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Maths class 8 CBSE
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
49 views27 pagesArpana 1
Maths class 8 CBSE
Uploaded by
Alok KumarCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 27
4 tb)
at Ey (W< {d) =
& fa) Sc coc 72 $2 8 7
53 wo” Beare
2a mS yt ¥
a 36 2 (She
= 4
sae wt as es
5 » zs sw =
a @3 (42
® 4 ae 24 2
ae ( oF
ae i =2 15
i, DR 12. 6 13. z 4
3
= 16, (a) Yes (b) Yes
Exercise 1.2
1 (i i (i = ha
2. {a} additive identity (b) associative property of addition
{c} commutative property of addition (d) additive verse
2 1
i CSS
(c) z 5. Doit yourself.
a
(o) 3
() No (d) Yes
47 =11
sta) 75 tb) “Te
=17.
12. 6
14.16, Doit yourself. 17, nt hours
1 ze
ta, Bag ht 19.4 hon
Exercise 15
4 fa) ih th) ; fe i Hy
1 -12
Hy Ww ee
2. (a) commutative property of multiication fy
ol zero (@) roltplicative inverse (4) phy
froperty of multiplication (e) dateiburye wnt
of multiplication over addition Foner
46, Do it yourself
at =
2 (se gy
7 a ee
B oe 9. w= i) Fe Oe
-2 t Vi
12, (a) 5, Oh ay 3-7 3
4 et ages
44. (a) ; apg MEE wp
17, 8402 18, 42 bottles
Exercise 1.4
3 ~48
Le wo () [5 2. Doityaurse,
3, fa) tw (b) il (c) i(d) 7
4 fa)
2
= 5s 7
() == (ay >
Oe mie ©)
~59 58-57-44
0 ae
i
6 (a) -3,-2' (b) a {c) a2 (d) -1,0
a
ae
For Qs. 4-7. Multiple responses are possible,
Let Us Assess
1. (a) iv (b) iit (9) fi
i i iv Wii
3
35 § =e
zag OF @F w= es
{c) iv
(h) i ited with 943 L of soft
ON OF RATIONAL
yN.A NUMBER LINE
tation of rational numbers
e which you have learnt earlier in
Il be useful in visualising rational
two given rational numbers in
nal Numbers
line as shown in Fig. 1.2, each unit
led into four equal parts. The number
if of the way between 0 and 1, while
ths, of the way between 0 and 1.
rink, if each bottle contaj
e total number of
The denominator gives th
tor is the actual num
in each unit. The numeral
{[ Note: | if f
aaa
oi
« Torepresent 7 it requires that each unig,
number line should be divided into three,
partsas shown in Fig. 1.3. The fifth point P§
5
represents x
Observe that the positive rational numbers
1
393
towards the right.
Negative Rational Numbers
In order to represent a negative rational nut
7
“y represent distances from ze
is necessary to use the -2 form of the!
5 :
3
The negative rational number —2 es
4 de
left side of 0 at a distance 3 from 0.
7 . Let us study some more examples.
Thus, ies is sina yieg GREE
i
4
27 “— rational numbers between 3 7 tt 8 Io
and 5 a fx. 29. Find six rational numbers between
5. 4-8
sol A Rea number lying between Sanat 3a
ean Sol 4S
eee \ "er 2 t Ree
2 4 (LOM of 3and 7 = 21)
Now, a rational number lying between = Note that =i es
° 2 wm HE
= +0 Integers -34, -33, -32, -31, -39, 29,
= ~28, ..., -25 lie between -35 and —24,
Fig. 1.8
two rational numbers between
Therefore,
al 1 1.
= and = areOand-7-
2 ee 4
There are Fatt many rational numbers between |)
any two given rational numbers.
= ——.. a
«, 28 Find three rational numbers between ~~
4. =)< -34 -33 -32
= —ah ge
3 nu) 2 w=
=SU) 30, = eae =)
<<< =
PUN Fh
So,
ier i
oe)
So, six rational numbers between “> and
= ioe
7 mw
Ex, 30 Write ten rational numbers between
2 and 2 :
3 5
sol, LCMof3 and 5 is 15. fine and answer the que
: teen ‘number fine, which rational
2
2
| 2 Represent the following rational numbers on a number line.
: aS ae 8 1 45 1 11 2_
= and 2 = and = and — (d) -— and — = and &
la) Fae, (b) 5 an 5 (c) ' an E (d) 3 an 3 (e) 5 20h
} 4.8 2-4 -6 4 3 1
i Sand = = = sand BE 3
: eee = OS (Dera (i) 10 10
i 3. Tick (/) the correct answer,
7 ae fatone numbers between -2 and 3 is
{ . (ii) 5 aa hae
i 18) Arationalrumber between x and ys : (iv) infinite
| fi) iy XtY :
z 2 (ay) fy 2
i {c) Arational number between fond is
: 59 = 66
p ie meee.
: (i) =
= o (i) = (w 3
30
(d) Arational number between a e
2
lo is
e sum of rational numbers represented by the points A ang
(b} On the number line, find th i i Y 2
eH
+ 0 1 2
{ ¥ rational numbers represented by the points P and Qon then
fe) ee ceeds ral fs 2
Dee eee eee ee ERIAREMED AEA es
“4 0 1 a
Therefore, ten rational
101 102 103
2 # 102
3 34 5° 350" 150 159°
jestions.
| number does the point A represent?
A
1
0
1.
coil:
(iii) 1
(iv) 2 : d nine rational
+ Let us fin
, “jfoxand y are 100 13 i umber lying between iiustration 2: ;
. ‘of randy) isa rational a tee! ms
ee: between 3 2
ae rant between xand ye :
Ts c b : and = LCM of 3 and 2is 6. :
ional numbers 7 ..
4; For rational 3 ete é
G8 296
rs i tween 2 and 3, theres
= bul Since no meeY betw :
Mean = replace numbers 3 and 3 by equivalent
243) 2_5.1_5
) = C2)e aa y 8 numbers having common denominator 124
F LCM).
Bee te, 2<2<2, 9
‘We know that eB and aa! ie, ao,
(See Fig. 17)
$
hus, =
ar
Fig. 17
ational number between : and a
find another, ‘ational number, We
me method fr Sang &
3
wy) ers.
numbers, the” > ational numb
4
again use the
=
60 60
or 1.2 a
00g << Bed
Numbe two rational numbers,
ip and ¥ a equivalent ee Aum
er nomina
the ne large common de tor,
suificien the required number oF;
Now, ST WO numerators of the
between
1 4 LG
is, = = —and—=—
ie RD 2 D
4 3
Integers between 4 and Gis 5, So, b pS
(Rational number between pind an j
Continue like this and write
i - 20 1_ 20
3 60
Integers 21, 22, 1.4429 lie between 20 and
Therefore, ot 2 29 30
80 “69 °""< ustration: Let us represent
number line.
wwe see that 2
2
s
alr
onthe same
'S positive, therefore, the point
representing it Will be to the right of 0, on the
2
number line. “5 'S Regative, therefore, the point
representing it will be to the left of 0.
ey $
5 2
24 0
Fig. 1.5
x
For z divide each unit, to the right of 0 into two
equal parts and count 5 parts from 0. Mark that
point, say P, with a dot as shown in the Fig. 1.5.
Point P represents 2
For 2, divide each unit to the left of 0 into 5 equal
Parts and count 2 parts from 0 towards the left.
‘Mark this point, say Q, with a dot as shown in
i é
Fig, 1.5. Point Q represents
Step 2:
Step 3:
in 16
Step A: Draw a murine tine any
Points representing 1, a |
Shee, th Flin puna i
Negative, they will be 1
by points to the left side of y
Divide each of the units iets e
equal parts because the cornea
denominator is 11.
2
For +7) count 2 parts to the ite
Of O and mark the point with a dat
and label it as —
it as =
ii
For 2 count 5 parts to the left
of 0 and mark the point witha dor
and label it as =
it
-3
For Ty’ Count 9 parts to the left
of O and mark the point with adot
-9
id label it as —.
and lal Ty jonal numbers between the given rational numbers,
3 {b) Land 2;n=5 (c) jan n=
ees 2S
a gamdginet te) Sands.nes (9 ~Lamt—Lnntg
:
i : :
| 5, Insert five rational numbers between x and |x|, where x= 22
20
6, Find two rational numbers between ]
5 ee’
—tand — b) —and= ae
4 ees a ie (a) ~tana2
7, Uist six rational numbers less than—2 but greater than —-3.
*
Objective: To find the equivalent rational numbers of the Biven rational numbers,
i ared: 4
Materisis required: A set P of 5 cards with a different rational number on each card, a set Q of 50°
cards having 10 equivalent rational numbers for each card of set P
Procedure.
The teacher can divide the class into two groups and proceed as follaws.
Step 1: Place all the cards of set Q facing up on the table. :
Step 2: Randomly pick one card from set P and show this card to both the groups,
Step 3: Call one student from each group to the table and ask both the students to pick up the
equivalent rational number cards for the rational number card shown earlier.
Step 4; Both the students will start to pick up the card when the teacher instructs them ‘START’.
(She can allow a certain time, e.g., 1 minute) '
Step 5: She can give 1 point for each correct card picked up by both the students, and write the scores
of both the tears on the board. . '
Step 6: Repeat the activity 5 to 10 times by inviting different students from the groups and showing
them different cards i
1 this chapter, you have learnt the following:
1. Rational numbers are closed under the operation of addition, subtraction and multiplication.
2. if we exclude 0, the collection of all other rational numbers is closed under division.
3. The operations of addition and multiplication for rational numbers are
(i) commutative (ii) associative
4. The operations of subtraction and division for rational numbers are
(ii) not associative
(i) not commutative
a, 2 | Closure property
a2 Observe the following division.
7 2.510
ae “ 22x32, which
“D6 2 26 3 >(te ea z aru
eG) -Ga)F9) le
=, whichisarational b
From the above illustrations, it can be stated as 55 522 a s
= a5). fia a
: *,(3)- 2 =, whichisaloarationa
ta © and = are three rational numbers, then
i number.
? Division by 0 is not defined.
a,fe
aes 4 ox Thi ® is —
: ia )-¢ ea ae is property Is known What és ;
Thus, we can say that rational numbers are not
buti 5 5
eS OOTY closed under division. However, if we exclude 0,
then the collection of all other rational numbers is
Note: closed under division
Here, multiplication distributes over addition Thus, it can be stated as follows:
a c
= if 5 and a are two rational numbers such that
, Reeaieetestion sirbuse over subtraction? © 20, then 2 + © is always a rational number
c2)_ole ave d 5
oy flee bf That is, the collection of all non-zero rational
numbers is closed under division.
: a (c
ares
cede | Jo e€ oie Observe the following division.
(Fl #)a rotary 4} 2.3 24 -8
. SS eae
a (ce) ac oe 34 203
Gan verify that = x | =—— |=ox > — x
tect § =(5-F) PS 57 ~ poo
Safar ay three retinal numbers 2, < and =, a) 3
Gee 5} Eade as
‘multiplication distributes over subtraction. © 3 7 pas
‘Using commutative he mane es
eaieere is
Properties of Division
We shall now learn about some properties of division
of rational numbers,
Thus, it can be stated as follows:
Division is not commutative for rational numbers,
_, for any two rational numbers| (i) 2 iy 2
one is not true for rational numbers?
(i) Subtraction is not associative. (ii) Addition is associative,
(iii) Subtraction is commutative, {iv) Addition is commutative.
(d) Which one is true for three rational numbers 0, b and c?
(i)a+ (b+) (a+b)+c (ii) a= (b =c)=(a -b) -e
!
:
(iijo-b#b-o livja+beb+a
:2 Name the property used for the following addition of rational numbers.
}
| 4-4 4 ed
—+0=—=0+| — —+—
a an (Z) g (+ 7
H 44 4 (-4
i ce fog-o-§+(Z)
| 3, Find the additive inverse for the following rational numbers.
=a 3 23 =
@ a ) ee (8) a
4. Find the value of the rational number ‘x’ to make the statement correct,
Sy 33) 7 =! =f =
w(ZhG)s 0 (Z}Z)@)
(2 ] 94 2)
(e) | o4x Jt astl sta
7 ag FMB) Tt
5. Verify the closure property of addition for the following rational numbers.
4 5 41 3 5
=and| = = and— 41> and | -3=>
es (3) DE el ( a
6, Add the following using associative property.
ott 1,(-3), 7 42,5
S+2t+= =+/—|+— ++
ce tg @) (Ses Wig 3 26
7. For rational numbers x =
eye zZ and z= = check if the following statements are correct.
(b) (x-y) -z=x-(¥-2)
(a) x+y=yrz
(d) x+y=ytx
(ce) x-y=y-x
—_ fi LE Abox full of apples weighs
empy Bowel 2, fd
of the apples in the box,
Weighit of apples in the box =
box with apples ~ dete of enpy by
2 16 iy tg
Pew 6 5), (65-10
a Taek a lt
mernl alisha
a) % 2 « Bigeti 2g
4 4
tS 1
ig B fx. 13 Ananya bought a natabook for 2077
3 3
bial Meares = hOy X= yey ms pencil box for & 257° and a packet
2 1
18 Fores y= S222 td thevlues —— eayons for? 15 How much mony
‘of (x - y) — 2 and x ~ (y — 2). Are they she spend in all?
equal? 1
eee vonicsnus? Sol, Cost of a notebook = % 205
rere FI}
Cost of a pencil box = = Sy
FS}
ey Cost of a packet of crayons = €15
117 -22421_-1 a
ee got
9° 6 WwW =¢a0
—2 (5 (-7
x-ly a= 2-(2-(2] -. Total amount Ananya spent
we -(3+2).2-(222) athe
a kee) 3 \ 48 4
2-2-1 =a |
4
; sk oe Bf
\ ‘Thus, (x= y)-2# x- (yz) aS or woe feed) -be Rta
= -()-i 7
From these illustrations, it can be stated as follows: Ex. 6 What shouldbe subtracted from = to get
[gubtraction of rational numbers is not associative.
That is, if = a and o are three rational numbers,
zs
3
a o-(2] -t03-o+0-(2}
5 5
Let us study some more examples.
—&. 6 Name the property used in the following.
Sol. (a) Additive identity property
{b) Associative property for addition
(c) Commutative property for addition
Sol.
a
=?
4
Let x be subtracted from 2 10 get 2
, 5) at
Le, 7 = 4
Adding additive inverse of z, ie, edging
= to both sides, we get
5.5 ey 3-
S+i-x = Ss
7 2 7 +
xe OH _ ST 57
=6 2) ee
Thus, by subtracting ae from 2 we get
23 7
un
me
2
What nurriber should fie aciieck t=se
2, 7
a &
st get
Suppose x is the rational number to |
2 2
ided to — to ee
adi cs) 5 get 3
Then, 2 oxed See 7 PROPERTIES OF ADDITION AND
(b) [exy| = [xl xy]
Commutative property
SUBTRACTION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS gpserve the following addition.
Properties of Addition
We have already learnt to add two or more rational
numbers. We shall now learn some properties of
addinon of rational numbers.
3 1_3 1x2 _342_5
13
4
Closure property
Observe the following addition,
9 2,22 9x3, 0x2 7a
10°13 10x3"15«2 ~ 30 30 30°
which is a rational number.
= -1
. 2, oie See = whichisarational number.
a3 ~t+(-3) -4
et e+,
A 4 4 7 which is also a
fational number.
From these illustrations, it can be stated as follows:
The sum of any two ae iS a rational
| fumber. That is, fe pand = 7 HT any two rational aes
go (Zot od=2o(ted)
i aeliree 24
eo
4
2134-13
4 a4 4
oS b2)
14 4) 4 «4 \4 4
From these illustrations, it can be stated as follows:
ac e
if —,— and — are any three rational numbers,
nae ee
Sf (g+5)}-£ = 2+ £+£)
Mad) 7 8 kd F
This is called the associative property of addition
of rational numbers.
Observe!
As a consequence of commutative and associative
properties, to find the sum of three or more rational
numbers, we may arrange them in any order we like.
The arrangement does not alter the sum.
tlustration:
2127-9 -11 -(2 2) (2 =i)
+= + — =| +/+ |S +
B13 is 13 «-\43: :13/ (33° 13
ped aed a8
BB
'
Observe the following.
2 2,0, dx1+0e3 2
Pee
2_ Ovd4221 2
a 3 3
in
and aes
: =) os —aniee
4 4
From these illustrations, it can be stated as follows:
The rational number 0 is the additive identity for
rational numbers,
for any rational
es
a
That is, +0= 7 andO+ 5 =
Additive Inverse property
Observe the following.
We note that the opposite of 3 is. 2 and opposite
‘
2,2
f= iss.
of 3 is 3 lator is a positive integer and
'@ have no common factor other than a
- Iitestration 1:
=f.
* Rational number ] 'Sin standard form
3
* Rational number Ty | not in standard form as
denominator is a Negative integer,
=4
* Rational number Jz SAlsonotin standard form
as4is acommon factor of thy
€ Numerator and the
denominator
Ifa rational number is not in
then it can be reduced to th
iMustrated,
the standard form,
1€ Standard form as
is not in standard form as its
denominator is not
the denominator hi
than.
The HF of 36 and 24 is 12,
36 362 (13) ian
So, = ahs ag 7 > asst
Equivalent Rational Numbers
Equivalent rational numbers are ‘numbers that have
the same value btare Tepresented differently,
2
q
positive and the numerator and
lave Some common factors other
Sa rational number, then the fational number
ext » where kis any positive or negative integer
qx
aectshetnintiy = Incther words, qi
~3x10_-39
Similarly, —3%10 _ -30
4xt0 ap ® “ocean
Alternatively: Two or More rational num
equivalent if they have the same Standard fon
“6
isl
=30
Same standard fog
ee pees lent
0, 2 a 4 28 equivalent rat
numbers.
Absolute Value of a Rational Numb
The absolute value of a rational number j
numerical value regardless of its sign. Considey
t t
distance af ~Z and 5 from 0 on the number
1 1
Roto
1.1 6 Sane
2 z
Fig.1a
1 1 d
We can see Ss and 5 both are at a distance
from 0.
=s
Thus, |—| =
| 2
|
ie
Note 1 =} ae {(¢) The absolute value of = eee
Comparison of Rational Numbers
We compare two rational numbers in following three
cases.
Case!. Both positive rational numbers:
Two positive rational numbers can be
compared as fractions. -
2y 43
For example, 3x a
2*4<3x 3,50, 2 < 2
a Ǥ
Case ll. A positive and a negative rational number:
A positive rational number is always greater,
than a negative rational number. For
4-11
example, = ——
‘ase III, Both negative rational numbers:
Tocompare two negative rational numbers,
compare them, ignoring their negative sign
and then reverse the order.
2 ee
oo 5 =
Using the same concept, we can also arrange the:
given rational numbers in ascending or descending.
orders.
Mlustration 5; Let us arrange = es and a
5 10
in ascending and descending orders,
Here LCM of denominators 5, 10 and 15 is 30.
sq LE Bee US
"5" 5x6 30°10 10x3 30’
O 7 _ 7x2 14 =6 _ =6x3_=18
“30'15 15x2 30°" 1010x330
Clearly, -18<-6<0<9<14
-18 0
"30 3030
Therefore, the rational numbers in ascending order
ae tert
10’ 5" ‘10°15
And, the rational numbers in descending order are
TS
1S 0°
Operations on Rational Numbers
th
All four operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division can be performed
on rational numbers in the same manner as RATIONAL NUMBERS |
verify the properties of ratiorial numivers
understand and detine the rational numbers, woite additive and multiplicative inverse of
n write a fational number in standard form. number.
fe compare Iwo given rational numbers,
«perform four basic operations - addition, subtesction,
munplication and division on rational numbers,
Fepresent given rational number on a number ine
find one oF more rational numbers between gente
atonal numbers
Worm-up
We already know that:
For example, a3 — 5
et as
* The collection of-all rational numbers is denoted by Q,
« The collection Q of all rational numbers includes the natural numbers, whole humbers, integers,
fractions and their negatives,
For example, number 2, besides being @ natural number, itis also a rational number because 2 can
2
be written as re here p=2,andq=1.
; =
Now, try to solve the following.
1. State if the following are rational ee Bi
7 HS wo we ye
fa) = (b)
7 a e
2. Classify the fcllowing as positive or negative rational numbers,
=i =1 16 24 5)
eF os 05 oS oS Tey
3, Write a rational number whose numeratorisa sum of Send «42+ 3-445+674849=100and there
exists at least one other representation
7 and denominator is a predetgl 4 and-5. ea Cele ccaaal
4. \fP represents , and Qrepresents —. then which rational _ mathematical operations in between.
aay *ineeraup of 23 people, atleasttwohave
numbers do points A, B and C represent on the number line? thesame birthday win chances eter
: B
c A
than =,
tr te @
Qo P Sn _ (-3)x(4) | =A2
ase * (4x5 20
at (2 a
P) 2.(z) Sa
s (sty erect i,
3 3 ee q
fees 8S (2) (00)
a ie
Se es (2) on -
~~ 4) | Watch Your Step!
(taeresssivemenect 3ie,2
| Cal aaa
2), (2) 2
16 & 15
15
- 2
63
Peas
i —]+| = f= x ae
i -16) (8) 16 °-5 2
; 2 3
i ©. 5) For (a)a = — 2k
(ssn “se pha ian bees
4 4
3 7
b) a= = aie
(b) a= = and b Tayi check if
la+b] < fal + [ol,
E 4
oy Sol. (ao) = [24
2.
7 (0) > and, .
tt la|+|b)=
+
3
Thus, here Ja +5]
= Ja] + |b]
(b) Try yourselt What should be asset #0 gt v
f “5 S
[4 ws w= ee
| 2 Write the following rational numbers in thelr standard form,
eds 65 21 6
i 35 (b) a {e) = (4) eB
© 3, Express the following rational numbers as directed,
20
(3) $; with 12 as numerator (b) x with -75 as denominator
4, Find the absolute value of the following rational numbers.
B —4| 3 \_-a|
od b) MI
&) 5 {b) =| (e) 3| (¢) &
5. Fillin the boxes with >, < or=
1 2 5. x “4 9 =9 3
=. = ip = = zs. a = a
= g OG > §, ae 4
_ 6, Arrange the following numbers as directed.
es 9 2, 5 Bie r
(a) 45° 30°20 (in ascending order) (b) Se oe (in descending order)
7. Find the sum,
ays 5-4 Dee 3 \55
nie reed ja i=
tg Bats ote a ‘lal
| 8, Subtract.
=3 As i 1 8 oe =)
= trom — = from = = from = = from1
{ (a) a from 5 (b) 5 rom : (c) aA from = (d) n from
\ 9, Find the product and write the result in standard form.
712 18-10 35 27
(a) —x— [b) Sota (6), Skee
4 21 S05 ig! 2s
i
1
‘10. Simplify the following and write the quotients in the simplest form.
8 aoe Bie
2 ®) 2(5) a3 (3) by taking «= Sebi 4,
4
sot sven 3), «7th
oat
1
ary
«SS yh, ata
a5 9g
~— Thus, xx Wels lenye (67 th s-veoritied,
2 pei feciprocal
Thus, the other rational number is = oN snenosdl vc us et
*reciproral of y by taking x= and
#4. 19 Bywhat number should we multiply —,
5
so that the product is = 2 Pr rays Be(=t) ait
Sol, Let the required number be x. BNA A ie
-1 =
=7\_ 5 $0, reciprocal of (- 3).
Then, wx(Z)-4 se gear
=> xx (-7)x 12=18 x5 Now, reciprocal of r(- 2) cess
(By. cross multiplication) 23) an’
= JOR [=BA) = 90 reciprocal of y (-3) ee
90 | =15 ta
=. 7 So, reciprocal of x x reciprocal of y
84 4 a nae
, % 29 Verify the property "Sele
f xx (yx2)=(xxy) xz
Thus, reciprocal of x x y = recipracal of x
* reciprocal of y is verified.
Cx. 23 Taking x = Sys? pandas. verify
7 (= ;]
(xt y)xzextly 4 oe
(4 )-2 sol. intel Lehane aha
3 Zz
w
nie PE sum af two rational numbers is 5, Hone of the numbers is
3 2 _
Sinoct the sun of —ant — from the sum of Zand =:
8 2a
now that x—(y—z2)# (K-y)-2
“AV, Lastweeterg, Madhur practsed iaths for $ hours, read Science for = hours, studied
fe = Ours. How much time in all did she spend in studying?
& 5
8B, Atarmer stored al kL reinweterin a hauz. He used ie kL water to irrigate his garden,
‘water iS left in the tauz?
“1B, Me Prasadscftce's 25> kmaneay omnis escerce, He aves Te io bybs, 16 fin Properties of Multiplication
We hawe alrearly arnt Ihow to inulliply tational
numbers, In this section, we shall leattt abOur sore
properties oF Huttiplication uf rational numbers,
property
oon Cbaerve the following multiplication,
‘Observe the following multiplication. t ( 1 (23)
5 » ax 2x5 )22x|—
By 8828. amet sa rational number, 2 \a 4 2\axs
24 dxd 8 § Gad 4
<4 07) -3x7 ean =—
xs ==1, which is also a 70 2*20 40
1 xd 21
rational Humber, 13\.e (3 wh
_ tals and |3*a)"s axa) S
10
=, which is 4 rational
a 34 93
number, as ax5 40
From (hede Illustrations, it can be stated as follows i 1
oo = =
Rational humbers are closed under multiplication. m aha 5
that is, it 2 and © are any two tational numbers) =3 (2) 7 3,{3)-GS 5
A a is) 7x18 42
then (Fx Yisalo rational number, sees
23 9
Commutative property _{-15)a(-2)_ 5
Observe the following multiplication. “"3ax9 42
meted sa 2b) (a)
4-2 dx2 8 ses te aes
From these illustrations, it can be stated as follows:
Multiplication is associative for rational numbers.
Ht fe sa a c\e
That is, ox| Sx | =| oe |e
hat is, rates (2x5 )xe for any three
e
Og
rational numbers —, — and.
bid
cs We find that when we multiply any rational number
with 1, we get back that rational number as the
product,
a a4
Thatis, " isany rational number, then ' w1= 3
ands > =>. Wesay hat 1is the mutipcative
identity for rational numbers.
Multiplicative inverse property
‘Observe the following multiplication,
3x2)
(-2)x3
3
Can you think of another rational number:
multiplicative inverse is the number itself
Multiplication property of zero(o)
Observe the following.
a
In general if jp 2hy rational number, then
a a
—x0=0x—=
i oe 0.
Distributive property
Observe the following:
, (+3) 24(22)
SMG a S The praduct of two rational numbers is
Ptronenurber =, find the other.
Gol Let the other number be x.
Thus, the other rational number is 2
ts 13 By what number should we multiply Z.
5
0 that the product is a
tet the required number be x.
7 5
man (8
> xx(-7)x12=18%5
(By cross: multiplication)
Sol.
=a x (-84) = 90
-15
ts 29 Verify the property
Kx (y x2) = (xxy) 2
by takingx =
ame
= a z
Sol. vey snp :
3, bee
a2 Be cee
Thus, x (y+ 2) = (ey) + (x2) 5 verified,
Ex. 22 Verify reciprocal of (x x y) = reciprocal of
1 x reciprocal of by taking x= = and
ye=
2
i faa),
so xu 23).
So, reciprocal of xy ( eed
Now, reciprocal of x (-2) Is 2.
: =the
reciprocal of y (- 2 i ae 2,
So, reciprocal of x = reciprotal of y
=
BG
Thus, reciprocal of x x y = recipracal of x
x reciprocal of y is verified,
2B
257 xls
Ee 2 Be.
Ex. 23 Taking x = gl g aaa Ss very
(ety) xzexe(y x2),
Sol. (xy) xz= (2-2)d-(Se5).t (utiply the numerator and the
Ex, 15 Find the multiplicative inverse of ~~
=) 4 | Stns
sol, We have, Es = 3x3
Therefore, the multiplicative i
= -15
= Z (- 2) (5: se
5 3 15 8
Ex. 16 Simplify the following, using distriby
property.
7 3 Aes
oeeea el
aaa for rational numbers, 4 ; %
ee) [2 <\.2 h w {zx «Als {a*(-3}}
Py 2,[é.6)- -(E95 Pp for any three 16
ont oo PCa) eal
‘Let us study some more examples,
-& 14 Multiply and write the following product
in lowest terms.
2 (-18) (10
SE} Gs
mes (10) (3
oS) (Shes
(ere, we have 4 negative factors)
ope Bass
(The product a an even number of
factors is posit;
. ee 38 .
ar)
Wie 25 a5 2 rational number) ; Total distance
eee nS kierge Steed = "Cana
How much cloth is required to 35
eater » no ns
1 3
‘Cloth required to make 1 dress = 32m a ey ‘
So cloth required to make 6 dresses ap km/h = ak
ot BAe modo m
oss 8ssjoBnor!
| L Tick (7) the correct answer.
sey 4) (14),
(a) The multiplicative inverse of ( ‘) ( Se ) is
() ; (ii) ; (iii) 3
D(A) 14. 24
Which Sx =x | as | oxe
(b) property allows to compute 3a(Sxtt) as (2.4)
(i) commutativity (ii) associativity (ii) closure
i
ee
ae:
(iv) distributivity
(¢) The reciprocal of = is
3 , 10
i) 0 (ii) ai (iii) 1
value of the expression (a3)+(-4). sesnee +100 times is
(i) 150 (ill) 125
write the product in its lowest terms.
(Wv) ;
(iv) -100
718-10 3
O09 gna wo} (=. xibarational number (b) (3! A )o-0
4 aie ay
4 HL = ws
1 {2 3).1,(2) Ve
wa si
4 Verify the property x* y= ¥
