MAHARANA PRATAP GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

KOTHI MANDHANA, KANPUR

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Dr. AKTU, Lucknow)

Digital Notes
[Department of Computer Applications]
Subject Name : Fundamental of Computers&
Emerging Technologies

Subject Code :KCA-101

Course :MCA
Branch : MCA
Semester :Ist
Prepared by : Mr. Yogendra Singh

Reference No./MCA/Yogendra Singh/KCA-101/1/1

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 Unit-3: Introduction to Internet

What is the Internet?

 The Internet is “the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide.”
 The Internet is a network of networks made up of thousands of private, public,
commercial, academic, and government networks.
 The primary purpose of the Internet is to facilitate the sharing of information.

Evolution of Internet:
 ARPANET was developed by United States Department of Defense.
 Basic purpose of ARPANET was to provide communication among the various bodies of
government.

Internet Architecture
 A computer is connected to the Internet at two levels,
1. Hardware: The hardware includes network interface, modems, and cables to hook
the computer physically on the Internet.
2. Software: The software (also called protocols) is required to make the
communication between the computers understandable and meaningful.
 A computer or a computer network is attached with a device called Modem that converts
the digital data coming from a computer into analog voice form. This converted voice
form is transmitted- to the local Internet Service Provider (another computer system)
through telephone links where a Modem converts it back into digital form. Through a
series of ISP's this data can move across the Internet to the desired location as shown in
the figure

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 Figure: Internet Architecture
 Internet service Provider (ISP) is the agency, which enables users to access Internet
services. The ISP is equipped with all tools and technology to provide you the Internet
services. The computers at home or at offices have to be connected to the ISP first for
accessing the Internet. The connection to ISP can be made over a telephone line, leased
line-or-wireless/radio link connections.

Internet Services:
Some of the most popular internet services are:
1. WWW
2. FTP
3. Telnet
4. Gopher etc.
1. WWW (World Wide Web)
 The World Wide Web—commonly referred to as WWW, W3, or the Web—is an
interconnected system of public web pages accessible through the Internet.
 The World Wide Web, or simply web, is a way of accessing information over
the medium of the internet.
 Internet and Web is not the same thing: Web uses internet to pass over the information.
 Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989.
Some important points of the Web-

 The HTTP protocol governs data transfer between a server and a client.
 To access a Web component, a client supplies a unique universal identifier, called
a URL (uniform resource locator).
 Documents are managed in HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) form.

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 HTTP
HTTP is the short form for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. An example of the standard URL is
http://www.google.com. The prefix http in the URL designates the protocol being used for
communication. The HTTP protocol is used to access hypertext documents on the World
Wide Web.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
 FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol.
 FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is used to transfer files between computers over the internet.
 It is an application layer protocol which uses TCP/IP.
 It enables the users to upload and download the files from the internet .
 FTP enables access to remote computer folders and allows files and folders to be
transferred between different computers.
Working of FTP:
FTP establishes two TCP connections between the client and the server.
1. Control connection: Control connection is used for transferring control information.
2. Data connection: Data connection is used for transferring data.
If you want to upload a file from your computer to a remote server you need an FTP client. There
are numerous FTP clients available. Some of the popular FTP client software
Example: FileZilla, etc.

Figure: FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

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Characteristics of FTP-
 FTP uses port number 21 for control connection.

 FTP uses port number 20 for data connection.

 FTP uses persistent TCP connections for control connection.

 FTP uses non-persistent connections for data connection.

TELNET:
 TELNET stands for Teletype Network
 Developed in 1969
 It is a Remote access Protocol for accessing the Remote Device like server, Routers,
Switches etc.
 Uses a port number 23
 It provides only the command line interface (CLI) and not GUI (Graphical user Interface)
 Data will send in the unencrypted format.

Figure: TELNET
SSH
 SSH stands for Secure Shell.
 Developed in 1995
 It is one of the Remote access Protocol for accessing the Remote Device
 Uses a port number 22
 Data will send in the encrypted format.
Gopher:
Gopher is an application-layer protocol that provides the ability to extract and view Web
documents stored on remote Web servers. It was developed at University of Minnesota.

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Difference between Internet and WWW

S.No. Internet WWW

1 Internet is a global network of WWW is a collection of information.

networks.
2 Internet uses Transmission Control World Wide Web uses Hyper Text
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

3 Internet is not the Web. Web is a portion of the internet.

Search Engine:
 A search engine is software accessed on the Internet that searches a database of
information according to the user's query. The engine provides a list of results that best
match what the user is trying to find.
 A search engine is used to find the information in the World Wide Web and displays the
results at one place.
 It contains its own database.
 Today, there are many different search engines available on the Internet, each with its
own abilities and features.

Example of search engines include

1. Google
2. Yahoo
3. Bing etc.

Email (Electronic Mail):

Email stands for Electronic Mail. It is a paperless method of sending messages (text, files, or
images) from one person to another or many people at the same time using the internet. In 1996,
there was more e-mail than postal mail being sent.
Some of the important features of email are:
• Instant Communications.

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 • One to One or One to many communications
• Free and easily accessible, only required is internet connections.
Example of E-mail
Some of the most popular email service providers are:
1. Gmail
2. Microsoft Outlook
3. Yahoo mail, etc.

.Basic E-mail functions

There are a few basic functions in e-mail are:

- Read
-compose (new messages)
-Reply (to messages you've received)
-Forward (messages you've received)
-Delete
-Include or attach

Web Browser
 A Web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing
information resources on the World Wide Web.

 It is software through which we sent HTTP request to web server.

 The main purpose of web browser is to locate the content on the World Wide Web and
display the web page, image, audio or video form.

 No database is required for a web browser.

 Hence, in order to access any website web browser is required.

Examples of web browsers are:

1. Microsoft Internet Explorer,

2. Google Chrome
3. Mozilla Firefox
4. Opera
5. Apple safari, etc.

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 S Search engine e Web Browser Web Browser
A search engine is used to find the information Web Browser uses the search engine to retrieve
in the World Wide Web and displays the results and view the information from web pages
at one place. present on the web servers.
Search engine is intended to gather Information Web Browsers are intended to Display the web
regarding several URL’s and to maintain it. page of the current URL available at the server.

A search engine contains its own database No database is required in Web browser. It
contains only cache memory to store cookies.

Example of famous search engines are: Example: Some of the widely used web
Google, Yahoo, Bing, etc. browsers are: Mozilla Firefox, Google
Chrome, etc

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Internet of things (IOT):

 The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a system of interrelated, internet-connected objects

that are able to collect and transfer data over a wireless network without human
intervention.

 The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects or “things” that
are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of
connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the Internet.

 IoT makes everything smart.

 The term “Internet of Things” was invented by Kevin Ashton in 1999 during his work
at Procter & Gamble.

Figure: Internet of things (IOT)

IoT Examples:

1. Smart Home security systems

2. IoT in agriculture
3. Air Quality Sensors
4. Smart Cities
5. Smart Cars
6. Smart Door Locks
7. Smart Farming equipment
8. Biometric Security Systems, etc

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IoT: How it works?

An IoT system consists of sensors/devices which “talk” to the cloud through some kind of
connectivity. Once the data gets to the cloud, software processes it and then might decide to
perform an action, such as sending an alert or automatically adjusting the sensors/devices
without the need for the user.

Advantages of IoT:

1. Minimize human effort: As the devices of IoT interact and communicate with each
other and do lot of task for us, then they minimize the human effort.

2. Save time: As IoT reduces the human hence it saves our time. Instead of repeating the
same tasks every day, it enables people to do other creative jobs.

3. Improve security: Now, if we have a system that all these things are interconnected then
we can make the system more secure and efficient.

Disadvantages of IoT:

Some of the IoT challenges are given below:

1. Security issues: IoT devices first share data over the internet, where the risk of losing
privacy increases, because of hackers.

2. Privacy: Privacy is a big issue with IoT. All the data must be encrypted. Even without
the active participation on the user, the IOT system provides substantial personal data in
maximum details.

3. High dependency on the internet: They rely heavily on the internet and cannot function
effectively without it.
4. The complexity of the system: The designing, developing, and maintaining and enabling
the large technology to IoT system is quite complicated.

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Characteristics of IoT:

Various characteristics of IoT are:

1. Unique identity
2. Dynamic and self-adapting
3. Self-configuring
4. Interoperable Communication protocols

1. Unique identities:
Each IO device has an IP address. This identity is helpful in tracking the equipment and at times
to query its status.
or
Each IO device has a unique identity and a unique identifier (such as an IP address)

2. Dynamic and self-adapting:

The IoT devices can dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take actions based on
their operating conditions, user’s context, or Sensed Environment.

For ex: Surveillance System.

3. Self-configuring:

IoT System may have self-configuring capability, allowing a large no. of devices to work
together to provide certain functionality (such as weather monitoring)

4. Interoperable Communication:

IoT devices may support a number of interoperable communication protocols and can
communicate with other devices and also with the infrastructure.
For ex: MI Phone is able to control the smart AC and smart TV of different manufacturer.

Applications of Internet of Things (IoT)

1. Smart City
2. Smart Home and Office
3. Healthcare
4. Autonomous Driving
5. Agriculture and Smart farming, etc.

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What is a IoT sensor?
 IoT sensor is a device that captures real-world data and translates it into a piece of
information that could be interpreted by other instruments. Sensors react to stimuli — be
it a change in sound, temperature, electric current, or a different property.

 Hence a sensor in an IoT system senses the desired physical quantity and converts it into
an electrical signal transmitted to the central cloud-based server directly or via an on-site
microcontroller.
 Sensor is a device which can be used to sense or detect any changes in physical quantity
like force, moisture, motion, pressure, heat, light etc. & convert it into an electrical signal
to measure the applied physical quantity.

Examples:
 Heat is converted to electrical signals in a temperature signals.
 Examples of sensors are gas sensor, water quality sensor, moisture sensor, etc.

Types of Sensors: All sensors are used frequently in IoT Devices.

1. Temperature Sensors
2. Proximity Sensors
3. IR Sensor (Infrared Sensors)
4. Pressure Sensors
5. Humidity Sensors
6. Gyroscope sensors:
7. Image sensors
8. Gas Sensors
9. Accelerometers, etc

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1. Temperature Sensors: Temperature sensor senses the temperature and measures the
changes in the temperature.

2. Proximity Sensors:
 A Proximity Sensor is a Sensor that detects the presence or absence of nearby objects
without any physical contact.
 Some of the application of proximity
Example: Sensors are mobile phone, Car (Parking Sensors)

3. IR Sensors (Infrared Sensors):

 An infrared sensor is a sensor that is used to sense certain characteristics of its
surroundings by either emitting or detecting infrared radiation. It is also capable of
measuring the heat being emitted by objects.
or
 An infrared sensor is used for emitting and detecting IR radiation.

4. Pressure Sensors:
 A pressure sensor is a device for pressure measurement of gases or liquids.
 A pressure sensor is a device that senses pressure and converts it into an electric
signal.
5. Humidity sensors:
Humidity is defined as the amount of water vapor in an atmosphere of air or other gases. The
most commonly used terms are “Relative Humidity (RH)

6. Gyroscope sensors:
A sensor or device which is used to measure the angular rate or angular velocity is known as
Gyro sensors.

7. Image sensors
Image sensors are instruments which are used to convert optical images into electronic signals
for displaying or storing files electronically.

8. Gas Sensors:
Gas Sensors are specifically used to monitor changes of the air quality and detect the presence
of various gases.

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Features of Sensors:

1. Range: It is the minimum and maximum value of physical variable that the sensor can sense
or measure.
2. Accuracy: It shows how close the output of the sensor is to the expected value.
3. Sensitivity: It is the ratio of change in output to change in input.
4. Resolution: It is the minimum change in input that can be sensed by the sensor.
5. Repeatability: It is defined as the ability of sensor to produce the same output every time
when the same input is applied and all the physical and measurement conditions kept the same.
6. Response Time: It is generally expressed as the time at which the output reaches a certain
percentage (for instance, 95%) of its final value, in response to a step change of the input.

Smart Cities:
In general, a smart city is a city that uses technology to provide services and solve city problems.
A smart city does things like improve transportation and accessibility, improve social services,
promote sustainability, and give its citizens a voice.

The main goals of a smart city are to improve:

1. Public Transportation
2. IT-connectivity
3. Water Management
4. Power Supply
5. Sanitation
6. Waste management
7. Urban mobility
8. E-governance
9. Citizen participation

How a smart city works:

Smart cities use a combination of the internet of things (IoT) devices, software solutions, user
interfaces (UI) and communication networks. However, they rely first and foremost on the IoT.
Smart cities utilize their web of connected IoT devices and other technologies to achieve their
goals of improving the quality of life and achieving economic growth. Successful smart cities
follow four steps:

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1. Collection - Smart sensors throughout the city gather data in real time.
2. Analysis - Data collected by the smart sensors is assessed in order to draw meaningful
insights.
3. Communication - The insights that have been found in the analysis phase are communicated
with decision makers through strong communication networks.
4. Action - Cities use the insights pulled from the data to create solutions, optimize operations
and asset management and improve the quality of life for residents.

Cities uses tool to collect data in real time about all kinds of things, including traffic, air and
water quality, and solar radiation. With this information, the government can act immediately to
solve nearly any problem.

Smart City technologies:

1. Application programming interfaces (APIs)
2. Artificial intelligence (AI)
3. Cloud computing
4. Dashboards
5. Machine learning (ML)
6. Machine to machine (M2M)
7. Mesh network
Top Examples of Smart Cities

1. Singapore
2. Tokyo, Japan
3. London, England

IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things): The industrial internet of things (IIoT) refers to the
extension and use of the internet of things (IoT) in industrial sectors and applications. With a
strong focus on machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, big data, and machine learning, the
IIoT enables industries and enterprises to have better efficiency and reliability in their operations.
The IIoT encompasses industrial applications, including robotics, medical devices, and software-
defined production processes.

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How does Industrial IoT works? Industrial IoT is a system includes smart sensors, machines,
tools, software platforms, cloud servers and applications. Smart sensors are deployed at every
stages of manufacturing floor for specific applications. These sensor networks continuously send
data to the IoT gateway (act as a hub between IoT devices and cloud) which receive and transmit
the data to the cloud application server for processing and analysis.

Applications of Industrial Internet of Things:

1. Industrial Automation: Automation of machines and tools enables companies to operate in

an efficient way and improves accuracy, efficiency; reduces errors, easy to control and remotely
accessible via applications. Machines can operate at harsh environments than humans;
automation of machines and tools reduces man power requirements for specific tasks.

2. Smart Robotics: Many companies are developing intelligent robotics system for IoT-enabled
factories. Smart robotics ensures smooth handling of tools and materials in the manufacturing
line with precise accuracy and efficiency.

3. Enhanced Quality and Security: Introduction of IoT technology in to manufacturing offers

enhanced product quality. Continuous monitoring and analysis of each stage ensure better quality
by improving process steps for optimum quality.
.
4. Power Management: IoT can offer better solutions for power management in industries.
Specific sensors can detect environment and trigger to turn on/off control of lights, air
conditioners, humidity controls and liquid flow etc… for efficient power management.

Benefits/Advantages of IIoT
1. Increased efficiency
2. Time savings
3. Enhanced industrial safety
4. Improved and intelligent connectivity between devices or machines.
5. Enhanced security.

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