Chapter 9: Integrals and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

n=5 n = 15

n = 50 n=

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 9.1 Integrating Using the Fundamental Theorem

Warm up

Approximate using a left rectangular approximation method with:

a) 3 equal subintervals x

3
b) 4 equal subintervals
4

6
c) 6 equal subintervals 7

10
d) 12 equal subintervals 11

12

13

e) Use your calculator to determine the exact

value of
What happens to the
approximations as we
increase the number of
rectangles?

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Example 1: Making the Connection Between the Area Under a Curve and the
Antiderivative.

a) Write the area in terms of and given , then

calculate the value of the integral.

b) Determine
How to Do It What to Think About
How can you split up the area
a) under the curve from 0 to 8 at
x = 2 into two known shapes?

What is the connection between

and ?

b)

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 Your Turn

Write the area in terms of and given then calculate

the value of the integral over the interval [2, 4]

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Definition: The Definite Integral (more formally)

Let f be a continuous function defined

on a closed interval . Let the
interval be subdivided into n intervals of
equal length . As we increase

the number of subdivisions, , and

, we can use an infinite number
of infinitely thin rectangular slices to
calculate a more accurate
approximation for the area under a
curve by using a limit.
The Riemann sum of all these rectangles calculates the area under the curve as
follows,

where is an x-value chosen arbitrarily in the subinterval. Mathematicians chose

new notation using the differential, , to write the definite integral of f over
as:

If is integrable over a closed interval , then the area under the curve
from a to b is the integral of f from a to b,

The above statement is read “integral of f from a to b”.

a lower limit of integration b upper limit of integration
is the function of the integrand. the integral sign
is the variable of integration.

See: https://www.desmos.com/calculator/tgyr42ezjq for an exploration of this

concept.

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 Theorem: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If a function f(x) is continuous on a closed interval [a, b] and F(x) is the
antiderivative of f(x) on the interval [a, b], then

Note: It is not necessary to include the constant of integration C in the antiderivative

because

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 Example 2: Using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Evaluate the following:

a) b)

How to Do It What to Think About

a) How do you use the
antiderivative and the
fundamental of theorem of
calculus to solve?

Why is the answer in b) negative?

b)

How does this relate to the

graph?

What conclusion can you make?

How do you know before you

start if the answer will be
negative or positive?

Your Turn
Evaluate the following:

1.
2.

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 Example 3: Connecting the FTC to the Net Area Under the Curve

Find graphically and confirm your answer using the FTC.

How to Do It What to Think About

What do you notice about the
Graphically the area is 0 because of the symmetry of shape?
the graph of the function (odd)

Is there any symmetry?

Can you guess what the net area

will be?

Compare the areas on either side

of the x-axis, what conclusion can
you make?

Does your answer make sense?

How do you know before you

start if the answer will be
negative or positive or zero?

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 Definition:
If f is a function whose domain contains x whenever it contains x, then
a. f is even if for all x in the domain of f

b. f is odd if for all x in the domain of f

Your Turn
Solve the following graphically then confirm using the Fundamental Theorem.

a. b.

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 SUMMARY – Graphical connections to the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
The observations made can be summarized as follows:
1. If is above the x-axis between a and b then

2. If is below the x-axis between a and b then a b

a b

3. If is above and below the x-axis between a and b then

which is the net area.

A1 A3
a A2 b

4.

5.

a b c
6.

Note: when b > a, and we calculate the integral from b to a, dx < 0.

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 Example 4: Changing the Limits of Integration When using the Substitution Method

Solve by substitution.

How to do it What to think about

How would you integrate using
substitution if this was an
indefinite integral?

What values will u take, when

integrating over ?

Why must you change the

constants of integration when
using substitution?

Your Turn

Solve

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 Practice
Evaluate each integral:

1. 5.

2. 6.

3. 7.

4. 8.

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9. Given: . Let . Change the limits of integration and write the

new integral in terms of u, then solve.

10. Evaluate the integral and leave the answer in exact form

11. Suppose , then evaluate

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 12. Given , , and find

a.

b.

c.

13. Given and , find

a.

b.

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9.2 Derivative of a Definite Integral

Warm Up

Today we are going to analyze the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus more closely.
Consider what the theorem states:

What is the relationship between and ?

For the integral identify and

Can you state the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus an alternative way?

487
 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus can be stated another way

This represents the notion that the integral of a rate of change function gives us the net
change of the integral function over the interval of integration.

Example 1: Evaluate the Derivative of a Definite Integral

a) b)

How to Do It What to Think About

a) What does ask you to do?

What does ask you to do?

How does your answer relate to

the original integrand?

b)
What does ask you to do?

What does ask you to do?

How does your answer relate to

the original integrand??

488
 There is one other form of the FTC often called the Second Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus:

If the function g is defined as a  x  b then for a < x < b.

In other words, g is an antiderivative of f and therefore f is the derivative of g.

The second fundamental theorem of calculus is sometimes referred to as the Newton-

Leibniz axiom

Your Turn
What does each expression represent?

a) b)

489
 Example 2: Evaluate Using the Second Fundamental Theorem with the Chain Rule

a) b)

How to Do It What to Think About

a) What is different about this
expression?

When differentiating which rule

must you follow when there is a
function in the place of a
constant of integration?

b)
What part of the expression
indicates that the chain rule must
be used?

490
 Theorem: Extension of the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Your Turn
What does each expression represent?

a) b)

491
 Example 3: Connecting the FTC to the Area Under the Curve

Consider the Area Function

Evaluate the following:

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

How to Do It What to Think About

a) What do the constants of
integration mean graphically?

b)
What does represent
graphically?

492
c) Why is the answer negative?

d)
What does the derivative of the
area function represent
graphically?

e)
How is the value of this
expression represented
graphically?

f)
Why is this solution not negative?

493
 Your Turn

Let where f(t) is the function graphed here.

a) Evaluate . y
3

1
x
b) Estimate .
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1

-2

-3

c) On what interval is g(x) increasing?

d) Where does g have its maximum value?

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Practice

Evaluate each expression:

1. 6. For , find .

2.

7. For , find .

3.

8. For , find .

4.

9. For , find .
5.

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 10. for .

a) Find the value of x where F attains its minimum value.

b) Find open intervals over which F is only increasing or only decreasing.

c) Find open intervals over which F is only concave up or only concave down.

496
11. Let where is the function graphed to the right.

a) At what values of x do the local maximum

and minimum of g occur? 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1

-2

-3

-4

b) Where does g attain its absolute maximum?

c) On what intervals is g concave downward?

497
 9.3 The Average Value of a Function

Warm Up
The area of the two shaded regions are equal.

a) Find the area under the curve g(x) on the interval

[1,3].

b) Find the value of g(c), such that the area of the

rectangle on the interval [1,3] is equal to the area
under the curve of on the interval [1,3]

c) How is g(c) related to the area of g(x)?

d) Is the c the midpoint of the interval?

The area under any curve, , can

be represented as a rectangle with

height g(c) over the interval [a,b].
Can you write this relationship as an
equation?

498
 Definition: The Average Value of a function

If f is integrable on the interval [a,b] then is the average value of the

function on the interval.

Example 1: Finding the Average Value of a Function on an Interval

a) Find the average value of the function on the interval .
b) Find c such that is the average value of on the interval [0,2].

How to Do It What to Think About

a) The graphs below show equivalent areas. Graphically, what does the
average value represent?

Why does dividing the integral by

the width of the interval gives us
the average value?

Let be the average value of f over the specified interval.

499
 b) What value will the function have
at c?

Your Turn

a) What is the average value of the function on the interval ?

b) Find c such that is the average value of on the interval [0,4].

500
Theorem: Mean Value Theorem for Integrals

If f is a continuous function on , then there exists a number c in such that:

The area under the graph of f from a to b is equal to the product of the interval length
and the average value . The average value is the height of the area
represented as a rectangle.

The average value (mean value) of the rate of change function can be written and
shown in two ways:

You will recognize the first as the average value of on , otherwise known as the
average rate of change of f on . The second, you will recognize from the mean
value theorem as the average rate of change of f on .
Using the fundamental theorem of calculus, we can see how these two expressions are
equivalent.

Thus, if we are looking for the average rate of change for a function and we are given
the derivative function, we use the mean value theorem for integrals

If we are looking for the average rate of change for a function and we are given the
original function, we use the mean value theorem for derivatives .

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 Example 2: Finding the Average Rate of Change
Find the average velocity for given each situation below

a) The position function

b) The velocity function

How to Do It What to Think About

What formula should you use to
a) The average velocity is the average rate of change of calculate the average value?
position over time.

Why do you not use an integral?

What formula should you use to

calculate the average value?

b) The average velocity can be found using the mean

value theorem for integrals.
What do you get when you
integrate a rate of change?

How do you determine the

average value given the net
change over an interval?

502
Your Turn
Show that the average velocity of a car over a time interval [a,b] is the same as the average of
its velocities during the trip.

Practice
1. Let f be a continuous function on [0, 3]. If, then the greatest possible value

of is

2. Find the average value of the function on the interval

3. Let be a continuous function on . If , what are the greatest and

smallest possible values of ?

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 4. Find the average value of the function on the given interval
a.

b.

5. Given the graph of f

a. Evaluate

b. Determine the average value of f

on the interval [0,8]

c. Determine the answer to a, b is the graph if translated 3 units upwards

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9.4 The Integral as Net Change

Warm Up
Given the graph of the velocity of a
particle moving on the x-axis. The
particle starts at
x = 2 when t = 0.

a) What is the net distance traveled by

the particle during the trip?

b) Find where the particle is at the end of the trip.

c) Find the total distance traveled by the particle.

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 Example 1: Motion Along a Line
The velocity of a particle is given by cm/sec. If the particle is moving along

a horizontal x-axis for ,

a) Draw the graph of the velocity function and describe the motion of the particle.
b) Find the net distance traveled by the particle in the first 4 seconds.
c) Suppose the initial position of the particle is . What is the particle’s position at
, .
d) Use your calculator to find the total distance traveled by the particle in the first 4
seconds
How to Do It What to Think About
How do we know from the graph
a) when it is moving left or right?

What is the point where the

direction changes?

The particle is moving to the left from and

to the right .

b) When you integrate the rate of

change function what do you get?

506
 c) at sec What does represent?

Why must we consider this when

determining the particle’s
at sec position at a different time?

d)
Which buttons do you need to
press to do this on your
calculator?

Your Turn

The velocity of a particle is given by cm/sec. If the particle is moving along

a horizontal x-axis for

a) What is the net distance traveled by the particle in the first 6 seconds?

b) Suppose the initial position of the particle is . What is the particle’s position at
, .

507
 c) What is the total distance traveled by the particle in the first 4 seconds?

Making Predictions using the FTC

Since the integral of a rate of change function gives us the net change of the original
function, we use the facts that and

to determine future or past values of the function.

We can rearrange the fundamental theorem of calculus to create the following

formula given the velocity function and one value, , to find a future value .
In other words, the value of x at b is the value of x at a plus the net change of x from a
to b.

or given , to find a past value

508
 Did You Know
Three hundred years before Newton and Leibniz first developed calculus Nicole Oresme
(1323 – 1382), in his Treatise on the Configuration of Qualities and Motions proved
geometrically that under uniform acceleration, the distance traveled is equal to the
distance traveled at constant average velocity.

Example 2: Using your Calculator to Solve Real-World Applications using Net Change
People enter a line for a turnstile at a rate modeled by the function given by

where is measured in people per second and t is measured in seconds. As people go

through the turnstile the exit the line at a constant rate of 0.85 person per second. There are
22 people in line at time .
a) How many people enter the line for the turnstile during the first 5 minutes?
b) During the first 5 minutes, there are always people in line. How many people are in
line at ?
c) After 5 minutes, what is the first time that there are no people in line?
d) During the first 5 minutes, at what time will the number of people in line be a
minimum? Find the number of people in line to the nearest whole number at this
time. Justify your answer.
How to Do It What to Think About
How do you determine the net
a) . change of people entering the
line in the first 5 minutes?

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 b) Let P be the number of people in line. y How many people are in line to
begin with?

How many people enter the line

in the first 5 minutes?

How many people exit the line in

the first 5 minutes?

c) Since 51 people are in line at the 5 minute mark, What equation can be used to
we simply need to determine how long it takes these model this situation?
51 people to pass through the turnstiles at a rate of
.85 person per second.
Are there other strategies to get
this answer?

Can we determine this by starting

at t = 0?

How can the rate of change

d) function be represented as
a piecewise function?

We look for critical points such that

Where do minimums occur?

Since changes from negative to positive,
has a minimum at by the first
derivative test. How can you justify that a
minimum has occurred?

How do you determine the net

change in people in line?

510
Can you write be as an
equation?

511
 Your Turn
Oil is pumped into an underground tank at a constant rate of 5 liters per second. Oil leaks out of
the tank at a rate of liters per second, for hours. At t = 0, the tank contains 115
liters of oil.
a) How many liters of oil leak out of the tank in the first 40 seconds?

b) How many liters of oil are in the tank at t = 40 seconds?

c) Write an expression for the total amount of oil in the tank at any time t

d) At what time t for seconds, is the amount of oil in the tank a maximum.
Justify your answer.

512
Practice

1. A particle moves along the x-axis so that its velocity at time t is oven by

. At time t = 0, the particle is at a position x = 2.

a) Find the acceleration of the particle at time t = 1. Is the speed of the particle increasing
at t = 1? Explain your answer.

b) Find all times in the open interval (0,5) when the particle changes direction. Justify your
answer.

c) What is the total distance traveled by the particle from t = 0 to t = 5?

d) What is the particles position at t = 4?

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 2. A 100-gallon aquarium in a dentist’s office contains a rare collection of fish at t = 0. During
a 12-hour period from 8:00 am t = 0 to 8:00pm t = 12 the doctor is cleaning the tank by
refilling the tank at a rate of and during the same time interval there is

water being removed from the tank at a rate of

a) How many gallons of water is being pumped into the tank during the time interval
hours?

b) Is the amount of water in the tank rising or falling at time t = 8 hours? Give a reason for
your solution.

c) How much water is in the tank at t = 12 hours?

d) At what time t between 8 am and 8 pm is the volume of the water in the fish tank th
least?

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9.5 Chapter Review
Find the average value over each interval.

3.
1.

2. 4. Show that the average value of is

equal to the average rate of change of f
over the interval [a, b]

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 Evaluate the following definite integrals

5. 8.

9.
6.

10.

7.
11.

Evaluate the derivative of the following.

12. 13.

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 14. 15.

Change the limits of integration and then evaluate the function.

16. 18.

17. 19.

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 20. Use the function f in the figure and the function g defined by to answer the

following:

a) Complete the chart.

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
g(x)

b) Plot the points from the table.

c) What are the absolute extreme(s) on [0,8]? Explain.

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21. The rate of consumption of an electric
vehicle was recorded during a road trip along
the coastal Chapman Peak’s Drive in Cape
Town, South Africa. The table of selected
values represents a twice-differentiable
function E(t) over time t for the interval of
minutes.

t kWh
(minutes) (per minute)
0 .21
10 .28
15 .3
25 .34
30 .3
40 .26

a) Determine and explain its meaning as it relates to E.

b) What can you state about the rate of consumption on the interval ?

c) Determine the value of using a trapezoidal sum of 5 subintervals. Explain

the significance of

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 22. The rate of growth of the radius of a tree is given by the
function where the radius r is

written in terms of the # of days, d. This is often due to

environmental changes both seasonal and those due to
natural disasters.

a) Is the rate of the radial growth of the tree increasing or

decreasing at d=62?

b) How much has the tree’s radial distance grown between days 30 and 80?

c) Suppose that a forest ranger measures the tree’s radius to be 7cm at the one-
month point and then determines that this function represents the tree’s radial
growth starting after its first month. What is the tree’s expected radius after 4
years? What was the average rate of growth over this time frame?
Determine the age of the tree at this point given the following process:

 Find the tree’s radius

 Subtract ¼”-1” to account for bark (dependent upon the species of tree)
 Research the average ring width online


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