
● It offers a high-quality customer amenity.
● Surveillance/CCTV/Security Systems
● Security systems in public transport include both surveillanceCCTV and
alarms, both of whichcan be located on-board vehicles as well as off-
board at stations or alongguide ways.
● Surveillance devices primarily consist of closed-circuit television (CCTV)
cameras, generally equippedwithmicrophones.
● TheCCTV network facilitates the control centre to remotely monitor
vehicles, stations andguide ways.
● This systemgives the advantage of improvement in emergency reaction to
both the operator and public.
● Cameras andmicrophones can allowcentral control to continuously
monitor and assess the installed and off-board circumstance to decide
suitable help by transit security,.
Request-CentricWireless Bus Information Management System
● A distributed bus informationmanagement system is used to manage the

bus operations on real-time basis as per the information provided by the

on-board passengers, passengers waitingat the bus stops, and occupancy
of the bus.
● The following steps are involved in the process:
● The passengers waiting at the bus-stop enter the desired

route/destination information to the bus-stop via wireless option such as

GPRS, WiFi, etc.
● The bus-stop transmits the requested information to the bus.

● The on-board passengers in the bus enter stop requests or transfer

information to the bus.

● The decision of stopping at the bus-stop is made by the bus-stop

management systemon the basis of the stop request and availability of

the accommodation in the bus.
 ITS OPERATIONS FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT

The three major implications of ITS integration with

public transport are:
○ Fleet operation and management
○ Passengers information
○ Electronic fare collection
Fleet Management and Operations
● The fleet management provides the fleet manager a complete overview of
all public transport vehicles. A fleet management system records
performance parameters defined by the fleet manager with the help of ITS
technology. Fleet management and operation includes five different
technologies, as follows:
○ Automatic passenger counters (APC),

○ Automatic vehicle location (AVL),

○ Geographic information systems (GIS),
○ Schedulingand dispatching (S&D),
○ Transit signal priority (TSP) and lane control signals (LCS).
● Use of APC for fleet management
● The APCautomatically keeps a log of the number of passengers, time and
location of each stop as passengers get on and off the bus.
● This technology also records on-board transit vehicles, boarding’s and
alightingat each stop and a keepinga running total of passengers on-board
the vehicle.
● The APCunits include sensors (typically infrared) at door of the vehicle to
monitor traveller movements on and off a vehicle.
● AnAPCsystemprepares a digital record at every bus stop, typically including
stop location, stop date and time, time of entryway openingandclosing, and
number of travellers boardingand alighting.
● APCinformation can be downloadedmanually through a portable PCor
wireless data via a local area network, on real-time basis.
Automatic passenger counters for fleet management
AVLFor fleet management
● Automatic vehicle location systemis useful for monitoringand tracking of
vehicles on real-time basis whichcan be used to enhance operational
efficiency and utilisation of the fleet. Satellite basedgeo-positioning
technology is one of themost common AVLsystems.
● With AVL, the controllers or dispatchers in the control centre can find out
at anygiven time, the location of buses in their fleet that are equipped
with the technology.
● Access to this type of information, can be especially important in an
emergency situation, when either passenger or driver safety may be
threatened.
● In addition, bus location information can be sharedwith the customers to
assist themin planningan itinerary based on real-time information.
Geographic information systems for fleet management
● Geographic information system (GIS) enables a transit agency to collect,
store, analyse and display data by location.
● GIS can provide transportation agencies with specific information regarding
mobility problems.
● With GIS software, a spatial analysis can determine the areas of highdemand
and help operations planningmanager to create a fleet operation plan which
is in line with the travel demand.
● The technology helps in optimal utilisation of the public transport fleet.
Schedulingand dispatch software for fleet management
● Schedulingand dispatch software is to generate timetable schedule for the
public transport.
● The software also is used to route, schedule, and dispatch vehicles in
demand response operations.
● It is generally integratedwith GIS and AVL to coordinate different transit
functions.
● Acombination of technologies such as, software based dispatchingand
AVLcan increase the efficiency of transit operations, enhance safety,
improve service, and optimise costs.
● For example, systems integratingautomated schedulingand dispatching
andAVL enable a controller/dispatcher to know the exact location and
status of eachbus under control.
Transit signal priority for fleet management
● Transit signal priority (TSP) is the process of altering traffic
signal timing at intersections to give: priority to public
transport.
● TSP can be activated by public transport vehicles working
in their own particular right-of-path or in blended
movement along a road (known as mainline priority), or
operating in an auxiliary lane at an intersection (known as
a queue jump).
● With mainline TSP, the typical treatment is to increase the
green aspect of the signal as or curtail the red signal to
permit need for BRT vehicles, thus reducing the delay of
public transport at intersection.
● With a queue jumping type TSP, the public transport
vehicle gets a separate green phase to go through the
intersection before the adjacent through traffic.
Lane control signals
● The LCSconsists of overhead lane specific signals denotinga red "X" if
travel in the lane is prohibited, and a green arrow if travel is permitted.
Some of the benefits associatedwith LCS implementation include:
● Safety-reduction in the number and severity of primary and secondary
accidents
● Trafficmanagement--improved traffic flow stability (less variation in
vehicle speeds) headway optimisation, and increased vehicle throughput
● Reduced travel time, energy consumption, and pollutant emission
● Reduced queue lengths
● Improved safety and efficiency for roadwaymaintenance operations
● Improved emergency vehicle movement
Traveller Information Systems
● Traveller information systemprovides passengers information for planning
their trips and to keep themupdated during their trips.
● There are broadly two types of transit information-
○ static, such as route maps,
○ dynamic such as route delays and other real-time information.

● The information can be accessed by the passengers fromdiffering locations

such as home, work, stops, wayside areas, and on-board vehicles.
● Information can be accessed throughnumber of means, such as
automated trip itineraries, in-vehicle display/announcers, variable
message signs, monitors, and interactive kiosks.
Automated trip itineraries
● Automated trip itineraries facilitate the users with the information
necessary to plan a trip fromorigin to destination.
● Automated trip itineraries consist of a broad range of data, such asmodes
of travel, travel time, transfers, schedules, fares, tourist information.
● When automated trip itineraries are integratedwith AVL technology, real-
time information concerning traffic congestion and possible delays can be
reported.
● Since automated trip itineraries are electronic, they can be accessed by
variousmeans, such as touch-tone telephones, personal computers,
pagers, hand-held devices, kiosks, and Internet, faxmachines, cable and
interactive television.
● The automated trip itineraries provide accurate and timely information for
customers to plan their journey.
In-vehicle information system
● In vehicle information systemusually provides desired information
through audio and visual means.
● A display system (usually LCDscreen) is placed in the front, and sometimes
in themiddle of each vehicle which displays next stop information along
with a pre-recordedmessage simultaneously announces the same
information.
● In-vehicle announcers help passengers with either visual or hearing
impairment to know about their stop andget ready to get down at the
stop.
● The in-vehicle information systemalso helps newcustomers like tourists,
foreigners, etc. unfamiliar with a route to find their stop.
Variable message sign (VMS)
● VMS is an electronicmessage signwith systematically arrangedcluster of
light emittingdiodes (LEDs) which are wired together and electronically
driven andcontrolled.
● VMSs are used on roadways to provide travellers information about
special events such as traffic congestion, accidents, incidents, roadwork
zones, or speed limits on a specific highway segment.
● Timely information helps the travellers in planning their journey efficiently
 ITS ARCHITECTURE

● An ITS architecture is the frameworkwithin which a systemof ITS

projects is developed.
● It defines different components of ITS and the interconnections and
information flow between the components.
● The primary components of an ITS architecture are subsystems and
information flows.
● Subsystems:
● Subsystems are individual pieces of the overall ITS which
perform specific functions such as providing traveller
information, managing traffic, or responding to
emergencies.
● Subsystems can be associated with specific
organisations/ departments/agencies such as public
safety agencies, transportation services, emergency
management agencies, or transit providers.
● They are either sources or users of information or both
provided by other subsystems within the boundary of ITS
architecture.
● Subsystems may include centre systems, roadside
equipment, vehicle equipment and traveller devices
related to ITS.
● Information flows:
● Information flows define the information that is transferred and
exchanged between subsystems such as traffic information, or
surveillance and sensor control data.
● They depict integration of ITS by illustrating the information links
between subsystems.
● This integration in ITS, is not limited to technical but also include
institutional dimension.
● The system interfaces require cooperation and shared responsibilities
on the part of owners and operators of eachparticipatingsystem.
● ITS architecture can be defined as comprehensive framework or
picture of functions that must be performed (user services) through
physical entities where these functions reside in the subsystems and
interfaces between subsystems (information flows) for
communications
requirements for interfaces and stakeholder roles.
● The ITS architecture offers a framework for conceptualising, planning,
defining, developingand integratingvarious components of
intelligent transportation systems.
● It describes the way different ITS components should interact with
each other to address the transportation problemswith a wide
variety of options.
● The following issues need to be kept in mind while developingan
effective ITS Architecture:
a) Interoperability: The ITS traffic police, transport subsystems are
required to be used bymany departments like department,
municipality, public transport operators, etc. The ITS architecture
should be so designed and developed that the information collected,
function implemented or any equipment installed are interoperable by
different departments/agencies in different states and regions.
b) Information sharingcapabilities: Huge amount of data is generated by
ITS. This data can be analysed to improve andmanage traffic system in
the city. The ITS architecture shall be designed to facilitate seamless
sharing of information amongvarious different agencies.
c) Sharing of infrastructure: The infrastructure like regional
communication towers constructed by various private agenciesmay
be used for ITS operations to optimise the cost of the ITS
implementation. The provision of sharing of existing
resources/infrastructure may be built in the ITS architecture.
● FUNCTIONALITIESREQUIREDFORUSERSERVICE
● The provision of a user service required a number of functions to be
performed by the system. Each functionality of a user service needs to be
defined so that the systemcan be designed accordingly.
● For illustration, the user service requirements for traffic control user are
presented below
● Objective: To provides the capability to efficiently manage the
movement of traffic on streets and
highways.
● Functions:
○ Traffic flow optimisation
○ Traffic surveillance
○ Traffic control
○ Information sharing
● User service requirement:
● Traffic control shall include a traffic flow optimisation function to
optimise traffic flow.
● Traffic flow optimisation shall employ control strategies that
maximise traffic-movement efficiency.
● Traffic flow optimisation shall include a wide area optimisation
capability, to cover several jurisdictions.
● Wide area optimisation shall combine the control of network signal
systemswith the control of expressways.
● Wide area optimisation shall facilitate preferential treatment for
transit vehicles to promote public transport in a city.
● Traffic surveillance function should be part of Traffic control (TC).
LOGICAL ARCHITECTURE
● A number of functions are needed to meet user service
requirements. The logical architecture defines a set of
functions and information flows that are needed to meet
user service requirements. The interaction of different
components of ITS are defined by it as a logical process.
The processes and data flows involved in a particular
function can be represented graphically by data flow
diagrams (DFDs). Figure describes the interaction of 'Traffic
Management Process' with other processes. Each process
is divided into more sub processes. The sub process is
further divided into sub processes which are termed
process specifications (p-specs) at lowest level.
● These P-specs are required to be performed to meet user
services requirements.
High level ITS logical architecture.
PHYSICALARCHITECTURE
● The functions described in logical architecture which serve the same
purpose are grouped into subsystems.
● These subsystems form a physical entity to deliver functions.
● The data flow of logical architecture is also integrated to define
interfaces between subsystems.
● Figure belowdescribes the functions A andB of logical architecture
assigned to subsystemA in physical architecture.
● Both the architecture forms the core of ITS.
Function from logical to the physical architecture.
● The physical architecture of ITS describes the physical subsystems and
architectural flows based on the logical architecture.
● The subsystems can be broadly classified in four groups as centres, field,
vehicle, and travellers.
● Vehicle groupcorresponds to different types of vehicles (normal, emergency,
commercial, transit andconstruction vehicles).
● The different ways a traveller can access information on the status of the
transportation systemare represented by the traveller group.
● Similarly, the units of ITS comprise of roadway, security management, toll
collection, parkingmanagement andcommercial vehicle check.
● The centre subsystemcomprises trafficmanagement, emergency
management, toll administration, transit management, etc.
● There are following four different types of communication systems
used in ITS application:
○ Fixed point to fixed point communications

○ Wide area wireless communications

○ Vehicle to vehicle communications
○ Field to vehicle communications
● Trafficmanagement subsystemis connectedwith communications to
get real-time information of the transportation system through road
way subsystemwhichcomprises of signal control, detectors, camera,
Variable Message Sign (VMS), etc.
ORGANISATIONALARCHITECTURE
● Organisational architecture represents the involvement of various
organisations/ stakeholders associated to be a part of the traffic
management centre (or central control centre) such as national highways
authority of India (NHAI), traffic police, municipal corporation, public work
department (PWD), mobile/Wi-Fi service providers, utility service provider
companies, etc. for the control andmanagement of trafficmovement,
incident management, maintenance of street lights, traveller information
service, commercial vehicle management, electronic payment systems, safety
services, emergencymanagement services, etc.
● The organisational architecture is also used to define role, responsibilities and
involvement of various stakeholders in a system.
● EQUIPMENT PACKAGES
● The similar functions of a particular subsystemcan begrouped together and
implemented by a package of hardware and software facilities.
● Thegroupinghelps in cost optimisation and easy implementation of ITS
services.
● For example, a trafficmanagement centre (TMC) equipment packagemay
provide the capability for trafficmanagers to monitor andmanage the traffic
flow at signalised intersections.
● The package analyses the collected data from traffic surveillance equipment
and implements control plans for signalised intersections.
● TMC signal control equipment package
contains five p-specs:
○ Traffic operation personnel traffic interface
○ Process traffic data

○ Select strategy
○ Determine indicator state for road management
○ Output control data for roads
MARKET PACKAGE
● A set of equipment packages that are required to work together to provide a
given transportation servicemay be clubbed to form a market package.
● Most market packages aremade up of equipment packages from two or
more subsystems. Themarket package are designed to address specific
transportation problems and needs.
● Themarket package for TMC provides the central control andmonitoring
equipment, communication links and the signal control equipment that
support local street control or arterial trafficmanagement. The various signal
control systems dynamically adjusted control plans and strategies based on
current traffic conditions and priority requests.
●
NEEDOF ITS ARCHITECTURETO SOLVEPROBLEMS IN URBAN
AREA
● ITS architecture is a useful tool for integrating ITS technique into
conceptualisingand planningprocess.
● The ITS architecture describes the comprehensive set of data that is
required to be shared by various agencies of transportation network.
● As vehicle miles travelled (VMT) andcongestion has beengrowing rapidly
in the cities with no end in sight, precision technology has become essential
for transportation planning.
● As urban areas are expandingandmore roadways are interlinkedwith one
another, operations andmaintenance of this technology is imperative.
 EXAMPLESOF ITS ARCHITECTURE: ITS ARCHITECTURE IN DIFFERENT
COUNTRIES
● National ITS Architecture of US
● The National ITS Architecture of US provides a common framework for
planning, defining, developing, and integrating intelligent transportation
systems.
● The architecture defines:
○ The functions/utilities (e.g. gather traffic information or request a
route) that are required for ITS.
○ The physical entities or subsystems where these functions/utilities

reside (e.g., the field or the vehicle).

○ The information flows and data flows combine these functions and

physical subsystems together into an integrated system.

●
Architecture layers
● The National ITS Architecture offers a framework for planning, programming,
and implementing intelligent transportation systems.
● The architecture framework comprises of two technical layers, a
transportation layer and a communication layer, which operate in the context
of an Institutional layer.

● Institutional layer: It comprises of the institutions, policies, funding

mechanisms, and processes that are required for effective implementation,
operation, andmaintenance of an intelligent transportation system. The
institutional layer is considered as the base because stronginstitutional
support and effective decisions are foundation to an effective ITS programme.
The objectives and requirements for ITS are formalised in institutional layer.
● Transportation layer: It is usedwhere the transportation solutions are
described in terms of the subsystems and interfaces alongwith
underlying functionality and data definitions which are required for
each transportation service. This layer is the heart of the National ITS
Architecture.

● Communications layer: It provides for the accurate and timely

sharing of information between systems to support the
transportation solutions.
User services bundles and user service
● The user service bundle consists of followingservices:
● (a) Travel and trafficmanagement user services:
(i) Pre-trip travel information
(ii) En-route driver information
(iii) Routeguidance
(iv) Ridematchingand reservation
(v) Traveller services information
(vi) Traffic control
(vii) Incident management
(viii) Travel demandmanagement
(ix) Emissions testingandmitigation
(x) Highway rail intersection
● (b) Public transportationmanagement (user services bundle) user
services:
○ (i) Public transportationmanagement
(ii) En-route transit information
(iii) Personalised public transit
(iv) Public travel security

● (c) Electronic payment (user services bundle) user services:

○ (i) Electronic payment services
● (d) Commercial vehicle operations (user services
bundle) user services:
○ (i) Commercial vehicle electronic clearance
(ii) Automated roadside safety inspection
(iii) On-board safety and security monitoring
(iv) Commercial vehicle administrative processes
(v) Hazardous materials security and incident
response
(vi) Freight mobility
● (e) Emergency management (user services bundle)
user services:
○ (i) Emergency notification and personal security
(ii) Emergency vehicle management
(iii) Disaster response and evacuation
 ITS for Smart Cities
● INTRODUCTION
Although there is no universal definition of smart city, in general, smart city
can be defined as a liveable andconnected city that provides core
infrastructure and offers a decent quality of life, a clean and sustainable
environment and application of 'smart' solutions to meet thegrowing
aspiration of its citizens.
● According to theBritish Standards Institute (BSI), smart city is "The effective
integration of physical, digital and human systems in the built environment to
deliver sustainable, prosperous and inclusive future for its citizens".
● The concept of smart city in itself is unendingprocess. Today's cities are
definitely smarter thanwhat they were 100 years ago likewise tomorrow's
cities are going to be smarter than today's.
Key Components of Smart City
The key components of a smart city are:
● Smart people
● Smart economy
● Smart environment
● Smart government
● Smart living
● Smart mobility
 SMART CITIES MISSION STATEMENT ANDGUIDELINES
● Government of India has issuedSmart Cities Mission Statement and
Guidelines in June 2015.
● The objective of Smart City Mission is to promote cities that provide
core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens, a
clean and sustainable environment and application of 'smart'
solutions.
● The focus is on sustainable and inclusive development and the idea is
to look at compact areas, create a replicable model whichwill act like
a lighthouse to other aspiringcities.
 According to Smart City Mission, the core infrastructure
elements in a smart city would include:
● Adequate water supply
● Assured electricity supply
● Sanitation, includingsolid wastemanagement
● Efficient urbanmobility and public transport
● Affordable housing, especially for the poor
● Robust IT connectivity and digitalisation
● Goodgovernance, especially e-governance andcitizen participation
● Sustainable environment
● Safety and security of citizens, particularly women, children and the elderly
● Health and education
● In case of transportation, mobility is the key component of the
smart cities. There are some important aspects, which need to be
considered for mobility in smart cities:
● Ease of movement is at the core in the smart city.
● Transport systememphasises walking, cycling, public transport (PT) as primary
modes of transport while the usages of personalised vehicles are discouraged.
● Freight movement network at lowcost and high speed.
● Improvedmobility through three prolonged approaches:
1. Improvement of PT--public bus, metro, BRT, LRT, monorail, etc.
2. Improvement in transport infrastructure-ring road, bypass, elevated
roads, improvement in existing roadways.
3. Improvements in infrastructure for walking, cyclingandwaterways.
ITS TECHNOLOGIESFORSMART CITY
The following ITS driven technologies can be deployed to make transportation
systemsmart in a city:
a) Multi-modal transportation and traveller information systems
b) Smart ticketingandmobile payments
c) Intelligent trafficmanagement systems
d) e-Mobility
e) Cooperative ITS or cooperative vehicle infrastructure system (CVIS)
f) Solar power for electric vehicles (EVs) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G)
g) Freight solutions
h) Car and bike rental and sharing
i) On-demand taxis
j) Congestion zones and road user charging
k) Automated highway system (AHS)
l) Driverless public transportation service
m) Artificial intelligence for smart transportation systems
 Multi-modal Transportation and Traveller Information Systems
● The transport systemin a city is sumtotal of different modes of transport
metro, bus, monorail, autorikshaw, taxi, private vehicles, etc.
● Amulti-modal integrated transportation systemoffers several alternatives to
users for travelling fromone place to other place.
● For a sustainable, liveable, smart city, it is important to promote public
transport as an integrated transportation solution to ease congestion and
reduce pollution.
● As an integral important part of intelligent transport system (ITS), advanced
traveller information system (ATIS) provides travellers with pre-trip travellers
information about travel options as well as real-time advice on navigatinga
through a dynamic transportation network.
● where conditions may change rapidly many times in
the course of a typical day. Advanced traveller
information systems (ATIS) includes following
components:
○ Real-time traffic information provision
○ Route guidance/navigation systems

○ Parking information
○ Roadside weather information systems
Smart Ticketingand Mobile Payments
Smart ticketing
● Smart ticketing is where the ticket or product is stored electronically on a
microchip rather than printed on a paper ticket.
● In most existingsmart ticketingschemes, this microchip is embedded in a
smartcard, but it could also be on a smart phone.
● Alternatively, a smart product could be linked to a travel account situated in
a scheme's back office, so that the chip acts as a token rather holding the
ticket product itself.
● Smart and integrated ticketingcoveringmost modes of transport and is
integral to develop an integratedmulti-modal transport systemfor smart
mobility in a city.
Mobile payment
● Themobile payment has further revolutionised the fare collection
system for integratedmulti-modal transportation in a city.
● Mobile ticketing (m-ticketing) uses the concept of near field
communication (NFC) for electronic ticketing in public transport
system.
● Withm-ticketing, a mobile application can provide all information
about variousmodes of transport in a city andcan also be used as a
convenient fare product.
Intelligent Traffic Management Systems
● The conventional traffic lights are rigid and do not adapt to the dynamic
traffic situation. The intelligent trafficmanagement system takes into
consideration the variation in volume of traffic at different point of time
and alter the aspect of the signal to ensure optimal green period at the
traffic signals.
● The traffic lights at any given intersection will be connected to every other
traffic light in the city, in order to ensure safe and efficient movement of
traffic everywhere.
● Thegreen linkdetermination (GLIDE) systemof traffic control implemented
by Singapore in 1990s and development there after is perhaps the best
example of intelligent trafficmanagement system.
● GLIDE systemhas threemain functions.
● These are the allocation of optimumgreen- time to each of the
approaches at a junction according to the volume of traffic on each of
these approaches
● The provision of linking for adjacent traffic signals and
● The ability to monitor the status of the traffic signals in the system
centrally.
● Benefits arising from the implementation of the GLIDEsystem include
higher journey speeds in the city area and lower overall fuel
consumption.
E-Mobility
● The e-mobility means use of electric vehicles asmode of
transportation. As electric vehicles do not use fossil fuels, they do not
produce any pollution inside the city.
● The hybrid vehicles (based on a mix of electric and fossil fuels) have
already become quite popular and also beingpromoted by the
government.
● Government of India launched the National Electric Mobility Mission
Plan (NEMMP) 2020 in 2013. It aims to achieve national fuel security
by promotinghybrid and electric vehicles in the country.
● There is an ambitious target to achieve 6-7 million sales of hybrid and
electric vehicles per year from 2020 onwards.
APicture Is
Worth a
Thousand
Words