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Boot Sequence

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Eberechukwu Ntamere
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17 views

Boot Sequence

Uploaded by

Eberechukwu Ntamere
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BOOTING SEQUENCE

FLOW-DIAGRAM-COMPUTER-BOOTING-SEQUENCES

In computing, booting is the process of starting a computer as initiated via hardware such as a
button or by a software command. After it is switched on, a computer's central processing unit (CPU)
has no software in its main memory, so some process must load software into memory before it can
be executed. This may be done by hardware or firmware in the CPU, or by a separate processor in
the computer system.
The boot sequence is hereby explained
 1: BIOS and Setup Program
 2: The Power-On-Self-Test (POST)
 3: The Operating System (OS) Loads
 4: System Configuration
 5: System Utility Loads
 6: Users Authentication
Booting Process of Computer Step By Step
Here is the explanation of the booting process steps for more clarity.
Step 1: BIOS and Setup Program
 The ROM loads BIOS into the computer’s memory
 ROM (read-only memory): it is a permanent and unchanging memory also,
 The BIOS (STARTUP INSTRUCTION) known as basic input/output system): It is the part of the system software
that includes the instructions that the computer uses to accept input and output, it controls the computer
system pending when the operating system is loaded.
Step 2: The Power-On-Self-Test (POST)
 BIOS conducts Power-On-Self-Test to check the input/ output system for operability. POST (Power-On Self-Test)
is a series of tests conducted on the computer’s main memory, input/output devices, disk drives, and the hard
disk to check availability and function of important devices.
Note: The computer will produce a beeping sound if any problem occurs. An error message will also appear
on the monitor
Step 3: The Operating System (OS) Loads
The BIOS (according to STARTUP instruction) searches for the operating system.
 In this step/stage, the operating system’s kernel is loaded into the computer’s memory
 The setting in the CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) determines where to look for the
operating system. After this, the operating system takes control of the computer from BIOS and begins loading
system configuration information.
Step 4: System Configuration
In this stage the system register and configure some other important software such as utility programs and
database registry.

Step 5: System Utility Loads


In this stage utility programs such as anti-virus, volume control and PC card are loaded into memory.

Step 6: Users Authentication (Optional)


This is the last stage, not all computer request authentication such username and password, depending on
administrator setup of the system.
After all this process, the user interface starts, enabling user interaction with the computer and its programs also.

SUMMARY
When we switch-on a computer, the following process takes place
1. The System comes up with the power light on.
2. The system loads the (BIOS) STARTUP instruction from the memory (ROM)
3. The system perform power-on-self-test (POST) to check itself if everything is okay
4. The system loads the operating system which take over control of the system from RAM
5. The system searches for files and loads the files into the memory and start work
6. The System also checks for other connected components.
7. The authentication screen appear (optional)
8. The Desktop screen appears and the system is ready for work
FILE ORGANIZATION

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to;


• Define File Organization
• Identify types of file organization
• Enumerate advantage and disadvantages of each type of file organization
DEFINITION
File Organization refers to the way data is stored in a file, defines how file records are mapped onto
disk blocks. We have four types of File Organization to organize file records −

Heap File Organization


When a file is created using Heap File Organization, the Operating System allocates memory area to
that file without any further accounting details. File records can be placed anywhere in that memory
area. It is the responsibility of the software to manage the records. Heap File does not support any
ordering, sequencing, or indexing on its own.

Sequential File Organization


Every file record contains a data field (attribute) to uniquely identify that record. In sequential file
organization, records are placed in the file in some sequential order based on the unique key field or
search key. Practically, it is not possible to store all the records sequentially in physical form.

Hash File Organization


Hash File Organization uses Hash function computation on some fields of the records. The output of
the hash function determines the location of disk block where the records are to be placed.

Clustered File Organization


Clustered file organization is not considered good for large databases. In this mechanism, related
records from one or more relations are kept in the same disk block, that is, the ordering of records is
not based on primary key or search key.
File Operations
Operations on database files can be broadly classified into two categories −
 Update Operations
 Retrieval Operations
Update operations change the data values by insertion, deletion, or update. Retrieval operations, on
the other hand, do not alter the data but retrieve them after optional conditional filtering. In both types
of operations, selection plays a significant role. Other than creation and deletion of a file, there could
be several operations, which can be done on files.
 Open − A file can be opened in one of the two modes, read mode or write mode. In read
mode, the operating system does not allow anyone to alter data. In other words, data is read
only. Files opened in read mode can be shared among several entities. Write mode allows data
modification. Files opened in write mode can be read but cannot be shared.
 Locate − Every file has a file pointer, which tells the current position where the data is to be
read or written. This pointer can be adjusted accordingly. Using find (seek) operation, it can be
moved forward or backward.
 Read − By default, when files are opened in read mode, the file pointer points to the beginning
of the file. There are options where the user can tell the operating system where to locate the
file pointer at the time of opening a file. The very next data to the file pointer is read.
 Write − User can select to open a file in write mode, which enables them to edit its contents. It
can be deletion, insertion, or modification. The file pointer can be located at the time of opening
or can be dynamically changed if the operating system allows to do so.
 Close − This is the most important operation from the operating system’s point of view. When
a request to close a file is generated, the operating system
o removes all the locks (if in shared mode),
o saves the data (if altered) to the secondary storage media, and
o releases all the buffers and file handlers associated with the file.
The organization of data inside a file plays a major role here. The process to locate the file pointer to
a desired record inside a file various based on whether the records are arranged sequentially or
clustered.

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