DAR SALAAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ORDINARY DIPLOMA IN BIOMEDICAL EQUIPMENT
ENGINEERING
NTA LEVEL 06
PROJECT I

PROJECT TITLE : DESIGN OF AUTOMATIC MEDICATION

MONITORING SYSTEM FOR NEBULIZER MACHINE

PROJECT TYPE : PROBLEM SOLVING

PRESENTED BY : MICHAEL SYLVESTER IRAFAY

ADMISSION NO : 210311121243

ACADEMIC YEAR : 2023/2024

SUPERVISED : DR.KIANJI MNASI

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 CERTIFICATION
I certify that I have read the project and here by recommended for the acceptance by the Dar as salaam
institute of technology, a project titled “DESIGN OF AUTOMATIC MEDICATION MONITORING
SYSTEM FOR NEBULIZER MACHINE”. In fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Ordinary
Diploma in electrical engineering technology.

Presented by Approved by
SIGNATURE…………………………………… SIGNATURE: …………………..
DATE…………………………………………….. DATE: ……………………….

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Pleasure to express my gratitude to the people who helped me in the collection and completing relevant data
that will lead to a successful report, my sincere thanks should go to my family, lecture of the department of
electrical engineering and the department project coordinator Madam Halima for their very good advice in
the process of preparing this report. Thanks should go also to my project supervisor DR Kianja Mnasi for his
assistance and guidance.

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 ABSTRACT
The project aims to design and implement an innovative Automatic Medication Monitoring System tailored
for nebulizer machines, with a primary focus on improving patient adherence and providing healthcare
providers with real-time visibility into nebulizer usage. The system introduces automation for medication
monitoring, an inhalation detection mechanism, and a secure online portal for remote healthcare provider
access. By addressing the challenges of manual medication tracking, limited visibility, and adherence issues,
the project strives to optimize respiratory therapy outcomes. The user-friendly interface, adherence
encouragement features, and safety mechanisms contribute to enhancing patient empowerment and safety.
The project's significance lies in its potential to revolutionize respiratory healthcare, promoting efficiency,
technological innovation, and personalized patient care. The scope encompasses automatic medication
monitoring, inhalation synchronization, real-time alerts, seamless integration with electronic health records,
and continuous improvement through user feedback. However, the project acknowledges limitations related
to device compatibility, power dependency, connectivity issues, and cost considerations. This endeavor
aligns with the evolution of digital health solutions and positions itself at the forefront of advancing
respiratory care technology.

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 LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1: Existing system................................................................................................................................. 12
Figure 2: Proposed system ............................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 3: LCD DISPLAY 16 BY 2.................................................................................................................. 15
Figure 4:Arduino uno....................................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 5:Buzzer................................................................................................................................................ 16
Figure 6:Circuit of proposed system before simulation ................................................................................... 28
Figure 7: Circuit of proposed system after simulation ..................................................................................... 29
Figure 8:Circuit of proposed system after simulation show the level of medication ....................................... 29
Figure 9: Circuit simulation of proposed system shown mask removed ......................................................... 30

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 LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: Summary of primary data collected ................................................................................................... 18
Table 2: Summary of secondary data collected ............................................................................................... 19
Table 3: Shown specification of ultrasonic sound ........................................................................................... 21
Table 4:Shown specification of relay module .................................................................................................. 22

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 LIST OF ABREVIATION
DIT- Dar es Salaam institute of technology
DC-Direct current
AC-alternating current
IR- infrared sensor

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 Contents
CERTIFICATION ............................................................................................................................................. 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................. 3
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................................... 4
LIST OF ABREVIATION ................................................................................................................................. 7
Contents ............................................................................................................................................................. 8
CHAPTER ONE .............................................................................................................................................. 10
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 10
1.1 Back ground ....................................................................................................................................... 10
1.2 Problem statement .............................................................................................................................. 10
1.3 Main Objective................................................................................................................................... 10
1.4 General objective ............................................................................................................................... 10
1.5 Specific objective ............................................................................................................................... 10
1.6 Significance of the project ................................................................................................................. 10
Scope and limitation of the project .......................................................................................................... 11
1.7 METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................................. 11
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................................. 12
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................ 12
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 12
2.2 Existing system .................................................................................................................................. 12
2.3 Limitation of the system .................................................................................................................... 12
2.4 Proposed system................................................................................................................................. 12
2.3 Working principle of proposed system .............................................................................................. 14
2.4 Advantage of proposed system .......................................................................................................... 14
2.5 Description of the proposed system component ................................................................................ 14
CHAPTER THREE ......................................................................................................................................... 18
2.6 DATA COLLECTION .......................................................................................................................... 18
2.6.1 Primary data .................................................................................................................................... 18
2.6 .2Secondary data ................................................................................................................................ 19
CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................................................................ 20
2.7 DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................ 20
1. ULTRASONIC SENSOR ................................................................................................................... 20
2. IR SENSOR ......................................................................................................................................... 21
3. RELAY MODULE .............................................................................................................................. 22
RELAY SELECTION ............................................................................................................................. 22

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 4. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE. ............................................................................................................... 22
5. THE TRANSISTOR SWITCH ANALSIS .......................................................................................... 23
6. BUZZER .............................................................................................................................................. 23
7. MICROCONTROLLER. ..................................................................................................................... 24
8. POWER SUPPLY. ............................................................................................................................... 24
C. Regulator analysis ............................................................................................................................... 27
CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 28
CIRCUIT SIMULATION AND PROTOTYPE IMPLEMENTANTION................................................... 28
CHAPTER SIX ................................................................................................................................................ 35
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................... 35
REFERENCE................................................................................................................................................... 36
REFERENCE

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Back ground
The nebulizer machine, as a device for delivering medication to the respiratory system, has a historical
background dating back several decades. Here is a brief overview of the historical background of nebulizer
machines. Early Development the concept of nebulization, or converting liquid medication into a mist for
inhalation, dates back to the early 19th century. Early nebulizer devices were often hand-operated and lacked
the sophistication seen in modern machines. In the mid-20th century, technological advancements led to the
development of more efficient nebulizer systems. These devices became more widely used in healthcare
settings for treating respiratory conditions.
The historical development of nebulizer machines reflects a trajectory from simple, manually operated
devices to sophisticated, digitally enhanced systems. Today, nebulizer machines play a crucial role in
managing respiratory conditions, providing a non-invasive and effective means of delivering medication to
the lungs.

1.2 Problem statement

Respiratory conditions, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), necessitate
precise and consistent medication delivery through nebulizers. However, the current lack of automated
monitoring systems poses challenges in ensuring optimal medication levels, adherence, and effective
treatment management. Patients often face difficulties in monitoring their medication supply, leading to
potential errors in dosage and treatment interruptions. Healthcare providers, on the other hand, are hindered
by the limited visibility into patients' nebulizer usage patterns and medication levels, making it challenging
to provide timely interventions and personalized care.

1.3 Main Objective

The design project aims to revolutionize respiratory healthcare, providing a comprehensive solution that
enhances patient care, medication management, and healthcare provider visibility into treatment outcomes.

1.4 General objective

1.5 Specific objective
Develop a robust sensor-based system to automatically monitor and display medication levels in the
nebulizer
Implement an efficient inhalation detection mechanism that pauses and resumes nebulization based on real-
time inhalation patterns
Enable the system to send immediate alerts to healthcare providers when medication levels are low or
depleted, ensuring timely interventions.
To build and test prototype

1.6 Significance of the project

By automating medication monitoring within the nebulizer, the project aims to reduce instances of
medication wastage and errors
Real-time Healthcare Provider Visibility
To show medication level and Optimized Medication Usage

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Have alert mechanism that notifies healthcare providers when the medication is low or depleted.
Efficiency and Accuracy, Automating medication monitoring reduces human error in dosage management,
ensuring precise and timely administration of medications.

Scope and limitation of the project

The cost of implementing the system, including device modifications and connectivity features, may pose
limitations, particularly for healthcare facilities or users with financial constraints.

1.7 METHODOLOGY
This part presents the ways which information was gathered from various source. Area of study (where the
study is conducted or carried out). Methods, which are used to group and interpret data for successful
completion of this project, varieties of methods adopted, these include:
Literature review
This is the scholarly paper which includes the current knowledge including, substantive findings as well as
theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic.
Data collection
Data collection from various tools such interview, questioner and group discussion so to have effective detail
on existing and proposed system.
Data analysis
Process where data checked out in detail to ensure that they possess same features for extracting the solution
of the research and conveying the objective of the research. The most crucial part in the research for it
summaries the collected data and involves interpretation of the data gathered
Circuit design
This involve the creation of electronic circuits that manipulate and control electrical signal to produce
desired outcome. The circuit can be composed of various electronic components
Circuit simulation
This section will test the designed and constructed prototype and will give the result if the prototype
designed can operate or not.
Implementation of the circuit
This section will present the building of the prototype circuit of the proposed system, showing step-by-step
procedures.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter will discuss the existing, its operation and drawbacks, also the proposed system in its operation
and advantage over the existing system

2.2 Existing system

Existing system of nebulizer system typical function based on traditional mechanism without sophisticated
technological integration for example manual medication monitoring, user control and setting and No real
time monitoring or connectivity.
AEROSOL
RESERVO
IR

DELIVE
GAS NEBULIZE
RY PATIENT
SOURCE R
SYSTEM

FLOW
RESERVO
IR

Figure 1: Existing system

2.3 Limitation of the system

I. Users must manually monitor medication levels, leading to the potential for errors, uncertainties, and
interruptions in treatment when medication runs out.
II. Healthcare providers lack real-time visibility into patients' nebulizer usage patterns and medication
levels
III. The existing systems do not incorporate obstacle detection during inhalation
IV. Traditional nebulizers often lack active adherence support mechanisms, such as reminders or
notifications, making it challenging to encourage patients to adhere to treatment plans

2.4 Proposed system

This part it show proposed project to be implement to elaborate the existing system used so as to be
more advanced

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 BATTERY HUMIDIFE IR
R PROXIMIT
Y
SENSOR

MEDICA
L
BUZZER MICROCONTRO PATIEN
TUBE
LER T

KEY
SIGNAL ULTRASON
IC
Wire connection
Power supply SENSOR

DISPLAY

Figure 2 Proposed system

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2.3 Working principle of proposed system
Liquid medication in a medical tube is embedded with ultrasonic sensor to determine the level of medication
after that send signal to microcontroller to interpret and to be displayed in a lcd (display) also command
buzzer (alarm) to beep for notification in a desired or required level. Humidifier convert liquid medication
into mist from a medical tube where by infrared sensor (IR) detect the presence of the facemask during the
inhalation process. If the mask is removed or not detected, the IR sensor send signal to microcontroller to
pause the nebulization process and deactivate the humidifier.

2.4 Advantage of proposed system

The system ensures that the nebulization and humidification process are activated only when the user is
wearing the mask, contributing to safety and optimizing the delivery of medication during inhalation
The system has a feature of notification through alarm if inhalation is complete or level of medication is
going to be low
Through display it help real time healthcare provider visibility
Automation of medication monitoring reduce wastage and ensure efficient use of medication, contributing to
cost effectiveness and sustainability in healthcare practices

2.5 Description of the proposed system component

I. Liquid crystal display (LCD)
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications.
A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These
modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are
economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike
in seven segments), animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are two such lines. In this LCD display,
each character displayed in 5x7-pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction
given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position,
controlling display etc. Display the data register stores the data on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of
the character displayed on the LCD.
LCD (Liquid crystal Display) of 16×2 selected because of the following:
• Character LCD 16×2
• 5×8 dots includes cursor
• Built in controller
• +5V power supply
• LED can be driver by PIN1, PIN2, PIN15, PIN16, or A and K
• Operating voltage (4.7V to 5.3V DC)
• The utilization current is 1mA with no backlight.

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• Display 16 characters within two rows.
• The alphanumeric LCDs alphabets and numbers
• Display can work on two modes 4-bit and 8-bit.
• It can display any custom generated characters
• Available in green and blue backlight.
• Each character built by a 5×8 pixel box.

Figure 3 LCD DISPLAY 16 BY 2

II. MICROCONTROLLER BOARD

The most fundamental component used for signal processing and transmission is Arduino Uno
microcontroller board, which based on ATmega328P microcontroller. An Arduino Uno has 6 analog inputs
and 14 digital input/output pins of which six can used as PWM outputs. The Arduino Uno programmed
using Arduino Software (IDE). It has built in serial communication interface and USB cable that can utilized
for connection with PC and to power up the board. External power supply can also use to power-up the
board. In this project, Arduino Uno used as a microcontroller and it process signal send by sensor and
command it according it programmed.

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 Figure 4 Arduino uno

III. BUZZER
The speaker (buzzer) is required to have an ability to accept the gain of about (40dB -45dB) which is a
suitable gain of a human being ear can accept. Electronic buzzer used to inform user or alert it produce beep
sound, in this circuit the buzzer connected to the microcontroller. From data sheet
The minimum rated voltage of piezo buzzer is 5V DC and 3-6V DC operating voltage
Current consumption 25mA
Oscillation frequency 3.2 kHz
Sound level 87db

Figure 5 Buzzer

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IV. ULTRASONIC SENSOR
Is an instrument that measure the distance to an object using ultrasonic sound wave. Ultrasonic sensor uses a
transducer to send and receive ultrasonic pulse that relay back information about an object`s proximity.so
this ultrasonic sensor is embedded above the medical tube so as to measure the level of liquid medical.
The working principle of this module is simple It sends an ultrasonic pulse out at 40 kHz, which travel
through the air, and if there is an obstacles or object, It will bounce back to the sensor. By calculating the
travel time and the speed of sound, the distance can calculated.
Ultrasonic sensors are a great solution for the detection of clear objects. For liquid level measurement

V. POWER SUPPLY
Power supply power the system to get the desired output.
A device that transfers electrical energy from a source to a load called power supply. In our proposed
designed system, we use DC source, which is battery as a power supply.
VI. HUMIDIFIER
Are devices that add moisture to the air to prevent dryness that can cause irritation in many parts of the body.
Humidifier can be particular effective for treating dryness of the skin, noise, and throat and lips.so humidifier
is connected to a medical tube to convert a liquid medication into moisture for easy absorption
VII. INFRARED SENSOR
Is a device that measures the infrared radiation in its surrounding and gives an electric signal as an output.
An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as can detect the motion of the objects

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 CHAPTER THREE
2.6 DATA COLLECTION
Data collection is the process of collecting necessary information, which will be used for designing a
proposed system after being, analyzed the table below shows the data collected from the site, which will aid
in accomplishment of this project.

2.6.1 Primary data

A type of data that is collected by researchers directly from main sources through surveys, experiments and
observation

Table 1 Summary of primary data collected

S/NO PARAMETERS SPECIFICATION

1 Nozzle Diameters(0.3175cm,0.635cm, 0.9525cm)

2 Treatment duration 5 to 20 minutes

3 Fluid volume 6 to 8 L/minute

4 Air flow rate 6 to 8 L/Min

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2.6 .2Secondary data
The data that has already been collected through primary sources and made readily available for researchers
to use for their own design

Table 2 Summary of secondary data collected

S/NO DATA TYPE USES SPECIFICATION

1 MICROCONTROLLER For receiving, processing and Arduino Uno (AT mega

giving output of the signals from 328p). • Input
the sensors voltage(12V) • Output
voltage (3.3V and 5V)

2 Ultrasonic sensor Measure the distance of an object Operating current 8mA-

using ultrasonic sound wave 15Ma

3 Infrared sensor Motion detector Current 20mA

Voltage 3,5v-5v

4 Humidifier Boost the amount of moisture in Voltage 5V-9v

the air

5 BUZZER It give audio visual sound by Frequency 50Hz

alarm
Voltage 5v

6 BATTERY To provide power to the system Rechargeable battery 12v

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 CHAPTER FOUR
2.7 DATA ANALYSIS
Data analysis is the process of evaluating data using analytical and statistical tools to discover useful
information. Data analysis plays a pivotal role in ensuring the efficiency, reliability, and security of the
system. In this section, we will delve into the importance of analyzing data from each instrument used in the
system and how it contributes to the overall functionality and effectiveness of a design medication
monitoring system

1. ULTRASONIC SENSOR
Measures the medication level in the nebulizer's chamber. The ultrasonic sensor measures the distance to the
surface of the liquid medication. If the distance is within a certain range, it indicates the presence of
sufficient medication. Mounted above the medication chamber to measure the liquid level. Connects to
digital I/O pins on the Arduino for trigger and echo.
An ultrasonic sensor measures distance by emitting ultrasonic waves and detecting the time it takes for the
echo to return after reflecting off an object. Here’s a detailed explanation of its working principle and the
calculations involved.
Working Principle of ultrasonic
Emission: The sensor has a transmitter that sends out a burst of ultrasonic sound waves (typically at 40 kHz).
Reflection these sound waves travel through the air, and when they hit an object (e.g., the surface of the
liquid in the medication chamber), they reflect back towards the sensor.
Reception: The sensor has a receiver that detects the reflected waves.
Time Measurement: The sensor calculates the time it takes for the waves to travel to the object and back to
the sensor (round trip time).
Distance Calculation: ULTRASONIC SENSOR
Using the speed of sound in air, the sensor converts the time measurement into a distance.
Speed of Sound in Air
The speed of sound in air is approximately 343 meters per second (m/s) at room temperature (20°C). This
can vary slightly with temperature and humidity.
Distance Calculation
The distance to the object is calculated using the formula:

Distance= 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 ×Time/2

 The division by 2 is necessary because the measured time is for the round trip (to the object and back).

 Suppose the measured round trip time is 1000 microseconds (1 millisecond).

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 Speed of sound = 343 m/s = 34300 cm/s (since we are typically measuring in centimeters).
 Convert time from microseconds to seconds: Time= 1000μs/1000000 =0.001s
 Distance = 34300cm/s×0.001s/2 = 17.15cm
 The distance to the object (liquid surface) is 17.15 cm.
 Table show specification of ultrasonic

Table 3 Shown specification of ultrasonic sound

specification Value

Operating Voltage 5V DC

Operating Current 15mA

Frequency 40 kHz

Range 2 cm to 400 cm

Measuring Angle 15 degrees

Trigger Input Signal 10µs TTL pulse

Echo Output Signal TTL pulse proportional to distance

2. IR SENSOR
• User Presence Detection, the IR sensor state is read to determine if a user is present. it consists of
two main components: the first is the IR transmitter section and the second is the IR receiver section.
In the transmitter section, IR led is used and in the receiver section, a photodiode is used to receive
infrared signal and after some signal processing and conditioning, you will get the output. An IR
proximity sensor works by applying a voltage to the onboard Infrared Light Emitting Diode which in
turn emits infrared light. This light propagates through the air and hits an object, after that the light
gets reflected in the photodiode sensor. If the object is close, the reflected light will be stronger, if
the object is far away, the reflected light will be weaker. If you look closely toward the module.
When the sensor becomes active it sends a corresponding Low signal through the output pin that can
be sensed by an Arduino or any kind of microcontroller to execute a particular task. The one cool
thing about this module is that it has two onboard LEDs built-in, one of which lights on when
power is available and another one turns on when the circuit gets triggered.

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3. RELAY MODULE
A relay module is a crucial component in this design, enabling the Arduino to control the power to the
nebulizer. Here’s a detailed analysis of the relay module, including its working principle, how it fits into the
system, and its integration with the other components.
A relay is an electromechanical switch that uses an electromagnetic coil to control the opening and closing of
electrical contacts. It allows a low-power signal (from the Arduino) to control a high-power circuit (the
nebulizer).
Electromagnetic Coil: When current flows through the coil, it generates a magnetic field.
Armature: The magnetic field moves an armature that opens or closes the electrical contacts.
Contacts: The relay has normally open (NO) and normally closed (NC) contacts.
NO Contact: The circuit is open when the relay is not energized and closed when the relay is energized.
NC Contact: The circuit is closed when the relay is not energized and open when the relay is energized.

RELAY SELECTION
For the selection of relay to be used, due to the sensor of 5V used now the relay of 5V will be used

Table 4 Shown specification of relay module

Specification Value

Coil Voltage 5V DC

Coil Current 70mA

Contact Rating 10A 250VAC / 10A 30VDC

Contact Type SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw) or SPST

(Single Pole Single Throw)
Maximum Switching Voltage 250VAC / 30VDC

Operating Time 10ms

Dimensions Approximately 19mm x 15mm x 15mm

4. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE.

Is the diode which illuminate the light when is forward biased. It has two pins anode and cathode pin. LED is
used to indicate power is transmitted in our design power supplied and it’s connected in series with resistor
to protect from burn. Specification of LED
From ohms law
V=IR

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 R=(Source-Vmax)/Imax
5V-2.4V/20mA
13O ohms
Hence resistor required of 480ohms required to use for protecting LED.

5. THE TRANSISTOR SWITCH ANALSIS

The input voltage =5V
The power supply source =5V
The collector current of the transistor
Ic =Vcc /Rc=5/70=0.071428A
The base current of the transistor
From the datasheet beta=99
Ib=IC/beta=0.071428/99=7.215x10^-4A
The base resistance of the transistor
Rb =Vs-Vbe /Ib=5-0.7/7.215x10^-4=5.959kiloohms is required for the transistor to be in saturation state so
as to act as a switch
The standard value of base resistance to be used is 1kilo ohms
Hence BC547 was selected

6. BUZZER
A buzzer is an electromechanical or electronic device that produces sound when an electrical signal is
applied. In the context of an automatic medication monitoring system for a nebulizer machine, the buzzer
can be used for alerts and notifications, such as indicating low medication levels or the presence of a user.
Type of buzzer used is Piezoelectric Buzzer Operates using the piezoelectric effect, where a piezoelectric
material deforms when an electrical signal is applied, creating sound waves. Typically requires an AC signal,
but can operate with DC for simple on/off tones.
The speaker (buzzer) is required to have an ability to accept the gain of about (40dB - 105dB) which is a
suitable gain of a human being ear can accept. From the data sheet;
The minimum rated voltage of piezo buzzer is 5V DC and 3-6V DC operating voltage
Current consumption 25mA
Osc. frequency 3.2kHz Sound level 87db Power Consumption: P=5V×25mA =125mW
the sound intensity level of your buzzer at 1 meter is 105 db. distance at which the sound is just barely
audible, which is typically around 30 dB SPL.
The inverse square law states that sound intensity decreases proportionally to the square of the distance from
the source.
The formula for the inverse square law is:

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 𝐼2=I1×(d2d1)2
Where:
I1 is the sound intensity at the reference distance 𝑑1d1 (in this case, 1 meter).
𝐼2 is the sound intensity at the new distance 𝑑2d2
We want to find the distance at which the sound intensity drops to a level where it is no longer audible.
This is typically around 20 to 30 dB above the threshold of hearing.
Let's assume a conservative threshold of 30 dB above the threshold of hearing, which is approximately
0 dB SPL (Sound Pressure Level).
I2 (threshold of hearing) = 30 dB SPL
𝐼1=105 dB (at 1 meter)
𝐼2=𝐼1 ×(𝑑1/𝑑2)∧2 substitute the values
30= 105×(1/𝑑2)∧2 solve for d2
(1/𝑑2)∧2=30/1𝑜5
(1/𝑑2)∧2=2/7 (1/𝑑2)= (2/7)∧1⁄2 d2≈ 2.65meters
Hence our buzzer producing a sound intensity level of 105 dB at 1 meter, the audible range would be
approximately 2.65 meters before the sound drops to a level of 30 dB SPL, which may be considered
inaudible

7. MICROCONTROLLER.
Selecting the appropriate microcontroller is crucial for ensuring the reliability and efficiency of the automatic
medication monitoring system. Here’s a detailed analysis of why the Arduino Uno is a suitable choice for
this application, along with other relevant calculations and considerations.
Microcontroller Analysis
Arduino Uno Overview
Microcontroller: ATmega328P

 Operating Voltage: 5V
 Input Voltage (recommended): 3.5V-5V
 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 can provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins: 6
 Flash Memory: 32 KB (ATmega328P) of which 0.5 KB is used by the bootloader
 SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328P)
 EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328P)
 Clock Speed: 16

8. POWER SUPPLY.
Power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The main purpose of a
power supply is a to convert electric current from a source to a correct voltage, current and frequency to
power the load.

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Transformer
A transformer is a device that transfers electric energy from one alternating-current circuit to one or more
other circuits, either increasing (stepping up) or reducing (stepping down) the voltage our design power
supply circuit .The first component is a transformer that steps down the AC voltage from mains (typically
110V or 220V) to a lower AC voltage. For a 5V DC output, use a transformer with a secondary winding
rated for 5V AC.
To choose the appropriate transformer for 5V DC power supply circuit, need to consider the desired output
voltage, current requirements, and the transformer's specifications. Here is how to calculate it:
The output voltage of the transformer should be higher than the desired 5V DC output to compensate for
voltage drops across the rectifier and voltage regulator. A typical rule of thumb is to choose a transformer
with a secondary voltage around 1.4 to 1.5 times the desired DC output voltage. So, let us take 1.5 times 12V
Calculate the required turn’s ratio: The turn’s ratio of a transformer is the ratio of the number of turns in the
primary winding to the number of turns in the secondary winding. Since the voltage is stepped down in the
secondary winding, you can use the formula:
The desired output voltage is 5V DC.
We accounted for rectification and regulation losses, selecting a secondary voltage around 1.5 times the
desired DC output voltage, which is approximately 18V.
We assumed a standard mains AC voltage of 220V for this calculation.
Using these parameters, we can calculate the turn’s ratio of the transformer:
Turns Ratio= Vsecondary
VPrimary
Turns Ratio= 18
220
Turns Ratio≈0.0818
For a transformer, the turn’s ratio is inversely proportional to the voltage ratio. Therefore, we need to
calculate the inverse of the turn’s ratio to find the voltage ratio:

Voltage Ratio = 1⁄Turns Ratio ≈ 0.08181

Voltage Ratio≈12.21
This means that for every 12.21 volts on the primary side, we get 1 volt on the secondary side. Now, to
determine the primary voltage required, we'll divide the desired output voltage (5V) by the voltage ratio:
V primary= V secondary× Voltage Ratio
V primary ≈ 5×12.21Vprimary

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 V primary ≈ 61.05V
So, the primary voltage required for the transformer is approximately 61.05V
However, transformers are typically available in standardized voltages. For this calculation, transformer of
primary voltage 220v, secondary voltage 12v and 1.5A is suitable for our design circuit
FILTRATION ANALYSIS
Selection the capacitor for filtering the output of your rectifier circuit, you need to consider the ripple voltage
and the desired level of ripple rejection. Ripple voltage is the AC component present in the output of the
rectifier circuit due to the pulsating nature of the rectified waveform. The acceptable ripple voltage depends
on your application and how much ripple your load can tolerate. A lower ripple voltage results in a smoother
DC output.
The smoothing capacitor in the filter circuit helps reduce the ripple voltage by storing charge during the
peaks of the rectified waveform and releasing it during the troughs. The relationship between the ripple
voltage (𝑉𝑟), capacitance (C), load current (IL), and frequency (f) of the AC input is given by the formula;
Vr = IL
2fC
Where:
Vr is the ripple voltage (peak-to-peak).
𝐼𝐿 is the load current.
f is the frequency of the AC input.
𝐶 is the capacitance of the smoothing capacitor.
Rearrange the formula to solve the capacitance we get
C = IL
2fVr
Have a load current (𝐼) of 1A, a frequency (𝑓) of 50Hz (for mains AC), and you want to keep the ripple
voltage (𝑉𝑟) below 1% of the output voltage (𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡). Output voltage is 5V.
𝑉𝑟 = 1𝐴 .
2 × 50𝐻𝑍 × 𝐶
Let’s choose Vr = 0.01 x5v = 0.05V((1% of 5V)
𝐶= 1𝐴 .
2 × 50𝐻𝑍 × 0.12
𝐶= 1𝐴 .
12HZ × V
0.12 𝐶 ≈ 0.6𝐹

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 • Calculation suggests a very large capacitor value, which is not practical. In practice, would use a
combination of electrolytic and ceramic capacitors to achieve the desired ripple rejection without an
excessively large capacitor. Electrolytic capacitors have higher capacitance values but are less
effective at high frequencies, so a smaller ceramic capacitor is often used in parallel to handle higher
frequency components of the ripple. The final choice of capacitor values may also depend on space,
cost, and other practical considerations. Hence
• Electrolytic Capacitor: 680𝜇F, rated for at least the output voltage (5V) or higher. ·
• Ceramic Capacitor: 0.1𝜇F, rated for at least the output voltage (5V) or higher
• This combination provides effective filtering across a wide range of frequencies, ensuring a smooth
and stable DC output voltage

C. Regulator analysis
Regulator is the electronic device that provides constant output voltage regardless of the changes in the input
voltage or load conditions. In our design system voltage regulator play important role for supply constant
voltage required. LM 7805-voltage regulator are used to the implementation of power supply to provide 5v
which is required to power the components like Arduino Uno have input voltage range 5v-18v

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 CHAPTER FIVE
CIRCUIT SIMULATION AND PROTOTYPE IMPLEMENTANTION
Designing a circuit for automatic medication monitoring system for nebulizer machine Involves integrating
various components such as ultrasonic sensors, a relay module, infrared sensor, LCD i2c, Buzzer and
necessary power supply. The circuit is drawn in a proteus software and simulated before building prototype
and implementation.
Circuit simulation it allows to test and verify the functionality of design before physically building it. This
helps in identifying potential issues and optimizing the circuit
CICUIT DESEIGN OF PROPOSED SYSTEM BEFORE SIMULTION

Figure 6 Circuit of proposed system before simulation

Run the simulation to test the circuit behavior. The sensor readings, display outputs, and buzzer alerts.
To verify that the system operates correctly under different scenarios (e.g., low medication level, completion
of nebulization session, mask removed).
The below circuit simulation show level of medication in a nebulizer machine at this stage alarm alert

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CIRCUIT OF PROPOSED SYSTEM AFTER SIMULATION SHOWN LOW MEDICATION LEVEL

Figure 7 Circuit of proposed system after simulation

Figure 8 Circuit of proposed system after simulation show the level of medication

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Below circuit simulation show infrared sensor embedded near a mask shown mask removed no IR sensor
detected

Figure 9 Circuit simulation of proposed system shown mask removed

Building a prototype for design of automatic medication monitoring system for nebulizer machine involves
several steps, from gathering components to assembling the hardware, writing the software, and testing the
system. The circuit was implemented and make testing accordingly to their condition functionality

30
31
Software code written in python and C++ for making our circuit to be automatically and get respond for
those important features sensing by sensors
Code
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

// Define pins for ultrasonic sensor

const int trigPin = 11;
const int echoPin = 10;

// Define pins for buzzer and LED

const int buzzerPin = 6;
const int ledPin = 8;

// Define IR sensor pin

const int irSensorPin = A1; // Example pin for IR sensor, change to your actual pin

// Initialize the LCD with the I2C address 0x27 and 16 columns and 2 rows
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);

void setup() {
// Initialize serial communication
Serial.begin(9600);

// Initialize the LCD

lcd.init();
lcd.backlight();

lcd.print(" NEBULIZER ");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

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lcd.print(" MACHINE ");
delay(5000);

// Set pins for ultrasonic sensor

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
// Set up IR sensor
pinMode(irSensorPin, INPUT);
}

void loop() {
// Measure distance using ultrasonic sensor
long duration, distance;
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
distance = duration * 0.034 / 2;

// Check medication level

if (distance > 20) {
// Medication is low
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Low medicine");
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, HIGH);
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
} else {
// Medication level is okay
lcd.clear();

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 lcd.print("Medication OK");
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, LOW);
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}

// Check if mask is removed

if (maskRemoved()) {
// Patient removed mask
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Mask removed");
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, HIGH);
// You can add any additional actions here
}

delay(1000);
}

// Function to check if mask is removed

bool maskRemoved() {
// Read IR sensor
int irValue = digitalRead(irSensorPin);
// IR sensor value will depend on your specific setup and threshold for detecting mask removal
// Adjust the threshold value as needed
if (irValue == LOW) {
// Mask is removed
return true;
} else {
// Mask is in place
return false;
}}

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 CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The selection of equipment must base on comprehensive evaluation of several options to ensure optimal
performance and cost effectiveness for example evaluation criteria used in this equipment used in this project
based on performance and reliability, cost effectiveness and user review and expert ratings.
The automatic medication monitoring system for a nebulizer machine enhances patient safety and
compliance by automating the monitoring and control of the nebulization process. The integration of sensors
and real-time feedback mechanisms ensures that medication is delivered accurately and alerts the user of any
issues promptly. This system is especially beneficial for patients who need regular and precise nebulization
therapy.
Recommendations
Enhanced Connectivity: Incorporate wireless communication (e.g., Bluetooth or Wi-Fi) to enable remote
monitoring and alerts, allowing caregivers to manage multiple patients effectively.
User-Friendly Interface: Develop a more intuitive user interface with touch controls and visual indicators to
make the system more accessible, especially for elderly patients.
Data Logging: Implement data logging capabilities to track nebulization sessions and medication usage over
time, providing valuable insights for healthcare providers.
Battery Backup: Include a reliable battery backup to ensure the system operates without interruption during
power outages.
Regular Maintenance: Establish a routine maintenance schedule to ensure all sensors and components are
functioning correctly and replace any faulty parts promptly.

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 REFERENCE
1. "Aerosols and the Lung: Clinical and Experimental Aspects" by Philip L. M.
C. Hancock and Jeremy P. T. Ward
2. Drug Delivery to the Respiratory Tract" by H. Smolinsky and D. J.
Papadopoulos
3. Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials" by John B. West
4. Respiratory Care Equipment" by Richard D. Branson
5. Mei-Yeing Wang, “A Mobile Phone Based Medicine In-take Reminder
and Monitor”, 9th IEEE International Conference, June 2009. [4] Mei-Ying
Wang, John K. Zao Wedjat: A Mobile Phone Based Medication Reminder and
Monitor. [5] Kuperman GJ, Bobb A, Payne TH, et al.
“MedicationRelated Clinical Decision Support in Computerized Provider
Order Entry Systems: A Review” Journal of American Medical
Informatics

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