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Semiconductors

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16 views31 pages

Semiconductors

Uploaded by

lavablast09
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SEMICONDUCTORS

❖ Overview

❖ Semiconductors

❖ What are P-type and N-type

semiconductors?

❖ What are Diodes?

❖ Forward Bias & Reverse Bias

❖ Characteristics Of Ideal Diode

❖ I-V Characteristics of Diodes

❖ Rectification
INTRODUCTION

Semiconductors are materials


whose electrical properties lie
between Conductors and
Insulators.

Ex: Silicon and Germanium


Intrinsic Semiconductor

•Semiconductors that are free of


doping impurities are called
intrinsic semiconductors.
Extrinsic Semiconductor

•Semiconductors formed after


adding impurities are called
extrinsic semiconductors.
DOPING PROCESS

Doping is a process of adding a


certain amount of specific
impurities called dopants to a
pure semiconductor to increase its
electricity conductivity.
P-type semiconductor

A P-type material is one in which


holes are majority carriers i.e.
they are positively charged
materials.
N-type semiconductor

A N-type material is one in which


electrons are majority charge
carriers i.e. they are negatively
charged materials .
Diodes

Electronic devices created by


bringing together a p-type and n-
type region within the same
semiconductor lattice. Used for
rectifiers, LED etc…
What is the p-n junction?
• A p-n junction is formed when a
n-type and p-type semiconductors
are joined together.
• The boundary between the p-
type and n-type regions is called
the junction.
• At the p-n junction, electrons
from the n-side move to the p-
side and recombine with the
holes.
• Holes from the p-side similarly
move into the n- side, where they
recombine with electrons.
• As a result of this flow, the n-
side has a net positive charge, and
the p-side has a net negative
charge.
What is Depletion region?
.
• The region around the junction
is left with neither holes nor free
electrons.
• This neutral region which has no
charge carriers is called the
depletion layer.
• This layer which has no charge
carrier is a poor conductor of
electricity
Forward Bias

Connect positive of the Diode to


positive of supply negative of
Diode to negative of supply.
Reverse Bias

Connect positive of the Diode to


negative of supply negative of
diode to positive of supply.
Difference between Forward
Bais and Reverse Bias
Characteristics of Diode

•Diode always conducts in one


direction.
•Diodes always conduct current
when "Forward Biased" (Zero
resistance)
•Diodes do not conduct when
Reverse Biased (Infinite
resistance)
I-V characteristics of Ideal
diode
V-I characteristics of p-n
junction diode in forward bias
and reverse bias
Rectification

Converting Ac to dc is
accomplished by the process of
rectification.

Two processes are used:

• Half-wave rectification
•Full-wave rectification.
Half-wave rectification

•Half-wave rectifiers transform


AC voltage to DC voltage. A
halfwave rectifier circuit uses
only one diode for the
transformation. A halfwave
rectifier is defined as a type of
rectifier that allows only one-
half cycle of an AC voltage
waveform to pass while
blocking the other half cycle.
A half-wave rectifier is the
simplest form of the rectifier and
requires only one diode for the
construction of a halfwave
rectifier circuit.

A halfwave rectifier circuit


consists of three main
components as follows:
•A diode
•A transformer
•A resistive load
Half-wave rectifier diagram
Working of half wave rectifier
1.A high AC voltage is applied to
the primary side of the step-
down transformer. The obtained
secondary low voltage is applied
to the diode.
2.The diode is forward biased
during the positive half cycle of
the AC voltage and reverse
biased during the negative half
cycle.
3.The final output voltage
waveform is as shown in the
figure below:
The half-wave circuit by
replacing the secondary
transformer coils with a voltage
source as shown below:
For the positive half cycle of the
AC source voltage, the circuit
effectively becomes as shown
below in the diagram:
When the diode is forward biased,
it acts as a closed switch. But,
during the negative half cycle of
the AC source voltage, the
equivalent circuit becomes as
shown in the figure below

When a diode is reverse biased,


it acts as an open switch. Since
no current can flow to the load,
the output voltage is equal to
zero
Full-wave rectification
•A full wave rectifier is defined
as a rectifier that converts the
complete cycle of alternating
current into pulsating DC.
Working of Full wave rectifier

The input AC supplied to the full


wave rectifier is very high. The
step-down transformer in the
rectifier circuit converts the high
voltage AC into low voltage AC.
The anode of the center tapped
diodes is connected to the
transformer’s secondary winding
and connected to the load resistor.
Positive Half-Cycle
During the positive half of the AC
input:

In a center-tapped
rectifier, one diode conducts while
the other is reverse-biased.

In a bridge rectifier,
two specific diodes (out of four)
conduct.

Current flows
through the load resistor in one
direction
Negative Half-Cycle

During the negative half of the AC


input:

In a center-tapped
rectifier, the other diode conducts
while the first one is reverse-biased.

In a bridge rectifier,
the other two diodes conduct.

Current flows
through the load resistor in the same
direction as in the positive half.
Graph of Positive and Negative
Half -cell
Bibliography

•1.www.google.com
•2.www.wikipedia.com
•3.www.ncert.nic.in
• 4. Pradeep class 12 Physics
•5.HC verma class 12 Physics

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