Chapter 1:

The Database Environment

Modern Database Management

8th Edition
Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Mary B. Prescott,
Fred R. McFadden

© 2007 by Prentice Hall 1

 Objectives
■ Definition of terms
■ Explain growth and importance of databases
■ Name limitations of conventional file processing
■ Identify five categories of databases
■ Explain advantages of databases
■ Identify costs and risks of databases
■ List components of database environment
■ Describe evolution of database systems

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 3
 Definitions
■ Database: organized collection of logically
related data
■ Data: stored representations of meaningful
objects and events
■ Structured: numbers, text, dates
■ Unstructured: images, video, documents
■ Information: data processed to increase
knowledge in the person using the data
■ Metadata: data that describes the properties
and context of user data
Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 4
 Figure 1-1a Data in context

Context helps users understand data

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 5

 Figure 1-1b Summarized data

Graphical displays turn data into useful

information that managers can use for
decision making and interpretation
Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 6
 Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the
data, including data types, field sizes, allowable
values, and data context

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 7

 Disadvantages of File Processing
■ Program-Data Dependence
■ All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
■ Duplication of Data
■ Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data
■ Limited Data Sharing
■ No centralized control of data
■ Lengthy Development Times
■ Programmers must design their own file formats
■ Excessive Program Maintenance
■ 80% of information systems budget
*Read case study given on page 11 (book)

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 8

 Problems with Data Dependency
■ Each application programmer must maintain
his/her own data
■ Each application program needs to include
code for the metadata of each file
■ Each application program must have its own
processing routines for reading, inserting,
updating, and deleting data
■ Lack of coordination and central control
■ Non-standard file formats

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 9

 Figure 1-3 Old file processing systems at Pine Valley
Furniture Company
Duplicate Data

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 10

Problems with Data Redundancy

■ Waste of space to have duplicate data

■ Causes more maintenance headaches
■ The biggest problem:
■ Data changes in one file could cause
inconsistencies
■ Compromises in data integrity

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 11

 SOLUTION:
The DATABASE Approach
■ Central repository of shared data
■ Data is managed by a controlling
agent
■ Stored in a standardized, convenient
form

Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 12

 Database Management System
■ A software system that is used to create, maintain, and provide
controlled access to user databases

Order Filing
System

Invoicing Central database

DBMS
System
Contains employee,
order, inventory,
pricing, and
Payroll
customer data
System

DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages hardware resources

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 13

Advantages of the Database Approach
■ Program-data independence
■ Planned data redundancy
■ Improved data consistency
■ Improved data sharing
■ Increased application development productivity
■ Enforcement of standards
■ Improved data quality
■ Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
■ Reduced program maintenance
■ Improved decision support

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 14

 Costs and Risks of the Database
Approach
■ New, specialized personnel
■ Installation and management cost and
complexity
■ Conversion costs
■ Need for explicit backup and recovery
■ Organizational conflict

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 15

Elements of the Database Approach
■ Data models
■ Graphical system capturing nature and relationship of data
■ Enterprise Data Model–high-level entities and relationships for
the organization
■ Project Data Model–more detailed view, matching data structure
in database or data warehouse
■ Relational Databases
■ Database technology involving tables (relations) representing
entities and primary/foreign keys representing relationships
■ Use of Internet Technology
■ Networks and telecommunications, distributed databases, client-
server, and 3-tier architectures
■ Database Applications
■ Application programs used to perform database activities
(create, read, update, and delete) for database users

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 16

 Segment of an Enterprise Data Model

Segment of a Project-Level Data Model

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 17

 One customer
may place many
orders, but each
order is placed by
a single customer
🡪 One-to-many
relationship

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 18

 One order has
many order lines;
each order line is
associated with a
single order
🡪 One-to-many
relationship

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 19

 One product can
be in many
order lines, each
order line refers
to a single
product
🡪 One-to-
many
relationship

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 20

 Therefore, one
order involves
many products
and one product is
involved in many
orders

🡪 Many-to-
many relationship

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 21

Figure 1-4 Enterprise data model for Figure 1-3 segments

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 22

 Figure 1-5 Components of the Database Environment

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 23

 Components of the
Database Environment
■ CASE Tools–computer-aided software engineering
■ Repository–centralized storehouse of metadata
■ Database Management System (DBMS) –software
for managing the database
■ Database–storehouse of the data
■ Application Programs–software using the data
■ User Interface–text and graphical displays to users
■ Data/Database Administrators–personnel
responsible for maintaining the database
■ System Developers–personnel responsible for
designing databases and software
■ End Users–people who use the applications and
databases
Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 24
The Range of Database Applications

■ Personal databases
■ Workgroup databases
■ Departmental/divisional databases
■ Enterprise database

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 25

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 26
 Figure 1-6
Typical data
from a
personal
database

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 27

 Figure 1-7 Workgroup database with wireless
local area network

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 28

Enterprise Database Applications

■ Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

■ Integrate all enterprise functions
(manufacturing, finance, sales, marketing,
inventory, accounting, human resources)
■ Data Warehouse
■ Integrated decision support system derived
from various operational databases

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 29

 Figure 1-8 An enterprise data warehouse

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 30

 Evolution of DB Systems

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 31

 Quiz no.1

■ From chapter 1
■ Time: 30 min, Marks 10
■ 1st one hour class and last half hour for
quiz.

Chapter 1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 32