KIL4002 Design Project

Semester 2 - Session 2023/2024

Production of Renewable Diesel from Sludge Palm Oil (SPO)

via hydrotreatment

Plant Integration

Facilitator:
Dr. Tan Chee Keong

Submitted by:
Group 6
Name Matrics Number
Abdul Azim Bin Abdul Manam 17205737/2
Mohamad Hafizee Bin Ibrahim 17205058/2
Narmatha A/P Subramaniam S2030613/1
Tan ShuQi U2003827/1
1.0 P&ID

FIC FT FIC
113 113 114
3"-40-SS304-0201-N

PIC
112

PT
114
HV-515 FCV-503 HV-516 HV-517 FCV-504 HV-518

HV-23 HV-24 FIC FIC

PRV-502 115 116

FT FT
114 115

HV-511 FCV-505 HV-512 HV-513 PCV-506 HV-514

PIC
115

HV-21 PCV-501 HV-22

PRESSURE SWING PIC

ADSORPTION PAL PAH PT

116
PT PAL PAH
112 112 113 115 114 114

K-102

HV-19 PCV-502 HV-20

TAL TAH TT TT TAL TAH
111 111 111
PSA- 101 PSA- 102 112 112 112

TI TI
111 112 TO FLARE
PIC PT PIC TIC
114 117 113 262
6"-WM-0262-SS304-MW PI
271
HYDROGEN PI
PI
112
INLET 111
COOLING WATER COOLING WATER
H
PT PAL PAH OUT IN TA
HV-263 TCV-262 HV-264
PAL PAH PT HV-507 PRV-503 HV-508 PRV-504 HV-510 113
E-106 HV-509 116 113
262
111 111 112
L
3
FLARE CD-101
FIC FIC 4"-40-SS304-0301-N
CONDENSER HCV-262
111 112
TT
262
PIC FT FT
K-101 111 111 112 CHEMICAL
PI SEWER
PT 270
111 HV-503 FCV-501 HV-504 HV-505 FCV-502 HV-506
TI PI
264 264
3"-40-SS304-0101-N
FIC PI TI HV-501 PRV-501 HV-502
101 103 102
H
LA
264
FT PT TT BPV-501 L
101 103 102
PRV-301
LT LIC
REFLUX DRUM 264 264
TREATED NRV-101 HV-101 FCV-101 HV-102 3/4"-SPO-0101-SS-N
TIC
TO FLARE PI
SPO INLET E-101 200
DV-101 261
P-101 TIC FI

BV-101
TI
302
302 301
TI SIEVE TRAY
261 HV-265 LCV-264 HV-266
FIC
201
RIC
101
TT FT DISTILLATION PRV-200
302 301 3"-40-SS304-0202-N
PI
203
TI
202
COOLING WATER
COLUMN CHEMICAL
SEWER
HCV-263

INLET PUMP CV-201

HV-302
HV-301 TCV-302 NRV-301 T-101 RIC TAL PRV-201
1"-40-SS304-0203-N
FT PT TT FIC TAH TI
COOLING
DV-301 200
201 203 202 265 265 200 200
SIEVE TRAY HV-202 TCV-200 HV-203
WATER IN
1 ½"-CWI-0301-CS-N BV-301
NRV-201 HV-101 FCV-201 HV-102
1 ½"-HYD-0201-SS-N
TT
DISTILLATION
FT FT 200
DV-101
265 264 COLUMN BPV-201
3
4 "-WM-0265-SS304-MW
BV-101 TRICKLE BED NAPHTHA T-102 CD-102
HV-267 FCV-265 HV-268 CONDENSER
2"-WM-0264-SS304-MW
TRICKLE BED REACTOR TT TIC
REACTOR R-102 TT TIC 267 267 HCV-264
2"-40-SS304-0505-FG 1"-40-CSA105-0204-N COOLING WATER
OUT
269 269 PAL PAH PT
R-101 200 200 200

3-PHASE H PI
PRV-502
TA TI KEROSENE
SEPARATOR NRV-101
3-PHASE 267 267
200
LAH LAL
CV-202
F-101 E-103 SEPARATOR HV-273 TCV-269 HV-274
L 201 201
LI
P-102 F-102 PRV-103
E-105 201

HCV-267 PUMP-201
LIC LT
1½"-GW-0268-SS304-MW 201 201 REFLUX DRUM

TI FI
TO FLARE 268 268
6"-40-SS304-0201-FG
PI TI FI
403 402 401
PI
272 CV-200 HV-200 LCV-200 HV-201
CHEMICAL
PT TT FT
SEWER HOT OIL IN
403 402 401
PAH PAL HV-269 TCV-267 HV-270
CV-203 HV-204 LCV-201 HV-205 TIC
COOLING WATER 503 503 H
BPV-200 201
OUTLET 1 ½"-CWO-0401-CS-N LA LT
TI RB-101
NRV-401 PIC FI
502
269 269 HCV-265 PUMP-202 6"-40-CSA105-0206-MW
503 501 L REBOILER
BPV-202
PT FT TT STEAM IN
503 501 502 WASTEWATER HOT OIL RETURN HV-206 TCV-201 HV-207
EFFLUENT WASTEWATER TT
4"-RP-0501-SS-N EFFLUENT 201
HV-501 PCV-503 HV-502
NRV-501 1½"-GW-0266-SS304-MW
PRV-101 NRV-501
PRV-203
BPV-203
DV-501 E-102 PRV-102
E-104 3"-40-SS304-0207-FG
BV-501 LIC
200 CV-204

LAL LAH LT
LAL LAH 202 202 202
LT
200 200 200 6"-40-CSA105-0208-MW
STEAM
LI
202
OUT
LI RB-102
200
REBOILER

LIC
202

2"-40-SS304-0209-FG

CV-205
2"-40-SS304-0210-FG
RENEWABLE
DIESEL
HV-208 LCV-202 HV-209 CV-206

BPV-204

PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE DIESEL (HVO) FROM SLUDGE PALM OIL REV DATE DESCRIPTION BY CHECKED APPROVED PUMP-503

PROJECT TITLE
1 5/6/2024 ISSUED FOR REVIEW SHUQI TCK TCK
DRAWING NO. UM-G6-P&ID-01

DRAWING TITLE G6 P&ID

SITE KOTA TINGGI JOHOR

DRAWN BY: DATE: SCALE:

UNIVERSITI MALAYA THIS DRAWING IS SUBMITTED SOLELY FOR FINAL TAN SHUQI 1/6/24 NOT TO SCALE
YEAR DESIGN PROJECT OF FACULTY OF
CHECKED BY: DATE: ACAD FILE: SHEET:
ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITI MALAYA
GROUP 6 1/6/24 P&ID-01 1/1
2.0 PFD
CODE R-101 F-101 R-102 F-102 T-101 T-102 PSA-101 PSA-102
ISOMERISATION/ HYDROCRACKING
EQUIPMENT HYDROTREATING REACTOR FLASH TANK 1 FLASH TANK 2 DISTILLATION COLUMN 1 DISTILLATION COLUMN 2 PRESSURE SWING ADSORBER 1 PRESSURE SWING ADSORBER 2
REACTOR
TEMPERATURE (°C) 350.00 30.00 350.00 30.00 140.00 240.00 12.00 12.00
PRESSURE (BAR) 35.00 15.00 35.00 15.00 1.00 1.00 8.00 5.00
CODE P-101 P-102 K-101 K-102 E-101 E-102 E-103 E-104 E-105 E-106 R-101 R-102 CD-101 RB-101 CD-102 RB-101

EQUIPMENT PUMP PUMP COMPRESSOR COMPRESSOR HEATER COOLER HEATER COOLER HEATER HEATER REACTOR REACTOR CONDENSER REBOILER CONDENSER REBOILER

DUTY(kW) 2.68 1.57 102.67 52.5 399.93 -872.18 394.94 -433.64 116.71 134.35 -287.88 -4.39 19.56 127.75 173.31 166.04

12
8

24
CD- 101
K-102
PSA-101 PSA-102
25
15
T-101 57
38 16 1

NAPHTHA

12
3

23 FLARE RB- 101

35 32 145 350
15 15 35.5 35 Steam In
Steam Out
HYDROGEN 26 27 28 29
STREAM
30 30 30
K-101 E-106 15
22 15 15 240
140 17
350 1
15 1 CD-102
35 20 21

350
35
30 31
R-101 R-102 T-102 165
18 1

KEROSENE
F-101 F-102 30 30
15 1.5

13 14

PRV-103 E-105
30 30
6 7 30
15 15 12 15
RB-102
350 350 30 350 350 30 Steam In
60 3 35 4 32 30
9 10 33
35.5
35 15
35.5
35 35 15 Steam Out
60 350 350
1 15 15.5
2 8
SPO 1 5 11 19
295
1
STREAM E-101 E-103
PRV-101 E-102 PRV-102 E-104 RENEWABLE
P-101 WASTEWATER WASTEWATER DIESEL
P-102 EFFLUENT
EFFLUENT (HVO)

LEGEND ABBREVIATION NOTE REV DATE DESCRPTION DRAWN CHECKED BY APPROVED BY SCALE

1 1/6/2024 FIRST ISSUE HAFIZEE AZIM SHUQI NOT TO SCALE

R - 101
CLIENT DESIGN PROJECT G6
EQUIPMENT NUMBER

DRAWING NUMBER PROJECT TITLE PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE DIESEL (HVO) FROM SLUDGE PALM OIL
FLASH
TANK
EQUIPMENT TYPE
DRAWING TITLE PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM-01

R - REACTOR RB- REBOILER

SITE KOTA TINGGI, JOHOR.
REACTOR DISTILLATION PRESSURE F -FLASH TANK CD- CONDENSER
COLUMN SWING ADSORBER REBOILER

T - DISTILLATION COLUMN E - HEATER / COOLER UNIVERSITY MALAYA

T THIS DRAWING IS SUBMITTED SOLELY FOR
P K - COMPRESSOR P - PUMP FINAL YEAR DESIGN PROJECT OF FACULTY OF
ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITI MALAYA
PRESSURE OPERATING
PUMP COMPRESSOR HEATER COOLER REDUCING CONDITION PSA- PRESSURE SWING ADSORBER
VALVE
 COMPONENT MASS FLOWRATE

STREAM NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
TEMPERATURE (°C) 60 60 350 350 350 30 30 30 350 350 350 30 30 30 140 57
PRESSURE (BAR) 1 35.5 35 35 15.5 15 15 35.5 35 35 15.5 15 15 1.5 1 1
TOTAL (KG/H) 1893.939 1893.939 1893.939 2044.319 2044.319 2044.319 1640.939 1640.939 1640.939 1812.996 1812.996 1812.996 1636.227 1636.227 1636.227 103.926
`

PALMITIC ACID 510.949 510.949 510.949 510.949 510.949 510.949 510.949 510.949 510.949 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
STEARIC ACID 48.102 48.102 48.102 48.102 48.102 48.102 48.102 48.102 48.102 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
OLEIC ACID 433.365 433.365 433.365 433.365 433.365 433.365 433.365 433.365 433.365 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
LINOLEIC ACID 106.069 106.069 106.069 106.069 106.069 106.069 106.069 106.069 106.069 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
TRIOLEIN 795.455 795.455 795.455 795.455 795.455 795.455 795.455 795.455 795.455 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C5H12 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 32.947 32.947 32.947 32.947 32.947 32.947 32.617
C6H14 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 22.323 22.323 22.323 22.323 22.323 22.323 22.1
C7H16 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 31.780 31.780 31.780 31.780 31.780 31.780 31.462
C8H18 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.913 10.913 10.913 10.913 10.913 10.913 10.803
C9H20 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 84.433 84.433 84.433 84.433 84.433 84.433 2.533
C10H22 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 33.437 33.437 33.437 33.437 33.437 33.437 1.003
C11H24 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 56.445 56.445 56.445 56.445 56.445 56.445 1.693
C12H26 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 16.272 16.272 16.272 16.272 16.272 16.272 0.488
C13H28 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 40.860 40.860 40.860 40.860 40.860 40.860 1.226
n-C15H32 0.000 0.000 0.000 125.701 125.701 125.701 125.701 125.701 125.701 12.697 12.697 12.697 12.697 12.697 12.697 0.000
i-C15H32 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 88.880 88.880 88.880 88.880 88.880 88.880 0.000
n-C16H34 0.000 0.000 0.000 312.676 312.676 312.676 312.676 312.676 312.676 31.583 31.583 31.583 31.583 31.583 31.583 0.000
i-C16H34 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 221.084 221.084 221.084 221.084 221.084 221.084 0.000
n-C17H36 0.000 0.000 0.000 341.184 341.184 341.184 341.184 341.184 341.184 34.463 34.463 34.463 34.463 34.463 34.463 0.000
i-C17H36 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 241.241 241.241 241.241 241.241 241.241 241.241 0.000
n-C18H38 0.000 0.000 0.000 842.438 842.438 842.438 842.438 842.438 842.438 84.608 84.608 84.608 84.608 84.608 84.608 0.000
i-C18H38 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 592.259 592.259 592.259 592.259 592.259 592.259 0.000
H2 0.000 0.000 0.000 106.665 106.665 106.665 0.000 0.000 0.000 173.771 173.771 173.771 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
CO2 0.000 0.000 0.000 88.477 88.477 88.477 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.894 0.894 0.894 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C3H8 0.000 0.000 0.000 39.221 39.221 39.221 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.396 0.396 0.396 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
H2O 0.000 0.000 0.000 169.107 169.107 169.107 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.707 1.707 1.707 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

CAD PRODUCED DRAWING

CONTRACT NO PFD-001
CLIENT DESIGN PROJECT G6
NOTE PRODUCT NO 1
REV 1
PROJECT TITLE PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE DIESEL (HVO) FROM SLUDGE PALM OIL
DATE 2/6/2024
DESCRIPTION FIRST ISSUE
DRAWING TITLE PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM-01
DRAWN HAFIZEE
CHECKED BY AZIM
SITE KOTA TINGGI JOHOR
APPROVED BY SHUQI
SCALE NOT TO SCALE
UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA THIS DRAWING IS SUBMITTED SOLELY FOR FINAL
YEAR DESIGN PROJECT OF FACULTY OF
ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITI MALAYA
DRAWING NO REV REFERENCE DRAWING REV DATE
 COMPONENT MASS FLOWRATE

STREAM NO 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
TEMPERATURE (°C) 240 165 295 30 30 30 15 12 38 35 32 145 350 350 350 30 30
PRESSURE (BAR) 1 1 1 15 15 15 3 8 15 15 15 35.5 35 35 35 15 15

TOTAL (KG/H) 1532.301 223.239 1309.062 234.363 175.061 409.424 128.988 279.396 279.396 47.908 327.300 327.300 327.300 150.366 176.934 169.017 1.707
`

PALMITIC ACID 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
STEARIC ACID 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
OLEIC ACID 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
LINOLEIC ACID 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
TRIOLEIN 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C5H12 0.329 0.329 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C6H14 0.223 0.223 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C7H16 0.318 0.318 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C8H18 0.109 0.109 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C9H20 81.900 81.081 0.819 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C10H22 32.434 32.11 0.324 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C11H24 54.752 54.204 0.548 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C12H26 15.784 15.626 0.158 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C13H28 39.634 39.238 0.396 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
n-C15H32 12.697 0.000 12.697 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
i-C15H32 88.880 0.000 88.88 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
n-C16H34 31.583 0.000 31.583 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
i-C16H34 221.084 0.000 221.084 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
n-C17H36 34.463 0.000 34.463 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
i-C17H36 241.241 0.000 241.241 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
n-C18H38 84.608 0.000 84.608 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
i-C18H38 592.259 0.000 592.259 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
H2 0.000 0.000 0.000 106.665 173.771 280.436 1.097 279.3962 279.3962 46.464 327.3 327.3 327.3 150.366 176.934 0.000 0.000
CO2 0.000 0.000 0.000 88.477 0.894 89.371 89.371 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C3H8 0.000 0.000 0.000 39.221 0.396 39.618 39.618 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
H2O 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 169.017 1.707

CAD PRODUCED DRAWING

CONTRACT NO PFD-001
CLIENT DESIGN PROJECT G6
NOTE PRODUCT NO 1
REV 1
PROJECT TITLE PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE DIESEL (HVO) FROM SLUDGE PALM OIL
DATE 2/6/2024
DESCRIPTION FIRST ISSUE
DRAWING TITLE PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM-01
DRAWN HAFIZEE
CHECKED BY AZIM
SITE KOTA TINGGI JOHOR
APPROVED BY SHUQI
SCALE NOT TO SCALE
UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA THIS DRAWING IS SUBMITTED SOLELY FOR FINAL
YEAR DESIGN PROJECT OF FACULTY OF
ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITI MALAYA
DRAWING NO REV REFERENCE DRAWING REV DATE
3.0 Costing

With the integration of individual units, we reanalysis the economics of the plant design as
summarised in Table 3.1. Change in individual unit design give the ability to the designers, ether
the changes benefit them, or further improvement need to be done to have feasible plant design,
suitable with the input of the investment.

Table 3.1: Comparison of design economic before and after the individual unit integration

Designed Plant Before After

CAPEX (million MYR) 168.02 151.31
OPEX (million MYR) 77.03 73.97

Annual profit (million MYR) 51.50 54.56

ROI (%) 30.65 36.06
Payback period 3.26 2.77

CAPEX and OPEX cost change were due to improvement and alteration of the plant design. Capex
was reduced by 18 million MYR due to unit resizing to fit the process condition and change in
mechanical parts of the unit. Biggest contributor of the cost reduction was from PSA module
change where it initially taken from industry survey, but the new unit was able to be designed with
lower price but has similar effect of the previous one with additional equipment support such as
compressor.

OPEX cost reduction was less significant compared to CAPEX. The shift from using a fired heater
to high-pressure steam in reboiler RB-102 contributed to the decrease in operational expenses due
to lower cost of steam. This change aligns with our goal of reducing carbon emissions, as fired
heaters produce more carbon dioxide than steam generation. Additionally, using high-pressure
steam is a well-established technology in the industry. Other change such as cooling water also
contribute to the cost reduction due to alteration of operation condition in individual unit design
leading to a slight decrease in overall OPEX.

Decrease in CAPEX and OPEX led to slightly higher annual profit with ROI increment of 6%.
With higher profit, payback period was shortened half a year, requiring 2.75 years to reach
breakeven point. This reflect the improvement done to the plant design was able to reduce the
investment cost while still operating at same or higher efficiency.

Therefore, with the decrease in CAPEX and OPEX, the plant design show financially feasible and
capable of generating higher profit. This indicated that the designed plant could withstand the
changes in costs and still maintain its viability in the market.
4.0 Carbon footprint

The GHG emission inventory for the proposed plant comprises direct emissions (scope 1) from
the process, indirect emissions from energy consumption (scope 2), and other indirect emissions
associated with purchased materials and transportation (scope 3). The carbon emissions before and
after the unit operation design are detailed in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1: Comparison of carbon footprint before and after individual unit operation design.

Designed Plant Before After

Scope 1 Emission (tonnes CO2-e/yr) 2,554.23 2,548.56

Scope 2 Emission (tonnes CO2-e/yr) 8.19 8.19

Scope 3 Emission (tonnes CO2-e/yr) 6,213.87 6,087.47

Total Emission (tonnes CO2-e/yr) 8,776.30 8,644.24

Carbon Intensity (g CO2 e/MJ
19.19 18.91
renewable diesel)

The revised calculation using blue hydrogen (produced from natural gas with carbon capture and
storage) results in direct emissions of 2,548.56 tonnes CO2-e/yr. Although blue hydrogen
production involves some CO2 emissions due to the natural gas reforming process, the slight
reduction in Scope 1 emissions suggests improvements or optimizations in other parts of the plant's
processes that have offset the increase from switching to blue hydrogen. This could involve better
efficiency in the use of hydrogen or additional emission reduction measures implemented in the
plant. The indirect emissions from energy consumption remain unchanged at 8.19 tonnes CO2-e/yr,
indicating that the energy consumption profile of the plant has not been altered in the redesign.
The use of blue hydrogen, although not carbon-free, involves lower indirect emissions compared
to the high energy requirements of green hydrogen production. The transportation and procurement
of natural gas for blue hydrogen also typically result in lower overall Scope 3 emissions compared
to the production and distribution infrastructure required for green hydrogen.

The carbon intensity of the renewable diesel produced by the plant has decreased from 19.19 g
CO2-e/MJ to 18.91 g CO2-e/MJ indicating an improvement in the efficiency of the plant in terms
of CO2 emissions per unit of energy produced. The switch from green hydrogen to blue hydrogen
in the plant's design has led to a reduction in the overall carbon footprint. Despite blue hydrogen
involving some CO2 emissions from the natural gas reforming process, the overall improvements
in the plant's processes and the significant reduction in Scope 3 emissions have driven the decrease
in total emissions and carbon intensity for the renewable diesel produced by the plant.
Apart from that, the comparison of price and carbon footprint of the produced renewable diesel
and commercial renewable diesel is made and shown in Table 4.2. As shown in Table 4.2, in
comparison to conventional renewable diesel, the price of renewable diesel from the designed plant
has relatively lower price, in addition having lower carbon intensity.

Table 4.2: Comparison of carbon footprint before and after individual unit operation design.

Renewable diesel from Commercial

designed plant renewable diesel
Price of Product (USD/tonne) 2200 2369
Product Carbon Footprint (g CO2
18.91 30
e/MJ renewable diesel)