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[Fundamental]
What is Computer ?
Ans. Computer is an electronic Machine or Device that is used to process data input by the
user through the keyboard.
Computer is an electronic device that accept data input by the user, process it &
generate the desirable result.
Full Form of Computer:-
C – Common
O – Operating
M – Machine
P – Particular, Perfect
U – User, Use for
T – Technology
E – Education
R – Research Area
What is Data ?
Ans. Data is a raw material of Facts, Text, Number, Graphic & Picture that is used to
stored in computer system.

Data Computer Output

Input
Process or

Information

Input

What is information ?
Ans. Information is the process data that is very useful and meaningful for the user.

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 What is C.P.U. ?
Ans. C.P.U. stands for Center Processing Unit & Control Processing Unit
C.P.U. is a heart of the computer system. All execution of instruction or statement is
through the C.P.U. It has three unit or parts.
1. Memory Unit (MU)
2. Control Unit (CU)
3. Arithmetic & Logical Unit (ALU)
1. MU (Memory Unit)
When data and instructions are entered, it is required to be stored in the computer for
processing. Link we need desk & filing cabinet to work, similarly computer also
needs some space. This space keeps the data and instructions retained in the
computer. This space is known as memory – stores data and instructions temporarily
and permanently. Computer uses different storage devices to store data instructions.
There are two types of memory of storage.
1. Primary/Main Memory
2. Secondary Memory
2. CU (Control Unit)
Control Unit is the Manager of CPU, it directs sequence of instructions to the other
components of the computer. It controls all the devices built-in or attached with the
computer. CU keep the track and every execution. It receives instructions, interprets it
and sends signals to the specified device. It does not perform processing by it self.
3. ALU (Arithmetical & Logical Unit)
Arithmetical & Logical Unit of CPU perform real processing according to the
instructions received for CU. In real, processing includes any mathematical
calculation i.e. addition, subtraction, multiplication & division or logical comparisons.
How Many Types of Memory ?
Ans. There are two types of memory of storage.

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 1. Primary/Main Memory
2. Secondary Memory
1. Primary/Main Memory:
Primary Memory is just like table or desk where we temporarily open books or
copies, files etc to work upon. If there is no desk or table then it is very difficult to
study or work in office. Similarly computer also needs some temporary space to keep
input, intermediary result and output.
Two types of primary memory:
a) RAM
b) ROM
RAM (Random Access Memory)
Random Access Memory, which is a part of primary memory can be accessed
randomly. Data can be written to or read from any location of the RAM chip. RAM
stores data temporarily. It is volatile in nature i.e. when the power is switched off any
data or instructions written into the RAM is lost. Access speed or RAM is very fast
than of any secondary storage. RAM is made up of small semiconductor storage
elements. It uses metal-oxide semi conductor technology. RAM chips are two types.
Dynamic and static, they both differ in their storage technology.
ROM (Read Only Memory)
It is a chip where information is hardwired (written permanently which cannot be
erased). In ROM, when power supply is switched off, the information does not get
erased or lost unlike RAM. Information can be written only once on these kind of
chips, it is written at the time of manufacturing only. This is the reason why it is
called Read Only Memory.
Rom plays crucial role in computer. It contain some special programs for starts up of
computer. These micro-program tells CU(Control Unit) what to do , when power to
be switched on. At starts ROM checks the whole computer and attachability of

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 standard peripheral devices. If any error occurs ROM stop the computer immediately.
There are few evolution in ROM like PROM(programmable Read Only Memory)
which can be programmed after it is manufactured and EEPROM (Electrically
Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory).
2. Secondary Memory:
This is also called auxiliary memory and which stores data permanently. In primary
memory data cannot be written permanently and also in large amount, that is why
secondary storage is required so that information can be stored for future use.
Whenever data is required for processing of for any other reason it can be fetched
from auxiliary storage device and transferred it to primary memory. It helps the
computer to get data as and when required an to write it back. These devices are
attached to CPU for huge storage purpose. Secondary storage devices can be
classified into two categories: Sequential Access Storage Devices and Direct Access
Storage Devices.
Sequential Access Storage Devices data or information is written in series e.g. songs
recorded in audio cassettes i.e. when fifth song ha to be played, unwillingly first for
songs has to be forwarded. This is sequential storage.
In Direct Access Storage Devices data can be stored directly to any location and,
unlike Sequential Access Storage Devices, data can be retrieved or accessed without
traversing through the data stored prior to it. E.g. audio CD- any song can be played
without traversing.
Following are four important secondary storage devices:
a) Magnetic Tape
b) Magnetic Disk \ Hard Disk
c) Floppy Disk
d) Compact Disk
What is Input device ?

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Ans. Input device are device which is used to input enter data in to the computer system.
Example of Input device:-
Keyboard, Mouse, Toy stick, Light pen, Trackball
Touch screen etc.
What is Output device ?
Ans. Output device are those device that is used to display output result on the computer
screen or paper.
Example of Output device:-
Printer & Monitor.
What is Icon ?
Ans. Icon is a picture on the screen represent and object. Shortcut icons allows quick
access to commonly used programs.
What is Monitor ?
Ans. Monitor is a input & output device with the help of this device we feed data and get
result. It is like our T.V. screen.
Two type of Monitor.
1. Black & White Monitor
2. Color Monitor
What is Mouse ?
Ans. Mouse is a input device. It is used for making computer graphics. We can draw and
select option more quickly.
What is Keyboard ?
Ans. Keyboard is a input device with the help of this device we feed data in to the
computer system. It is used to enter the data and instruction to the computer.
What is Booting ?
Ans. After the self test computer is required to load the operating system and become ready
for use. This processing is called booting.

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 What is Software ?
Ans. Software is a set of instruction of programs. It is used to perform an operation or task.
A Software is a set of instructions that are needed to exploit the hardware in a useful
manner for given set of task. This is something that can be touched or seen but is
essential or working. Without software compute is like a car without petrol or pen
without refill.

Classification of Software and Type of Software:

1. System Software:
System Software is used to control, manage and work with the hardware of the
computer or to convert instructions written in a high level language to machine
language.
It is classified as following :
a) Operating System (Windows 98 & windows XP etc)
b) Programming Language (Machine, Assembly, High level language)
c) Translator (Assembler, Interpreter, Compiler)
2. Application Software:
Application Software consists of the programs written by the user for specific purpose
such as billing, accounting, payroll etc. It is developed by the professionals. Most
application programs can only work if used in conjunction with the appropriate
system programs. An application software is classified into the following:
a) Application Program
b) Application Package
c) Pre-packaged Application Software
3. Utility Software:
Utility software is used to design to find and solve the system error such as antivirus,
scandisk.

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 What is Operating System?
Ans. Operating System is an integrated set of specialized programs that are used to manage
over all resources of and operations of the computer. It is specialized software that
controls and monitors the execution of all other programs that reside in the computer,
including application programs and other system software. It is the interface between
the user and computer.
An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the
computer hardware and controls the execution of all of programs.
Main Function of Operating System are:
a) Memory (Storage) Management
b) Processor Management
c) Device Management
d) File Management
e) Security
f) Control over system performance
g) Interaction with the operators
h) Error-detecting aids
i) Coordination between other software and users
Type of and Operating System:
There are two types of Operating System.
1. Single User Operating System
2. Multi User Operating System
1. Single User Operating System:
In this kind of system the processor or a computer does only one job at a time. This is
at one point of time only one task can be performed.
For Example: MS-DOS, Windows 98
2. Multi User System:

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 This type of system is used by more than one user. It allows the interaction of one
user with the other. It also helps in executing more than one task at a particular time.
For Example : Unix and Windows NT.
Different Between Single User & Multi User Operating System.
Single User (OS) Multi User (OS)

1. Single person can use at a time. 1. More than one user can use at a time.
2. Standalone 2. Many system are connected with one System.
3. More secure 3. Less secure
4. No sharing of data 4. Sharing of data
5. More interactive 5. Less interactive
6. Simple 6. Complex
7. Cheap 7. Costly
8. Less functions 8. More functions
9. Small in size 9. Large in size
10. Examples are Dos, Windows 98 Example are Windows NT, Unix

What is Hardware ?
Ans. All physical components of the computer system which you can see and touch are
hardware.
Example : Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, C.P.U. etc.
Who is Father of computer system?
Ans. Charles Babbage
Who is founder of Microsoft Company?
Ans. Bill Gates
Generation of computer?
Ans. There are five generations of computer.
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1. Generation 1940-1955
The main components were used the Vacuum Tubes. These were also called
vacuum. The first computer used 17,000 vacuum tubes. Which weighed 30 tens and
occupied and area a big hole. Vacuum tubes take much time to warm up.
This time name of computer:-
ENIAC & UNIVAC
2. Generation 1955-1962
In this generation computer started with the help of transistor. Transistor is tiny semi
condensers which can perform the same function as that of a large value. Transistors
replace value in computer.
a) In this generation Reduceds the size of compute.
b) Improved Readability and processing power of the computer.
some of the computer of this generation :- IBM7000 Series, IBM 1620 & IBM 1401
Series.
3. Generation 1962-1970
In this generation number of transistor were put to gathers on a single chip of clicon.
This chip of called integrated serkets. The chip is a small clicon wafer with very mini
transistor which can do logical comperigen and calculation. Some chip have been
developed for the purpose of data store.
The use of chips technology radius the size of computer.
Eg. IBM 360 & IBM 370
4. Generation 1970 on words
Four generation computer in which the electronic components was further minimize
throw L.S.I. & V.L.S.I. technology.
LSI stands for Large Scare Integration
VLSI stands for Very Large Scare Integration

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 Some of these computer desktop computer and loptop computer with much more
computational power.
5. Generation
In this generation computer has the thinking power just like that of the human
brain. These computer are based on artificial intelligences are design to be thinking
computer capital of story large amount of data to be required as and than retrieve to
solves the computer.
What is windows ?
Ans. Windows is an operating system. An operating system perform two tasks.
1. Provides interface between user and the computer.
2. Control the part of a computer.
What is Scanner?
Ans. Scanner is a Input device that reads graphic and text into the computer. Scanner works
like a Xerox machine or photostate machine.
What is Hard Disk?
Ans. Hard Disk is also a secondary storage device of the that stored the data and instruction
permanently on the computer. It is also know as secondary memory of the computer.
It is removable magnetic disk. The storage capacity of hard disk is greater then floppy
disk. A hard disk of several platters mounted platters mounted on a spindle.
What is Folder & File?
Folder :
Ans. A folder is a container of files and folders.
A folder can also contain another folder.
A folder cannot contain two files or folders with the same name.
File :
Ans. A file is a container of information or data.
Two types of file.

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 1. Application File : These files normally contain instructions to computer.
2. User file : These file contain data entered by the user.
What is My Computer?
Ans. My Computer is an icon available on the desktop which quick access to folders, files
and programs and application.
You can use My Computer to quickly and easily see everything on your computer.
Why use Start Button & Run Command & Find Command & Document
Command?
Start Button:
Ans. Allows access to various menu commands. Start Button is Used for starting a
program, find a file, folder & get help. All application are accessible through the start
button.
Run:
Ans. To Start a program directly use the Run Command. In the open box, type the location
and name of the application you want to start. Example for MS-Word :
Type winword for MS-Word.
If you don’t remember the location or name of the application you want to start, click
Browse, select a application and Run.
Find:
Ans. Find command is used to find files or folders quickly and easily. Using ( * & ? ).
Specifying file and folder name and search through the find command.
Documents:
Ans. You can quickly open a document. You have worked on recently by using the
documents command on the start menu. Display last 15 document, which have been
used.

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 What is Task Bar & Status and Time & Network place & Desktop ?
Task Bar:
Ans. Shows all open application in form of boxes. Allows shifting from one application to
another.
Status & Time:
Ans. Display the current time from the internal clock. Provides other status information
about the system, like print status.
Network Place:
Ans. A network represents a set of computers which are joined together.
Desktop:
Ans. A entire the screen area you see when windows is started.
What is Recycle Bin?
Ans. Any file or folder which has been deleted in windows is stored in the recycle bin.
Recycle bin can be used to restore files which have been deleted.
Recycle bin is an area allocated in the hard disk for storing deleted file & folder.
What is Calculator ?
Ans. Calculator is a very simple and useful accessory. Calculator can be used to perform
normal mathematical calculations.

What is Cursor?
Ans. Cursor is a vertical blinking line.
What is Paint ?
Ans. Paint is a simple software for creating, storing, printing & drawing on the computer.
What is Notepad ?
Ans. Notepad is a basic editor available as an accessory in windows.

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 What is WordPad ?
Ans. WordPad is a built in word processor available in windows. You can use a word-
processor to create, edit & print document.
There are many features to make the document presentable.
Characteristics of computers
1. Speed : Computer is a fast device, it can perform millions of calculations in a
fragment of second.
2. Accuracy : In computer the accuracy of calculation in very high. It can depict large
fractional values very accurately.
3. Storage : Like human brain, computer has its own memory, which can retain very
large amount of data until we desire to loose it.
4. Diligence : Computer, unlike human being, is free from exhaustion of lack of
concentration.
5. Versatility : The computer is very much flexible in performing the jobs provided to it.
It can do different kind of jobs provided to it in logical sequence.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Computer

Advantages:
• It can perform any repetitive work and calculation rapidly and accurately.
• Computers can store large amount of data and information for subsequent
manipulation.
• The memory of computer can hold a program which can be explored in different
ways.
• Computers can make decision based on different conditions.
• It can provide information to the user.

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 • If any error occurs in the program file, computer can automatically detect these errors
and allow the user to correct them.
• It can draw and print graphics.
• The computer can converse with users through Input & Output devices.

Disadvantages:
• A computer has no brain or intelligence of its own.
• It cannot learn with experience.
• It can only perform operations as instructed by the user.
• It has no common sense, due to which it can carry out the instructions only as long as
user needs.
• It can understand instructions no matter whether they are right or wrong.

Unit of Memory
8 bits = 1 Byte
1024 bytes = 1 Kilobyte (KB)
1024 KB = 1 Megabyte (MB)
1024 MB = 1 Gigabyte (GB)
1024 GB = 1 Terabyte

Type of Computers

There are three types of computer depending on the function they perform.

1. Analog computer :
A computer which measures continuously changing

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 conditions, such as temperature and pressure and converts them into quantities.
These computers are used in scientific and engineering fields.
2. Digital Computer :
A computer which measures digital data and performs
arithmetic and logical operations. These are the most popularly used computers.
3. Hybrid Computer :
A Computer System that combine features of
both analog and digital computers.

Note: The above types of computer can be used to perform a specific task or
to perform general task.

Types of computer
On the basic of size computer are four types.
1. Micro Computer
2. Mini Computer
3. Mainframe Computer
4. Super Computer

1. Micro Computer :
These are smallest computer system. There
size range from calculate t desktop. They can perform the same operation and use same type
of instruction as any other.
2. Mini Computer :
These are small-general purpose system unlike the micro
computer. They were serve multiple user. These are also known as multi user system. These

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more powerful and costly than micro computer.
3. Mainframe Computer :
They offer faster processing speeds and greater storage
capability than a micro computer. These are also multi-user system.

4. Super Computer :
It is used to or designed to process scientific work like wheather
for calling artificial intelligence, research etc. They are largest, faster & costly than other
computer in the world.

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 [Number System]
There are 4 Types of Number System:
1. Binary Number System ( )2 0,1
2. Decimal Number System ( )10 0-9
3. Octal Number System ( )8 0-7
4. Hexadecimal Number system ( )16 0-15

Decimal Binary
0 000
1 001
2 010
3 011
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
8 1000
9 1001

Hexadecimal Decimal
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 A
11 B
12 C
13 D
14 E
15 F

There are two methods used in conversion techniques:

1. Remainder Method
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 2. Expansion Method
1. Remainder method: This method is used to change any decimal value into Binary,
Octal & Hexadecimal.
2. Expansion method: This method is used change Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal values
into Decimal.

Binary Conversions:
1. Decimal to binary
2. Binary to Decimal
3. Binary to Octal
4. Octal to Binary
5. Binary to Hexa
6. Hexa to Binary
7. Octal to Decimal
8. Decimal to octal
9. Hexa to Octal
10. Octal to Hexa
11. Hexa to Decimal
12. Decimal to Hexa

1. Decimal to Binary

(34)10 to ( )2

2 34
2 17 0
2 8 1
2 4 0
2 2 0
2 1 0
Ans. (100010)2

2. Binary to Decimal :

(1010010)2 to ( )10

261 + 251 + 241 + 231 + 221 + 211 + 201

1 0 1 0 0 1 0
64 + 0 + 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0

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Ans. (82)10
OR

(1010010)2 to ( )10

1 0 1 0 0 1 0
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
64 + 0 + 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0
Ans. (82)10

3. Binary to Octal: Octal esa rhu ds tksM+s curs gSaA

(101010001)2 to ( )8
101 010 001

5 2 1
Ans. (521)8

4. Octal to Binary
(43)8 to ( )2
4 3

100 011
Ans. (100011)2

5. Binary to Hexa:
(1011011)2 to ( )16
0101 1011

5 B
Ans. (5B)16

6. Hexa to Binary:
(7AB)16 to ( )2
7 A B

011 1010 1011

Ans. (0111101010011)2

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7. Octal to Decimal
(31)8 to ( )10
3 1

011 001
251 + 241 + 231 + 221 + 211 + 201
0 1 1 0 0 1
0 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1
Ans. (25)10
OR
Expansion Method:
(31)8 to ( )10
381 + 180
38 + 11
24 + 1
Ans. (25)10

8. Decimal to Octal:
(125)10 to ( )8
8 125
8 15 5
8 7 7
1
Ans. (175)8
9. Hexa to to Octal:
(45)16 to (Octal)8

4 5

0100 0101

001 000 101

1 0 5
Ans. (105)8

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10. Octal to Hexa:
(45)8 to ( )16
4 5

100 101
0010 0101

2 5
Ans. (25)16

11. Hexa to Decimal:

(9AF)16 to ( )10

9 A F

1001 1010 1111

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
2048 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

2048 0 0 256 128 0 32 0 8 4 2 1

Ans. (2479)10

OR
Expansion Method:

(9AF)16 to ( )10
9162 + 10161 + 15160
9256 + 1016 + 151
2304 + 160 + 15
Ans. (2479)10

12. Decimal to Hexadecimal:

(107)10 to ( )16

16 107
6 11
Ans. (6B)16

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