Machine Learning

Table of Contents

1. MACHINE LEARNING – INTRODUCTION............................................................... 1

2. MACHINE LEARNING – WHAT TODAY’S AI CAN DO?........................................2

Example...................................................................................................................................................... 2

3. MACHINE LEARNING – TRADITIONAL AI............................................................. 3

Statistical Techniques................................................................................................................................ 3

4. MACHINE LEARNING – WHAT IS MACHINE LEARNING?.................................. 4

5. MACHINE LEARNING – CATEGORIES OF MACHINE LEARNING......................6

Supervised Learning..................................................................................................................................7

Unsupervised Learning............................................................................................................................. 8

Reinforcement Learning........................................................................................................................... 9

Deep Learning.......................................................................................................................................... 10

Deep Reinforcement Learning................................................................................................................10

6. MACHINE LEARNING – SUPERVISED LEARNING..............................................11

Algorithms for Supervised Learning..................................................................................................... 11

k-Nearest Neighbours..............................................................................................................................11

Decision Trees.......................................................................................................................................... 13

Naive Bayes...............................................................................................................................................14

Logistic Regression...................................................................................................... 14

Support Vector Machines........................................................................................... 15

7. MACHINE LEARNING – SCIKIT-LEARN ALGORITHM.......................................16

 Machine Learning
8. MACHINE LEARNING – UNSUPERVISED LEARNING........................................ 17

Algorithms for Unsupervised Learning.....................................................................17

9. MACHINE LEARNING – ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS............................. 19

ANN Architectures...................................................................................................... 20

10. MACHINE LEARNING – DEEP LEARNING............................................................ 22

Applications..................................................................................................................22

Untapped Opportunities of Deep Learning...............................................................22

What is Required for Achieving More Using Deep Learning?............................... 23

Deep Learning - Disadvantages..................................................................................23

11. MACHINE LEARNING – SKILLS FOR MACHINE LEARNING............................ 26

Necessity of Various Skills of Machine Learning..................................................... 26

12. MACHINE LEARNING – IMPLEMENTING MACHINE LEARNING.................... 29

Language Choice..........................................................................................................29

IDEs...............................................................................................................................29

Platforms.......................................................................................................................30

13. MACHINE LEARNING – CONCLUSION..................................................................31

 1. Machine Learning Introduction

Today’s Artificial Intelligence (AI) has far surpassed the hype of blockchain and quantum
computing. This is due to the fact that huge computing resources are easily available to the
common man. The developers now take advantage of this in creating new Machine Learning
models and to re-train the existing models for better performance and results. The easy
availability of High Performance Computing (HPC) has resulted in a sudden increased
demand for IT professionals having Machine Learning skills.
In this tutorial, you will learn in detail about:

What is the crux of machine learning?

 What are the different types in machine learning?

 What are the different algorithms available for developing machine learningmodels?

 What tools are available for developing these models?

 What are the programming language choices?

 What platforms support development and deployment of Machine Learning

applications?

 What IDEs (Integrated Development Environment) are available?

 How to quickly upgrade your skills in this important area?

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2. MachineLearning–WhatToday’s AICanDo? Machine Learning

When you tag a face in a Facebook photo, it is AI that is running behind the scenes and
identifying faces in a picture. Face tagging is now omnipresent in several applications that
display pictures with human faces. Why just human faces? There are several applicationsthat
detect objects such as cats, dogs, bottles, cars, etc. We have autonomous cars running on our
roads that detect objects in real time to steer the car. When you travel, you use Google
Directions to learn the real-time traffic situations and follow the best pathsuggested by Google
at that point of time. This is yet another implementation of object detection technique in real
time.
Let us consider the example of Google Translate application that we typically use while
visiting foreign countries. Google’s online translator app on your mobile helps you
communicate with the local people speaking a language that is foreign to you.
There are several applications of AI that we use practically today. In fact, each one of us use
AI in many parts of our lives, even without our knowledge. Today’s AI can perform
extremely complex jobs with a great accuracy and speed. Let us discuss an example of
complex task to understand what capabilities are expected in an AI application that you
would be developing today for your clients.

Example
We all use Google Directions during our trip anywhere in the city for a daily commute or
even for inter-city travels. Google Directions application suggests the fastest path to our
destination at that time instance. When we follow this path, we have observed that Googleis
almost 100% right in its suggestions and we save our valuable time on the trip.
You can imagine the complexity involved in developing this kind of application considering
that there are multiple paths to your destination and the application has to judge the traffic
situation in every possible path to give you a travel time estimate for each such path. Besides,
consider the fact that Google Directions covers the entire globe. Undoubtedly, lots of AI and
Machine Learning techniques are in-use under the hoods of such applications.
Considering the continuous demand for the development of such applications, you will now
appreciate why there is a sudden demand for IT professionals with AI skills.

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3. MachineLearning–TraditionalAI

The journey of AI began in the 1950's when the computing power was a fraction of what it is
today. AI started out with the predictions made by the machine in a fashion a statistician does
predictions using his calculator. Thus, the initial entire AI development was based mainly on
statistical techniques.
In this chapter, let us discuss in detail what these statistical techniques are.

StatisticalTechniques
The development of today’s AI applications started with using the age-old traditional
statistical techniques. You must have used straight-line interpolation in schools to predict a
future value. There are several other such statistical techniques which are successfully applied
in developing so-called AI programs. We say “so-called” because the AI programs that we
have today are much more complex and use techniques far beyond the statisticaltechniques
used by the early AI programs.
Some of the examples of statistical techniques that are used for developing AI applicationsin
those days and are still in practice are listed here:

 Regression
 Classification
 Clustering
 Probability Theories
 Decision Trees

Here we have listed only some primary techniques that are enough to get you started on AI
without scaring you of the vastness that AI demands. If you are developing AI applications
based on limited data, you would be using these statistical techniques.
However, today the data is abundant. To analyze the kind of huge data that we possess
statistical techniques are of not much help as they have some limitations of their own. More
advanced methods such as deep learning are hence developed to solve many complex
problems.
As we move ahead in this tutorial, we will understand what Machine Learning is and how it
is used for developing such complex AI applications.

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 Machine Learning

4. MachineLearning– WhatisMachine Learning?

Consider the following figure that shows a plot of house prices versus its size in sq. ft.

After plotting various data points on the XY plot, we draw a best-fit line to do our predictions
for any other house given its size. You will feed the known data to the machineand ask it to
find the best fit line. Once the best fit line is found by the machine, you will test its suitability
by feeding in a known house size, i.e. the Y-value in the above curve. The machine will now
return the estimated X-value, i.e. the expected price of the house. The diagram can be
extrapolated to find out the price of a house which is 3000 sq. ft. or even larger. This is called
regression in statistics. Particularly, this kind of regression is called linear regression as the
relationship between X & Y data points is linear.

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 Machine Learning

In many cases, the relationship between the X & Y data points may not be a straight line,and
it may be a curve with a complex equation. Your task would be now to find out the best
fitting curve which can be extrapolated to predict the future values. One such application plot
is shown in the figure below.

Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Segmented_linear_regression_graph_showing_yield_of
_mustard_plants_vs_soil_salinity_in_Haryana%2C_India%2C_1987%E2%80%931988.jpg

You will use the statistical optimization techniques to find out the equation for the best fit
curve here. And this is what exactly Machine Learning is about. You use known optimization
techniques to find the best solution to your problem.

Next, let us look at the different categories of Machine Learning.

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5. Machine Learning – Categories of Machine Learning

Machine Learning is broadly categorized under the following headings:

Machine learning evolved from left to right as shown in the above diagram.
 Initially, researchers started out with Supervised Learning. This is the case of housing
price prediction discussed earlier.

 This was followed by unsupervised learning, where the machine is made to learn on
its own without any supervision.

 Scientists discovered further that it may be a good idea to reward the machine when it
does the job the expected way and there came the Reinforcement Learning.

 Very soon, the data that is available these days has become so humongous that the
conventional techniques developed so far failed to analyze the big data and provide us
the predictions.

 Thus, came the deep learning where the human brain is simulated in the Artificial
Neural Networks (ANN) created in our binary computers.

 The machine now learns on its own using the high computing power and huge
memory resources that are available today.

 It is now observed that Deep Learning has solved many of the previously unsolvable
problems.

 The technique is now further advanced by giving incentives to Deep Learning

networks as awards and there finally comes Deep Reinforcement Learning.

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SupervisedLearning
Supervised learning is analogous to training a child to walk. You will hold the child’s hand,
show him how to take his foot forward, walk yourself for a demonstration and so on, untilthe
child learns to walk on his own.

Regression
Similarly, in the case of supervised learning, you give concrete known examples to the
computer. You say that for given feature value x1 the output is y1, for x2 it is y2, for x3 it is
y3, and so on. Based on this data, you let the computer figure out an empirical relationship
between x and y.
Once the machine is trained in this way with a sufficient number of data points, now you
would ask the machine to predict Y for a given X. Assuming that you know the real valueof
Y for this given X, you will be able to deduce whether the machine’s prediction is correct.
Thus, you will test whether the machine has learned by using the known test data. Once you
are satisfied that the machine is able to do the predictions with a desired level of accuracy
(say 80 to 90%) you can stop further training the machine.
Now, you can safely use the machine to do the predictions on unknown data points, or askthe
machine to predict Y for a given X for which you do not know the real value of Y. This
training comes under the regression that we talked about earlier.

Classification
You may also use machine learning techniques for classification problems. In classification
problems, you classify objects of similar nature into a single group. For example, in a setof
100 students say, you may like to group them into three groups based on their heights
- short, medium and long. Measuring the height of each student, you will place them in a
proper group.
Now, when a new student comes in, you will put him in an appropriate group by measuringhis
height. By following the principles in regression training, you will train the machine to
classify a student based on his feature – the height. When the machine learns how the groups
are formed, it will be able to classify any unknown new student correctly. Once again, you
would use the test data to verify that the machine has learned your techniqueof classification
before putting the developed model in production.
Supervised Learning is where the AI really began its journey. This technique was applied
successfully in several cases. You have used this model while doing the hand-written
recognition on your machine. Several algorithms have been developed for supervised
learning. You will learn about them in the following chapters.

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UnsupervisedLearning
In unsupervised learning, we do not specify a target variable to the machine, rather we ask
machine “What can you tell me about X?”. More specifically, we may ask questions such as
given a huge data set X, “What are the five best groups we can make out of X?” or “What
features occur together most frequently in X?”. To arrive at the answers to suchquestions, you
can understand that the number of data points that the machine would require to deduce a
strategy would be very large. In case of supervised learning, the machine can be trained with
even about few thousands of data points. However, in case of unsupervised learning, the
number of data points that is reasonably accepted for learning starts in a few millions. These
days, the data is generally abundantly available. The data ideally requires curating. However,
the amount of data that is continuously flowing in a social area network, in most cases data
curation is an impossible task.

The following figure shows the boundary between the yellow and red dots as determined by
unsupervised machine learning. You can see it clearly that the machine would be able to
determine the class of each of the black dots with a fairly good accuracy.

Source: https://chrisjmccormick.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/approx_decision_boun dary.png

The unsupervised learning has shown a great success in many modern AI applications,such as
face detection, object detection, and so on.

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ReinforcementLearning
Consider training a pet dog, we train our pet to bring a ball to us. We throw the ball at a
certain distance and ask the dog to fetch it back to us. Every time the dog does this right, we
reward the dog. Slowly, the dog learns that doing the job rightly gives him a reward and then
the dog starts doing the job right way every time in future. Exactly, this conceptis applied in
“Reinforcement” type of learning. The technique was initially developed for machines to play
games. The machine is given an algorithm to analyze all possible movesat each stage of the
game. The machine may select one of the moves at random. If the move is right, the machine
is rewarded, otherwise it may be penalized. Slowly, the machine will start differentiating
between right and wrong moves and after several iterations would learn to solve the game
puzzle with a better accuracy. The accuracy of winning the game would improve as the
machine plays more and more games.

The entire process may be depicted in the following diagram:

This technique of machine learning differs from the supervised learning in that you need not
supply the labelled input/output pairs. The focus is on finding the balance between exploring
the new solutions versus exploiting the learned solutions.

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DeepLearning
The deep learning is a model based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), more specifically
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)s. There are several architectures used in deep
learning such as deep neural networks, deep belief networks, recurrent neural networks, and
convolutional neural networks.
These networks have been successfully applied in solving the problems of computer vision,
speech recognition, natural language processing, bioinformatics, drug design, medical image
analysis, and games. There are several other fields in which deep learning is proactively
applied. The deep learning requires huge processing power and humongous data, which is
generally easily available these days.
We will talk about deep learning more in detail in the coming chapters.

DeepReinforcementLearning
The Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) combines the techniques of both deep and
reinforcement learning. The reinforcement learning algorithms like Q-learning are now
combined with deep learning to create a powerful DRL model. The technique has been witha
great success in the fields of robotics, video games, finance and healthcare. Many previously
unsolvable problems are now solved by creating DRL models. There is lots of research going
on in this area and this is very actively pursued by the industries.
So far, you have got a brief introduction to various machine learning models, now let us
explore slightly deeper into various algorithms that are available under these models.

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6. Machine Learning – Supervised Learning Machine Learning

Supervised learning is one of the important models of learning involved in training machines.
This chapter talks in detail about the same.

AlgorithmsforSupervisedLearning
There are several algorithms available for supervised learning. Some of the widely used
algorithms of supervised learning are as shown below:

 k-Nearest Neighbours
 Decision Trees
 Naive Bayes
 Logistic Regression
 Support Vector Machines
As we move ahead in this chapter, let us discuss in detail about each of the algorithms.

k-NearestNeighbours
The k-Nearest Neighbours, which is simply called kNN is a statistical technique that can be
used for solving for classification and regression problems. Let us discuss the case of
classifying an unknown object using kNN. Consider the distribution of objects as shown inthe
image given below:

Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-nearest_neighbors_algorithm

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The diagram shows three types of objects, marked in red, blue and green colors. When you
run the kNN classifier on the above dataset, the boundaries for each type of object will be
marked as shown below:

Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-nearest_neighbors_algorithm

Now, consider a new unknown object that you want to classify as red, green or blue. This is
depicted in the figure below.

As you see it visually, the unknown data point belongs to a class of blue objects. Mathematically, this
can be concluded by measuring the distance of this unknown point with every other point in the data
set. When you do so, you will know that most of its neighbours are of blue color. The average
distance to red and green objects would be definitely more than the average distance to blue objects.
Thus, this unknown object canbe classified as belonging to blue class.

The kNN algorithm can also be used for regression problems. The kNN algorithm is available as
ready-to-use in most of the ML libraries.

DecisionTrees
A simple decision tree in a flowchart format is shown below:

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You would write a code to classify your input data based on this flowchart. The flowchart is
self-explanatory and trivial. In this scenario, you are trying to classify an incoming email to
decide when to read it.
In reality, the decision trees can be large and complex. There are several algorithms available
to create and traverse these trees. As a Machine Learning enthusiast, you need to understand
and master these techniques of creating and traversing decision trees.

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NaiveBayes
Naive Bayes is used for creating classifiers. Suppose you want to sort out (classify) fruits of
different kinds from a fruit basket. You may use features such as color, size and shape of a
fruit, For example, any fruit that is red in color, is round in shape and is about 10 cm in
diameter may be considered as Apple. So to train the model, you would use these features and
test the probability that a given feature matches the desired constraints. The probabilities of
different features are then combined to arrive at a probability that a givenfruit is an Apple.
Naive Bayes generally requires a small number of training data for classification.

LogisticRegression
Look at the following diagram. It shows the distribution of data points in XY plane.

From the diagram, we can visually inspect the separation of red dots from green dots. Youmay
draw a boundary line to separate out these dots. Now, to classify a new data point, you will
just need to determine on which side of the line the point lies

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SupportVectorMachines
Look at the following distribution of data. Here the three classes of data cannot be linearly
separated. The boundary curves are non-linear. In such a case, finding the equation of thecurve
becomes a complex job.

Source: http://uc-r.github.io/svm

The Support Vector Machines (SVM) comes handy in determining the separation boundaries
in such situations.

Fortunately, most of the time you do not have to code the algorithms mentioned in the
previous lesson. There are many standard libraries which provide the ready-to-use
implementation of these algorithms. One such toolkit that is popularly used is scikit-learn.The
figure below illustrates the kind of algorithms which are available for your use in thislibrary.

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Source: https://scikit-learn.org/stable/tutorial/machine_learning_map/index.html

The use of these algorithms is trivial and since these are well and field tested, you can safely
use them in your AI applications. Most of these libraries are free to use even for commercial
purposes

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8. Machine Learning – Unsupervised Learning

So far what you have seen is making the machine learn to find out the solution to our target.
In regression, we train the machine to predict a future value. In classification, we train the
machine to classify an unknown object in one of the categories defined by us. Inshort, we have
been training machines so that it can predict Y for our data X. Given a hugedata set and not
estimating the categories, it would be difficult for us to train the machine using supervised
learning. What if the machine can look up and analyze the big data running into several
Gigabytes and Terabytes and tell us that this data contains so manydistinct categories?
As an example, consider the voter’s data. By considering some inputs from each voter (these
are called features in AI terminology), let the machine predict that there are so many voters
who would vote for X political party and so many would vote for Y, and so on. Thus, in
general, we are asking the machine given a huge set of data points X, “Whatcan you tell me
about X?”. Or it may be a question like “What are the five best groups we can make out of
X?”. Or it could be even like “What three features occur together most frequently in X?”.

This is exactly the Unsupervised Learning is all about.

AlgorithmsforUnsupervisedLearning
Let us now discuss one of the widely used algorithms for classification in unsupervised
machine learning.

k-means clustering
The 2000 and 2004 Presidential elections in the United States were close — very close. The
largest percentage of the popular vote that any candidate received was 50.7% and the lowest
was 47.9%. If a percentage of the voters were to have switched sides, the outcome of the
election would have been different. There are small groups of voters who, when properly
appealed to, will switch sides. These groups may not be huge, but with suchclose races, they
may be big enough to change the outcome of the election. How do you find these groups of
people? How do you appeal to them with a limited budget? The answer is clustering.
Let us understand how it is done.
 First, you collect information on people either with or without their consent: any sort
of information that might give some clue about what is important to them andwhat will
influence how they vote.

 Then you put this information into some sort of clustering algorithm.

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 Next, for each cluster (it would be smart to choose the largest one first) you crafta
message that will appeal to these voters.

 Finally, you deliver the campaign and measure to see if it’s working.

Clustering is a type of unsupervised learning that automatically forms clusters of similar

things. It is like automatic classification. You can cluster almost anything, and the more
similar the items are in the cluster, the better the clusters are. In this chapter, we are going to
study one type of clustering algorithm called k-means. It is called k-means because it finds ‘k’
unique clusters, and the center of each cluster is the mean of the valuesin that cluster.

Cluster Identification
Cluster identification tells an algorithm, “Here’s some data. Now group similar things
together and tell me about those groups.” The key difference from classification is that in
classification you know what you are looking for. While that is not the case in clustering.
Clustering is sometimes called unsupervised classification because it produces the same
result as classification does but without having predefined classes.
Now, we are comfortable with both supervised and unsupervised learning. To understandthe
rest of the machine learning categories, we must first understand Artificial Neural Networks
(ANN), which we will learn in the next chapter.
9. MachineLearning–ArtificialNeuralNetworks

The idea of artificial neural networks was derived from the neural networks in the human
brain. The human brain is really complex. Carefully studying the brain, the scientists and
engineers came up with an architecture that could fit in our digital world of binary computers.
One such typical architecture is shown in the diagram below:

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There is an input layer which has many sensors to collect data from the outside world. Onthe
right hand side, we have an output layer that gives us the result predicted by the network. In
between these two, several layers are hidden. Each additional layer adds further complexity in
training the network, but would provide better results in most of the situations. There are
several types of architectures designed which we will discuss now.

ANNArchitectures
The diagram below shows several ANN architectures developed over a period of time and
are in practice today.

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Source: https://towardsdatascience.com/the-mostly-complete-chart-of-neural-networks-explained-
3fb6f2367464

Each architecture is developed for a specific type of application. Thus, when you use a neural
network for your machine learning application, you will have to use either one of the existing
architecture or design your own. The type of application that you finally decideupon depends
on your application needs. There is no single guideline that tells you to usea specific network
architecture.

10. MachineLearning–DeepLearning
Deep Learning uses ANN. First we will look at a few deep learning applications that will give
you an idea of its power.

Applications
Deep Learning has shown a lot of success in several areas of machine learning applications.
Self-driving Cars: The autonomous self-driving cars use deep learning techniques. They
generally adapt to the ever changing traffic situations and get better and better at drivingover a
period of time.
Speech Recognition: Another interesting application of Deep Learning is speech recognition.
All of us use several mobile apps today that are capable of recognizing our speech. Apple’s
Siri, Amazon’s Alexa, Microsoft’s Cortena and Google’s Assistant – all these use deep learning
techniques.
Mobile Apps: We use several web-based and mobile apps for organizing our photos. Face
detection, face ID, face tagging, identifying objects in an image – all these use deep learning.

UntappedOpportunitiesofDeepLearning
After looking at the great success deep learning applications have achieved in many domains,
people started exploring other domains where machine learning was not so far applied. There
are several domains in which deep learning techniques are successfully applied and there are
many other domains which can be exploited. Some of these are discussed here:
 Agriculture is one such industry where people can apply deep learning techniquesto
improve the crop yield.

 Consumer finance is another area where machine learning can greatly help in
providing early detection on frauds and analyzing customer’s ability to pay.

 Deep learning techniques are also applied to the field of medicine to create new
drugs and provide a personalized prescription to a patient.
The possibilities are endless and one has to keep watching as the new ideas and developments
pop up frequently.

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What is Required forAchieving More Using Deep Learning?

To use deep learning, supercomputing power is a mandatory requirement. You need both
memory as well as the CPU to develop deep learning models. Fortunately, today we have an
easy availability of HPC – High Performance Computing. Due to this, the developmentof the
deep learning applications that we mentioned above became a reality today and inthe future
too we can see the applications in those untapped areas that we discussed earlier.
Now, we will look at some of the limitations of deep learning that we must consider before
using it in our machine learning application.

DeepLearning-Disadvantages
Some of the important points that you need to consider before using deep learning are listed
below:
 Black Box approach
 Duration of Development
 Amount of Data
 Computationally Expensive

We will now study each one of these limitations in detail.

Black Box approach

An ANN is like a blackbox. You give it a certain input and it will provide you a specific
output. The following diagram shows you one such application where you feed an animal
image to a neural network and it tells you that the image is of a dog.

Why this is called a black-box approach is that you do not know why the network came upwith
a certain result. You do not know how the network concluded that it is a dog? Now consider a
banking application where the bank wants to decide the creditworthiness of a client. The
network will definitely provide you an answer to this question. However, will you be able to
justify it to a client? Banks need to explain it to their customers why the loan is not
sanctioned?

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Duration of Development
The process of training a neural network is depicted in the diagram below:

You first define the problem that you want to solve, create a specification for it, decide onthe
input features, design a network, deploy it and test the output. If the output is not asexpected,
take this as a feedback to restructure your network. This is an iterative processand may require
several iterations until the time network is fully trained to produce desiredoutputs.

Amount of Data
The deep learning networks usually require a huge amount of data for training, while the
traditional machine learning algorithms can be used with a great success even with just afew
thousands of data points. Fortunately, the data abundance is growing at 40% per yearand CPU
processing power is growing at 20% per year as seen in the diagram given below:

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Computationally Expensive
Training a neural network requires several times more computational power than the one
required in running traditional algorithms. Successful training of deep Neural Networks may
require several weeks of training time.
In contrast to this, traditional machine learning algorithms take only a few minutes/hoursto
train. Also, the amount of computational power needed for training deep neural networkheavily
depends on the size of your data and how deep and complex the network is?
After having an overview of what Machine Learning is, its capabilities, limitations, and
applications, let us now dive into learning “Machine Learning”.

11. Machine Learning – Skills for Machine Learning

Machine Learning has a very large width and requires skills across several domains. The
skills that you need to acquire for becoming an expert in Machine Learning are listed below:

 Statistics
 Probability Theories
 Calculus
 Optimization techniques
 Visualization

NecessityofVariousSkillsofMachineLearning
To give you a brief idea of what skills you need to acquire, let us discuss some examples:

Mathematical Notation
Most of the machine learning algorithms are heavily based on mathematics. The level of
mathematics that you need to know is probably just a beginner level. What is important is that
you should be able to read the notation that mathematicians use in their equations.For example
- if you are able to read the notation and comprehend what it means, you are ready for
learning machine learning. If not, you may need to brush up yourmathematics knowledge.

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Probability Theory
Here is an example to test your current knowledge of probability theory: Classifying with
conditional probabilities.

With these definitions, we can define the Bayesian classification rule:

 If P(c1|x, y) > P(c2|x, y) , the class is c1 .
 If P(c1|x, y) < P(c2|x, y) , the class is c2 .

Optimization Problem
Here is an optimization function

Subject to the following constraints:

If you can read and understand the above, you are all set.

Visualization
In many cases, you will need to understand the various types of visualization plots to
understand your data distribution and interpret the results of the algorithm’s output.

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Besides the above theoretical aspects of machine learning, you need good programmingskills to
code those algorithms.

So what does it take to implement ML? Let us look into this in the next chapter.

12. MachineLearning– ImplementingMachine Learning

To develop ML applications, you will have to decide on the platform, the IDE and the
language for development. There are several choices available. Most of these would meetyour
requirements easily as all of them provide the implementation of AI algorithms discussed so
far.
If you are developing the ML algorithm on your own, the following aspects need to be
understood carefully:
The language of your choice – this essentially is your proficiency in one of the languages
supported in ML development.
The IDE that you use – This would depend on your familiarity with the existing IDEs and
your comfort level.
Development platform – There are several platforms available for development and
deployment. Most of these are free-to-use. In some cases, you may have to incur a licensefee
beyond a certain amount of usage. Here is a brief list of choice of languages, IDEs and
platforms for your ready reference.

LanguageChoice
Here is a list of languages that support ML development:
 Python
 R
 Matlab
 Octave
 Julia
 C++
 C

This list is not essentially comprehensive; however, it covers many popular languages used in
machine learning development. Depending upon your comfort level, select a language for the
development, develop your models and test.

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IDEs
Here is a list of IDEs which support ML development:
 R Studio
 Pycharm
 Python/Jupyter Notebook

 Julia
 Spyder
 Anaconda
 Rodeo
 Google –Colab

The above list is not essentially comprehensive. Each one has its own merits and demerits.The
reader is encouraged to try out these different IDEs before narrowing down to a singleone.

Platforms
Here is a list of platforms on which ML applications can be deployed:

 IBM
 Microsoft Azure
 Google Cloud
 Amazon
 Mlflow

Once again this list is not exhaustive. The reader is encouraged to sign-up for
the above-mentioned services and try them out themselves.

13. MachineLearning– Conclusion

This tutorial has introduced you to Machine Learning. Now, you know that Machine
Learning is a technique of training machines to perform the activities a human brain can do,
albeit bit faster and better than an average human-being. Today we have seen that the
machines can beat human champions in games such as Chess, AlphaGO, which are
considered very complex. You have seen that machines can be trained to perform human
activities in several areas and can aid humans in living better lives.
Machine Learning can be a Supervised or Unsupervised. If you have lesser amount of dataand

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clearly labelled data for training, opt for Supervised Learning. Unsupervised Learningwould
generally give better performance and results for large data sets. If you have a huge data set
easily available, go for deep learning techniques. You also have learned Reinforcement
Learning and Deep Reinforcement Learning. You now know what Neural Networks are, their
applications and limitations.
Finally, when it comes to the development of machine learning models of your own, you
looked at the choices of various development languages, IDEs and Platforms. Next thing that
you need to do is start learning and practicing each machine learning technique. Thesubject is
vast, it means that there is width, but if you consider the depth, each topic canbe learned in a
few hours. Each topic is independent of each other. You need to take into consideration one
topic at a time, learn it, practice it and implement the algorithm/s in it using a language choice
of yours. This is the best way to start studying Machine Learning. Practicing one topic at a
time, very soon you would acquire the width that is eventually required of a Machine
Learning expert.
Good Luck!

THANK YOU

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