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Undergraduate Topics in Computer Science

James T. Streib · Takako Soma

Guide to Java
A Concise Introduction
to Programming
Second Edition
Undergraduate Topics in Computer Science

Series Editor
Ian Mackie, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK

Advisory Editors
Samson Abramsky , Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford,
Oxford, UK
Chris Hankin , Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
Mike Hinchey , Lero – The Irish Software Research Centre, University of
Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
Dexter C. Kozen, Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca,
NY, USA
Andrew Pitts , Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Hanne Riis Nielson , Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science,
Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
Steven S. Skiena, Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, NY, USA
Iain Stewart , Department of Computer Science, Durham University, Durham,
UK
Joseph Migga Kizza, College of Engineering and Computer Science,
The University of Tennessee-Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, USA
‘Undergraduate Topics in Computer Science’ (UTiCS) delivers high-quality
instructional content for undergraduates studying in all areas of computing and
information science. From core foundational and theoretical material to final-year
topics and applications, UTiCS books take a fresh, concise, and modern approach
and are ideal for self-study or for a one- or two-semester course. The texts are all
authored by established experts in their fields, reviewed by an international advisory
board, and contain numerous examples and problems, many of which include fully
worked solutions.
The UTiCS concept relies on high-quality, concise books in softback format, and
generally a maximum of 275–300 pages. For undergraduate textbooks that are
likely to be longer, more expository, Springer continues to offer the highly regarded
Texts in Computer Science series, to which we refer potential authors.
James T. Streib Takako Soma
•

Guide to Java
A Concise Introduction to Programming

Second Edition

123
James T. Streib Takako Soma
Program in Computer Science Program in Computer Science
Illinois College Illinois College
Jacksonville, IL, USA Jacksonville, IL, USA

ISSN 1863-7310 ISSN 2197-1781 (electronic)

Undergraduate Topics in Computer Science
ISBN 978-3-031-22841-4 ISBN 978-3-031-22842-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22842-1

1st edition: © Springer-Verlag London 2014

2nd edition: © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard
to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

James T. Streiba,1 and Takako Somaa,2

a
Computer Science Program, Illinois College, Jacksonville, IL, USA
1
Email: [email protected].
2
Email: [email protected].

Purpose
The purpose of this text is to help the reader learn very quickly how to program using the
Java programming language. This is accomplished by concentrating on the fundamentals,
providing plenty of illustrations and examples, and using visual contour diagrams to
illustrate the object-oriented semantics of the language.

Comparison to Other Texts

There are a number of texts on the Java programming language. Some of these texts provide
plenty of examples and are very comprehensive, but unfortunately, they sometimes seem
to cover too many details, which might make it difficult for a beginning programmer to
discern which points are the most relevant. There are also other texts that attempt to provide
a shortened introduction to the language, but it seems that these texts might not provide the
necessary examples and illustrations and might be better suited for readers who have
previous programming experience.

Need
This text attempts to fill the gap between the above two types of books. First, it provides
plenty of examples and concentrates primarily on the fundamentals of the Java
programming language so that the reader can stay focused on the key concepts. Second, by
concentrating on the fundamentals, it allows the text to be more concise and yet still
accessible to readers who have no prior programming experience. The result is that the
reader can learn the Java programming language very quickly and also have a good
foundation to learn more complex topics later.

Features of This Text

This text provides many examples and illustrations. It further has an early introduction to
object-oriented programming and uses contour diagrams to illustrate various object-
oriented concepts. The contour model was originally developed by John B. Johnson [4].
The model was elaborated on by Organick, Forsythe, and Plummer to illustrate
subprograms, parameter passing, and recursion in procedural and functional languages [7].
The model seems quite adaptable to newer programming methodologies such as object-
oriented programming as illustrated in a paper by the authors of this text [8]. As discussed
in that paper, it was shown that the use of contour diagrams can be an effective tool in

v
vi Preface

helping one learn object-oriented concepts in the Java programming language. By

acquiring a good working model of objects, there is less chance of possible misconceptions.
In many places in the text, questions are asked of the reader to help them interact with
the material and think about the subject matter just presented. Hopefully the reader will
take a few moments to try to answer these questions on their own before proceeding to the
answer that follows. To help further reinforce concepts, each chapter has one or more
complete programs to illustrate many of the concepts presented and also to help readers
learn how to write programs on their own. In addition, for review and practice, there are
summaries and exercises provided at the end of each chapter. Further, in the appendices at
the end of the text, there are answers to selected exercises and a glossary of important
terms. A summary of the features of this text are listed below:
‡ Stresses the fundamentals.
‡ Provides many examples and illustrations.
‡ Has an early introduction to objects.
‡ Uses contour diagrams to illustrate object-oriented concepts.
‡ Asks readers questions to help them interact with the material.
‡ Has one or more complete programs in every chapter.
‡ Provides chapter summaries.
‡ Includes exercises at the end of each chapter, with selected answers in an appendix.
‡ Has a glossary of important terms.

Features New to the Second Edition

The second edition retains all the features of the first edition. In addition to fixing any
known errors, any areas that could be clarified have been reworded. Features new to the
second edition, include the following:

‡ Chapter 1 has been reorganized into Chapters 0 and 1. Whereas an experienced

programmer can go straight to Chapter 1, it is recommended a new programmer or an
experienced programmer who wants a review start with the computer concepts in
Chapter 0.
‡ Chapter 0 contains new topics such as computational thinking and computer ethics.
‡ Where previously some topics in Chapter 1 were scattered in different sections, they
have been consolidated into single sections to help the reader focus on each topic
individually.
‡ Simple graphical user interface (GUI) is introduced in Chapter 1 and used in different
sections throughout the text.
‡ Chapter 11 has been added to include an introduction to bit-wise logic for computer
science students taking computer organization in the future or for pre-engineering
students to gain exposure to some of the logic capabilities in the C-like languages.
‡ Chapter 12 introduces parallel processing programming for computer science students
who will be taking a course in operating systems in the future.
‡ Appendix A contains a detailed description of the Java skeleton introduced in Chapter
1 along with additional information on standard output and GUI.
‡ Additional exercises have been added to various chapters.
Preface vii

Overview of the Chapters

This text first introduces the reader to various computer concepts such as hardware,
software, computational thinking, software design, and computer ethics. It then allows the
reader to understand a simple program with the appropriate input, processing, and output,
followed by an early introduction to objects. It then looks at selection and iteration
structures followed by more object-oriented concepts. Next, strings and arrays are
examined. This is followed by recursion, inheritance and polymorphism, and elementary
files. Then there is an introduction to bit-wise logic and parallel processing. The appendices
include information on the Java skeleton, standard output, graphical input/output,
exception processing, Javadoc, a glossary, and answers to selected exercises. Lastly, there
are references, useful websites and an index. The following provides a brief synopsis of
the chapters and appendices:
.
‡ Chapter 0 begins with the computer concepts of hardware/software, computational
thinking, design, and computer ethics.
‡ Chapter 1 provides an introduction to variables, input/output, and arithmetic
operations.
‡ Chapter 2 introduces objects and contour diagrams.
‡ Chapter 3 explains selection structures.
‡ Chapter 4 shows how iteration structures work.
‡ Chapter 5 revisits object-oriented concepts.
‡ Chapter 6 introduces string variables and processing.
‡ Chapter 7 illustrates arrays and array processing.
‡ Chapter 8 examines recursion.
‡ Chapter 9 explores inheritance and polymorphism.
‡ Chapter 10 discusses elementary files.
‡ Chapter 11 describes how bit-wise logic works
‡ Chapter 12 introduces parallel processing programming.
‡ Appendix A elaborates on the Java skeleton, standard output, and graphical
input/output.
‡ Appendix B discusses elementary exception processing.
‡ Appendix C presents the basics of Javadoc.
‡ Appendix D lists a glossary of key terms.
‡ Appendix E provides answers to selected exercises.

Ordering of the Chapters

Typically, there are three ways objects can be introduced to the beginning programmer:

‡ Objects first.
‡ Objects last.
‡ Objects interleaved.

This text takes the latter approach where objects are discussed in Chapters 2, 5, and 9.
However, recognizing that some readers and instructors might want to use one of the first
two approaches, this text can be read using alternative orders. For example, should an
viii Preface

objects first approach want to be taken, after reading Chapter 1, Chapters 2 and 5 can be
read next, followed by Chapters 3 and 4. Should an object later approach want to be used,
Chapters 3 and 4 can be read prior to Chapters 2 and 5.

To help facilitate these alternative approaches, starting with Chapter 3, the Complete
Program sections at the end of each chapter have examples with and without using objects.
Note that Chapter 9 requires an understanding of arrays, which is covered in Chapter 7,
and it can be read after completing that chapter.

Scope
As mentioned previously, this text concentrates on the fundamentals of the Java
programming language such as input/output, object-oriented programming, arithmetic and
logic instructions, control structures, strings, arrays including elementary sorting and
searching, recursion, files, bit-wise logic, and parallel processing programming. As a result,
it might not cover all the details that are found in some other texts, and if necessary, these
topics can be supplemented by the instructor or reader, or covered in a subsequent text
and/or second semester course.

Audience
This text is intended primarily for readers who have not had any previous programming
experience; however, this does not preclude its use by others who have programmed
previously. It can serve as a text in an introductory programming course, as an introduction
to a second language in a practicum course, as a supplement in a course on the concepts of
programming languages, or as a self-study guide in either academe or industry. Although
no prior programming is assumed, it is recommended that readers have the equivalent of
an introduction to functions course that includes trigonometry which will help with
problem solving and understanding the examples presented in the text.

Acknowledgments
In addition to the reviewers of the first edition, the authors would like to thank Mark E.
Bollman of Albion College and James W. Chaffee of the University of Iowa for their
continued work on this edition. Also, the authors would like to acknowledge the students
of Illinois College who have read and used various sections of the first edition in the
classroom. On a personal note, James Streib would like to thank his wife Kimberly A.
Streib and son Daniel M. Streib. Takako Soma would like to thank her family and friends,
near and far.
Note that Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates and that Windows
is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other
countries.

Feedback
The possibility of errors exist in any text, therefore any corrections, comments, or
suggestions are welcome and can be sent to the authors via the e-mail addresses below. In
addition to copies of the complete programs presented in the text, any significant
corrections can be found at the website below.
Preface ix

Website: http://www.jtstreib.com/GuideJavaProgramming.html

Illinois College James T. Streib

Jacksonville, IL, USA [email protected]
October 1, 2022 Takako Soma
[email protected]
Contents

0 Introduction to Computing Concepts 1

0.1 Introduction 1
0.2 Overview of Hardware and Software 1
0.2.1 Hardware 1
0.2.2 Software 2
0.2.3 History and Java 3
0.2.4 High-level Translation 3
0.3 Introduction ro Computational Thinking 5
0.4 Essentials of Software Design 7
0.4.1 Syntax, Semantics, and Errors 7
0.4.2 Design Methodology 8
0.4.2.1 Analysis 9
0.4.2.2 Design 9
0.4.2.3 Implementation 9
0.4.2.4 Maintenance 10
0.4.3 Tools and Techniques 10
0.4.3.1 Pseudocode 10
0.4.3.2 OOP and UML 11
0.4.3.3 Debugging 11
0.5 A Brief Look at Computer Ethics 12
0.6 Summary 13
0.7 Exercises (Items Marked with an * Have Solutions in Appendix E) 14

1 Variables, Input/Output, and Arithmetic 17

1.1 Introduction 17
1.2 Java Skeleton 16
1.3 ³+HOOR:RUOG´ 17
1.3.1 Text-based Output 17
1.3.2 GUI-based Output 18
1.4 Variables and Constants 19
1.5 Assignment Statements 23
1.6 Output 26
1.6.1 Text-based 26
1.6.2 GUI-based 30
1.7 Input 31
1.7.1 Text-based 31
1.7.2 GUI-based 34
1.8 Arithmetic Statements 36
1.8.1 Binary Operators 36
1.8.2 Precedence 38
1.8.3 Unary Operators 39
1.8.4 Incrementing 40

xi
xii Contents

1.8.5 Summing 41
1.8.6 Arithmetic Functions 42
1.9 Comments 43
1.10 Complete Program: Implementing a Simple Program 44
1.11 Summary 46
1.12 Exercises (Items Marked with an * Have Solutions in Appendix E) 47

2 Objects: An Introduction 51
2.1 Introduction 51
2.2 Classes and Objects 51
2.3 Public and Private Data Members 52
2.4 Value-Returning Methods 52
2.5 void Methods and Parameters 53
2.6 Creating Objects and Invoking Methods 54
2.7 Contour Diagrams 56
2.8 Constructors 62
2.9 Multiple Objects and Classes 66
2.10 Unified Modeling Language (UML) Class Diagrams 73
2.11 Complete Program: Implementing a Simple Class and
Client Program 75
2.12 Summary 77
2.13 Exercises (Items Marked with an * Have Solutions in
Appendix E) 78

3 Selection Structures 83
3.1 Introduction 83
3.2 If-Then Structure 83
3.3 If-Then-Else Structure 88
3.4 Nested If Structures 91
3.4.1 If-Then-Else-If Structure 91
3.4.2 If-Then-If Structure 94
3.4.3 Dangling Else Problem 96
3.5 Logical Operators 99
3.6 Case Structure 105
3.7 Complete Programs: Implementing Selection Structures 111
3.7.1 Simple Program 111
3.7.2 Program with Objects 114
3.8 Summary 116
3.9 Exercises (Items Marked with an * Have Solutions in Appendix E) 116

4 Iteration Structures 121

4.1 Introduction 121
4.2 Pretest Indefinite Loop Structure 121
4.2.1 Count-Controlled Indefinite Iteration Structure 122
4.2.2 Sentinel Controlled Loop 128
4.3 Posttest Indefinite Loop Structure 134
4.4 Definite Iteration Loop Structure 137
Contents xiii

4.5 Nested Iteration Structures 140

4.6 Potential Problems 141
4.7 Complete Programs: Implementing Iteration Structures 142
4.7.1 Simple Program 143
4.7.2 Program with Objects 145
4.8 Summary 150
4.9 Exercises (Items Marked with an * Have Solutions in Appendix E) 150

5 Objects: Revisited 155

5.1 Sending an Object to a Method 155
5.2 Returning an Object from a Method 158
5.3 Overloaded Constructors and Methods 161
5.3.1 Overloaded Constructors 161
5.3.2 Default Constructors 163
5.3.3 Overloaded Methods 164
5.4 Use of the Reserved Word this 165
5.5 Class Constants, Variables, and Methods 169
5.5.1 Local, Instance, and Class Constants 169
5.5.2 Local, Instance, and Class Variables 176
5.5.3 Class Methods 178
5.6 Complete Programs: Implementing Objects 180
5.6.1 Program Focusing on Overloaded Methods 180
5.6.2 Program Focusing on Class Data Members and Class
Methods 189
5.7 Summary 193
5.8 Exercises (Items Marked with an * Have Solutions in Appendix E) 193

6 Strings 203
6.1 Introduction 203
6.2 String Class 203
6.3 String Concatenation 204
6.4 Methods in String Class 206
6.4.1 The length Method 206
6.4.2 The indexOf Method 206
6.4.3 The substring Method 207
6.4.4 Comparison of Two String Objects 209
6.4.5 The equalsIgnoreCase Method 211
6.4.6 The charAt Method 212
6.5 The toString Method 213
6.6 Complete Program: Implementing String Objects 215
6.7 Summary 219
6.8 Exercises (Items Marked with an * Have Solutions in Appendix E) 219

7 Arrays 223
7.1 Introduction 223
7.2 Array Declaration 223
xiv Contents

7.3 Array Access 224

7.4 Input, Output, Simple Processing, and Methods 226
7.4.1 Input 226
7.4.2 Output 230
7.4.3 Simple Processing 230
7.4.4 Passing an Array to and from a Method 231
7.5 Reversing an Array 232
7.6 Searching an Array 237
7.6.1 Sequential Search 237
7.6.2 Binary Search 238
7.6.3 Elementary Analysis 240
7.7 Sorting an Array 241
7.7.1 Simplified Bubble Sort 241
7.7.2 Modified Bubble Sort 244
7.8 Two-Dimensional Arrays 245
7.8.1 Declaration, Creation, and Initialization 245
7.8.2 Input and Output 247
7.8.3 Processing Data 248
7.8.4 Passing a Two-Dimensional Array to and from a Method 251
7.8.5 Asymmetrical Two-Dimensional Arrays 253
7.9 Arrays of Objects 255
7.10 Complete Program: Implementing an Array 258
7.11 Summary 261
7.12 Exercises (Items Marked with an * Have Solutions in Appendix E) 262

8 Recursion 265
8.1 Introduction 265
8.2 The Power Function 265
8.3 Stack Frames 274
8.4 Fibonacci Numbers 277
8.5 Complete Program: Implementing Recursion 289
8.6 Summary 291
8.7 Exercises (Items Marked with an * Have Solutions in Appendix E) 291

9 Objects: Inheritance and Polymorphism 293

9.1 Inheritance 293
9.2 Protected Variables and Methods 303
9.3 Abstract Classes 304
9.4 Polymorphism 306
9.5 Complete Program: Implementing Inheritance and Polymorphism 310
9.6 Summary 315
9.7 Exercises (Items Marked with an * Have Solutions in Appendix E) 316

10 Elementary File Input and Output 321

10.1 Introduction 321
10.2 File Input 321
10.3 File Output 326
Contents xv

10.4 File Input and Output Using an Array 328

10.5 Specifying the File Location 332
10.6 Complete Programs: Implementing File Input and Output 334
10.6.1 Matrix Multiplication 334
10.6.2 Sorting Data in a File 336
10.7 Summary 338
10.8 Exercises (Items Marked with an * Have Solutions in Appendix E) 338

11 Bit Manipulation 341

11.1 Introduction 341
11.2 Simple Conversions 341
11.3 Declaration and Assignments 343
11.4 Bit-wise Logic Operations 344
11.5 Testing, Clearing, Setting, and Toggling 346
11.6 Shifting 348
11.7 Precedence 350
11.8 Complete Program: Implementing Bit-wise Operators 351
11.9 Summary 355
11.10 Exercises (Items Marked with an * Have Solutions in Appendix E) 355

12 Introduction to Parallel Processing Programming 356

12.1 Multiprossor Systems 359
12.2 Programming Multicore and SharedMemory Multiprocessor
Using Pyjama 360
12.2.1 Using Pyjama to Write Multithreaded Programs 360
12.2.2 ³Hello World´ 361
12.2.3 Sorting Building Blocks 363
12.3 Analysis 368
12.4 Complete Program: Implementing Paralle Inner Product 370
12.5 Summary 372
12.6 Exercises (Items Marked with an * Have Solutions in Appendix E) 372

Appendix A Explanation and Elaboration of Concepts in Chapter 1 375

A.1 6NHOWRQ3URJUDPDQG³+HOOR:RUOG³ 375
A.2 Text-base Output: print and println 376
A.3 Text-based Input 378
A.4 Overview of Java Packages 379
A.5 More on GUI-based Output and Input 380
A.6 Confirmation Dialog Boxes 383
A.7 Option Dialog Boxes 384

Appendix B Exceptions 387

B.1 Exception Class and Error Class 387
B.2 Handling an Exception 388
B.3 Throwing Exceptions and Multiple catch Blocks 391
B.4 Checked and Unchecked Exceptions 396
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 Javítások.
Az eredeti szöveg helyesírásán nem változtattunk.
A nyomdai hibákat javítottuk. Ezek listája:

57 Altalában Általában
130 Allítólag Állítólag
142 5 felvonában 5 felvonásban
145 „öröklés“-e!“ „öröklés“-e!
158 XXXIII. XXIII.
184 Altalában Általában
188 Micsoda? „Micsoda?
217 expozicíóból expozícióból
275 felvilvilágosítani felvilágosítani
276 Nogy Nora Hogy Nora
282 inkábbb inkább
300 Ambár Ámbár
318 O nagysága Ő nagysága
319 Mindennki Mindenki
341 kíáltások kiáltások
365 nyilvánossság nyilvánosság
380 legsímábbb legsímább
393 Elő holttest Élő holttest
395 mindeenekelőtt mindenekelőtt
396 ferjétől férjétől
397 píllanatban pillanatban
400 iakább inkább
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