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MATH 1018:WEEK 4

TODAY
• Geometry
• 2.1 Lines and Angles
• 2.2 Triangles
• 2.3 Quadrilaterals
• 2.4 Circles
• 2.6 Solid Geometric Figures
• Quiz #1

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Lines and Angles

• In geometry, the meanings of point, line, and plane are
accepted without being defined. These terms give us a
starting point for the definitions of other useful geometric
terms.
• The amount of rotation of a ray (or half-line) about its
endpoint is called an angle.
• Basic angles:

Lines and Angles

• EXAMPLE

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Lines and Angles

• Parallel lines and perpendicular lines
• EXAMPLE

Lines and Angles

• Supplementary angles and complementary angles
• If the sum of the measures of two angles is 180°, then the angles are
called supplementary angles.
• If the sum of the measures of two angles is 90°, the angles are
called complementary angles.
• EXAMPLE

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Lines and Angles

• Adjacent angles and vertical angles
• EXAMPLE

Lines and Angles

• In a plane, if a line crosses two or more parallel or nonparallel
lines, it is called a transversal.
• In Fig. 2.7, the corresponding angles are equal

• Also, the alternate-interior angles are equal

and the alternate-exterior angles are equal

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Lines and Angles

• When more than two parallel lines are crossed by two
transversals, such as is shown in Fig. 2.8, the segments of
the transversals between the same two parallel lines are
called corresponding segments.
• A useful theorem is that the ratios of corresponding
segments of the transversals are equal.

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Lines and Angles

• Segments of transversals
• EXAMPLE
• In Fig. 2.9, part of the beam structure within a building is
shown. The vertical beams are parallel. From the distances
between beams that are shown, determine the distance x
between the middle and right vertical beams.

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Triangles
• When part of a plane is bounded and closed by straight-line
segments, it is called a polygon, and it is named according
to the number of sides it has.
• A triangle has three sides, a quadrilateral has four sides,
a pentagon has five sides, a hexagon has six sides, and
so on.
• TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES
• Scalene triangle:
• Each side is of a different length

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Triangles
• TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES
• Isosceles triangle:
• Two of the sides are equal in length and the
two base angles (the angles opposite the
equal sides) are equal

• Equilateral triangle
• The three sides are equal in length, and each
of the three angles is 60°.

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Triangles
• TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES
• Right triangle:
• One of the angles is a right angle.
• The side opposite the right angle is the hypotenuse, and the other
two sides are called legs.

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Angles in a Triangle
In any Triangle:
• the 3 angles add to 180o : ∡𝐴 + ∡𝐵 + ∡𝐶 = 180
• Watch the video below to see that no matter how the angles
change they always add to 180o

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Angles in a Triangle
• EXAMPLE
• An airplane is flying north and then makes a 90° turn to the
west. Later, it makes another left turn of 150°. What is the
angle of a third left turn that will cause the plane to again
fly north?
• SOLUTION
• The sum of the measures of the interior
angles of the triangle is 180°, the interior
angle at B is

• The required angle is the supplement of 60°, which is 120°.

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Triangles – Base & Altitude

A Triangle is 3-sided polygon made from 3 straight-line segments
• We define:
• A Base
• We can choose which side of a triangle we want to call the base
• An Altitude
• Need to identify the vertex opposite the base
• Altitude is perpendicular distance from base to the opposite vertex

𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝒂𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆
𝒂𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝒂𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆

𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

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Triangles – Median & Centroid

• A line segment drawn from a vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of
the opposite side is called a median of the triangle. A basic
property of a triangle is that the three medians meet at a single
point, called the centroid of the triangle.
• Also, the three angle bisectors (lines from the vertices that divide
the angles in half) meet at a common point.

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Perimeter (P) of an Irregular Polygon

• Sum of the lengths of all the sides of the polygon
• The total distance around the polygon

A 6-sided Irregular Polygon

𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟑

𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟒
𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟓

𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟔
𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟐

𝑁𝑂𝑇𝐸: 𝑤𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑

𝑷𝒊𝒄𝒌 𝒂 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒙 𝒕𝒐 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒕 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒕
𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟏

𝑃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒3 + 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒4 + 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒5 + 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒6

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Perimeter (P) of a Polygon

• Sum of the lengths of all the sides of the polygon
• The total distance around the polygon

Triangle: a 3-sided polygon

𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟑
𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟐

𝑁𝑂𝑇𝐸: 𝑤𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑

𝑷𝒊𝒄𝒌 𝒂 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒙 𝒕𝒐 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒕 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒕
𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟏

𝑃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒3

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Perimeter of triangle
• EXAMPLE
• A roof has triangular trusses with sides of 2.56 m, 3.22 m,
and 4.89 m. Find the perimeter of one of these trusses. See
Fig.

• Using the definition, the perimeter of one of these trusses is

p = 2.56 + 3.22 + 4.89 = 10.67 m
• The perimeter is 10.67 m (to hundredths, since each side is
given to hundredths).

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Area of triangle
• The area A of a triangle of base b and altitude h is

• EXAMPLE
• Find the areas of the triangles in Figs. (a) and (b).

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Area of triangle
• Another formula for the area of a triangle that is particularly
useful when we have a triangle with three known sides and
no right angle is Hero’s formula, which is

• Where: 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 are the lengths of the sides, and 𝑠 is

one-half of the perimeter.

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Area of triangle
• EXAMPLE
• A surveyor measures the sides of a triangular parcel of land
between two intersecting straight roads to be 206 ft, 293 ft,
and 187 ft. Find the area of this parcel
• SOLUTION
• We first find s:

• Now, substituting in Hero’s formula, we have

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Pythagorean theorem
• In a right triangle, the square of the length of the
hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the lengths of
the other two sides.

• EXAMPLE
• A pole is perpendicular to the level ground around
it. A guy wire is attached 3.20 m up the pole and at
a point on the ground, 2.65 m from the pole. How
long is the guy wire?

• The guy wire is 4.15 m long.

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Similar triangles

• EXAMPLE
• A pair of similar triangles are shown below.

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Similar triangles
• EXAMPLE
• On level ground, a silo casts a shadow 24 ft long. At the same
time, a nearby vertical pole 4.0 ft high casts a shadow 3.0 ft
long. How tall is the silo?
• SOLUTION
• The rays of the sun are essentially
parallel. The two triangles in Fig. are
similar since each has a right angle
and the angles at the tops are equal.

• We conclude that the silo is 32 ft high.

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Quadrilaterals
• A quadrilateral is a closed plane figure with four sides, and
these four sides form four interior angles.
• Types of quadrilaterals
• A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which opposite sides
are parallel. In a parallelogram, opposite sides are equal
and opposite angles are equal. Fig. (a)
• A rhombus is a parallelogram with four equal sides. Fig. (b)

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Quadrilaterals
• Types of quadrilaterals
•A rectangle is a parallelogram in which intersecting sides are
perpendicular, which means that all four interior angles are right angles. In
a rectangle, the longer side is usually called the length, and the shorter
side is called the width. Fig. (c)
• A square is a rectangle with four equal sides. Fig. (d)
• A trapezoid is a quadrilateral in which two sides are parallel. The parallel
sides are called the bases of the trapezoid. Fig. (e)

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Quadrilaterals
• Perimeter and Area of a Quadrilateral
• The perimeter of a quadrilateral is the sum of the lengths of the four
sides.
• For the areas of the square, rectangle, parallelogram, and trapezoid,
we have the following formulas.

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Quadrilaterals
• EXAMPLE
• A city park is designed with lawn areas in the shape of a right
triangle, a parallelogram, and a trapezoid, as shown in Fig., with
walkways between them. Find the area of each section of lawn and
the total lawn area.

• The total lawn area is about 7200 𝑓𝑡 .

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Circles
• All points on a circle are at the same distance from a
fixed point, the center of the circle. The distance from
the center to a point on the circle is the radius of the
circle. The distance between two points on the circle on
a line through the center is the diameter.
• A chord is a line segment having its endpoints on the
circle.
• A tangent is a line that touches (does not pass through)
the circle at one point.
• A secant is a line that passes through two points of the
circle.
• A tangent is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the
point of contact.

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Circles
• CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OF A CIRCLE
• The perimeter of a circle is called the circumference. The formulas for the
circumference and area of a circle are as follows:

• EXAMPLE
• A circular oil spill has a diameter of 2.4 km. It is to be enclosed within special
flexible tubing. What is the area of the spill, and how long must the tubing be?
• The area is • The length of tubing needed is the
circumference of the circle

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Circles
• CIRCULAR ARCS AND ANGLES
• An arc is part of a circle, and an angle formed at the center by two radii
is a central angle.
• A sector of a circle is the region bounded by two radii and the arc they
intercept.
• A segment of a circle is the region bounded by a chord and its arc.

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Circles
• EXAMPLE

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Circles
• EXAMPLE

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Radian Measure of an Angle

• Draw a circle
• Measure the radius
• Trace out an arc length equal to the radius
• The central angle created will be equal to 1 radian

𝑁𝑂𝑇𝐸: 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 2π 𝑜𝑟 6.28 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 a circle

π = 3.14159 …

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Radian Measure of an Angle

• The basic relationship between radians and degrees is

• EXAMPLE
• To change an angle of 118.2° to radian measure, we have

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Solid Geometric Figures

• In the following formulas, V represents the volume, A represents the
total surface area, S represents the lateral surface area (bases not
included), B represents the area of the base, and p represents the
perimeter of the base.

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Solid Geometric Figures

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Solid Geometric Figures

• EXAMPLE
• How many square centimeters of sheet metal are required to make
a protective cone shaped cover if the radius is 11.9 cm and the
height is 10.4 cm?

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Solid Geometric Figures

• EXAMPLE
• A grain storage building is in the shape of a cylinder surmounted by a
hemisphere (half a sphere). See Figure. Find the volume of grain that
can be stored if the height of the cylinder is 122 ft and its radius is 40.0
ft.

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