E.S.

LORDS INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

VILLUPURAM

PHYSICS PROJECT

ACADEMIC YEAR : 2022 – 2023

NAME :
CLASS : XII
ROLL NO :
TOPIC :

SUBMITTED BY :

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 CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE

This is to certify that this Physics Investigatory Project on the

topic ‘ ‘has been
successfully completed by

of Class XII under the guidance of

in particular fulfilment of the curriculum of Central Board of

Secondary Education leading to the award of annual
examination of the year 2022-23.

Sign of External Examiner Sign of Internal Examiner

Sign of Principal

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many

people have best owned upon me their blessings and heart
pledge support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the people
who have been concerned with this project.

Primarily I would like to thank god for being able to

complete this project with success. Then I would like to thank
my principal Mr. Gunasekaran, my co-ordinator Mr.R. Mark and
our subject teacher Mr. A.Arunagiri whose valuable guidance
has been the ones that helped us to patch this project and make
it full proof success, his suggestions and instruction has served
as the major contribution towards the completion of this project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and my classmates

who helped me with valuable suggestions for finalizing and
completion of project.

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 INDEX

S.NO CONTENT PAGE

1 Aim of the project

2 About the topic

3 Introduction

4 Circuit diagram

5 Apparatus required

6 Principle and formulae

7 Procedure

8 Observation

9 Result

10 Closure

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 AIM OF THE PROJECT

To study the various factors

on which the internal

resistance/EMF of a cell

depends

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 INTRODUCTION

There is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic

appliances and the use is increasing every day. Thus the batteries

need to be made more powerful so that their potential can be

increased greatly.

Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis for

the factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell.

When internal resistance of the cell is decreased, we can

increase the potential difference across it and hence make it

more reliable.

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INTERNAL RESISTANCE:

 Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered

by the electrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions.

 Its SI unit is Ohm (Ω)

 For a cell of e.m.f (E) and internal resistance (r),

connected to an external resistance (R) such the (I) is
the current flowing through the circuit,

𝑬 = 𝑽 + 𝑰𝒓

𝑬−𝑽
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒓 =
𝑰
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 APPARATUS REQUIRED

 A potentiometer

 A battery

 Two one way keys

 Rheostat

 Galvanometer

 A resistance box

 An Ammeter

 A cell

 Jockey

 Connecting Wire

 Sand Paper

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 PRINCIPLE

The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its

electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal resistance of a cell

 is directly proportional to the distance between the

electrodes.

 is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the

electrodes in electrolyte.

 decreases with increase in temperature of

electrolyte.

 is inversely proportional to concentration of the

electrolyte.

The internal resistance of a cell is given by

𝑬−𝑽
𝒓=
𝑰

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 PROCEDURE

1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and

make tight connections according to the circuit diagram.

2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.

3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and make sure

that e.m.f of the battery is more than that of the cell, otherwise

null or balance point will not be obtained.

To study the variation of internal resistance with distance of

separation

4. Keep both the electrodes at the distance of 16cm.

5. Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat

resistance small.

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6. Without inserting a plug key k2. Adjust the rheostat so that a

null point is obtained on the last wire in the potentiometer.

7. Determine the position of the null point accurately using a set

square and measure the balancing length (l1) between the null

point and the point P.

8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K1 and K2. At the same

time, take out small resistance (1-5ohm) from the shunt

resistance box connected in parallel with the cell.

9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain the

null point.

10. Measure the balancing length (L2) from end P. Record the

observations.

11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.

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12. The remove the plugs of key K1 and K2. Wait for sometime

and repeat steps 7 to 10.

13. Next, keep the electrodes 9cm apart to obtain another set of

observations.

OBSERVATION

S.No Ammeter Position of null Shunt Internal

reading point (cm) Resistance resistance
R(Ω) r(Ω)
With Without
R(l1) R(l2)

1 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94

2 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77

3 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51

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 RESULT

 The Electromotive force of the cell is constant and is equal

to E = 0.98 Volt

 The internal proportional of a cell is directly proportional to

the separation between the electrodes.

PRECAUTIONS
 The connections should be neat, clean and tight.

 The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the

observations are to be taken.

 The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and E2

should, all be connected to the terminal at the zero of the

wires.

 The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It

should touch the wire gently.

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