1729762093726_final Report- Esther Kadzanja (1)

THE MALAWI UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS AND APPLIED SCIENCES
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT REPORT

(Prepared in partial fulfillment for requirements of progression to the final year)
ESTHER KADZANJA (BCES/20/SS/006)

BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
ROADS AUTHORITY CENTRAL REGION
P.O BOX 624
LILONGWE 3
MR. MARTIN MTOTERA & ENG. NEWTON BUSANI

(Industrial Supervisors)
DR. PETER MBEWE
(Academic Supervisor)
OCTOBER 2024
DECLARATION
I, ESTHER KADZANJA, a final-year student in the Department of Civil Engineering at Malawi
University of Business and Applied Sciences, declare that this report on my industrial attachment
with the Roads Authority is my original work. It has been conducted and compiled in fulfillment
of the requirements of my degree program.
I further declare that all information in this report gathered through my experience during the
attachment, is authentic and has not been submitted to any other institution for academic purposes.
Signature:
Date: 20th October,2024
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ABSTRACT
This report documents my industrial attachment experience at the Roads Authority, which offered
valuable exposure to the practical aspects of civil engineering. The attachment allowed me to work
alongside experienced professionals, deepening my understanding of the operations and functions
of the Roads Authority, particularly in areas such as project management, procurement, and
contract administration. Engaging in both office-based tasks and site inspections allowed me to
observe how theoretical knowledge from my studies is applied to real-world infrastructure
projects. Throughout the attachment, I participated in meetings, discussions, and fieldwork that
broadened my perspective on civil engineering in practice. I developed skills in communication,
problem-solving, and technical report writing, all of which contributed to my growth as an aspiring
engineer. Additionally, I gained insight into the importance of collaboration between various
stakeholders, including contractors and consultants, in ensuring the successful completion of
projects. My involvement in project evaluation and documentation processes improved my ability
to assess engineering projects from both technical and financial perspectives. The attachment also
highlighted the importance of adhering to industry standards and regulations in delivering
sustainable and effective infrastructure. This industrial attachment has significantly enhanced my
technical knowledge and professional competencies. The experience gained during this period will
be essential in my transition from academic learning to a professional career in civil engineering.
It has provided me with a solid foundation to contribute effectively to the civil engineering industry
and address future challenges in infrastructure development.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I want to express my heartfelt gratitude to everyone who made my industrial attachment at the
Roads Authority a valuable and rewarding experience.
First and foremost, I am deeply thankful to my industrial supervisors, Mr. Mtotera and Eng.
Busani, for their unwavering guidance, support, and mentorship throughout this attachment. Their
expertise and encouragement have been vital to my learning and professional growth.
I also extend my sincere appreciation to my academic supervisor, Dr. Mbewe, for his continuous
support and insightful feedback, which were instrumental in the successful completion of this
report.
I am also grateful to the entire team at the Roads Authority, who made my attachment an enriching
experience. Special thanks go to Eng. Mkandawire, Mr. Mike Munthali, Mr. Chawanangwa
Munthali, Mr. Malunga, Eng. Manda, Eng. Mafubza, Eng. Chisomo Kauma and Eng Innocentia
Mbisa, who supervised and taught me during this period. Their willingness to share their
knowledge in various engineering tasks has greatly enhanced my practical skills and understanding
of civil engineering.
Lastly, I would like to thank my Parents for their constant encouragement and support both
financially and mentally, which motivated me throughout this attachment and my studies.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION........................................................................................................................... 1
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... 2
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .............................................................................................................. 3
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... 6
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ 7
LIST OF APPENDICES .............................................................................................................. 8
1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 9
2. CHAPTER 2: CONTENT................................................................................................... 11
2.1 Organization Chart and History of the Company........................................................... 11
2.1.1. Organization Chart .................................................................................................. 11
2.1.2. The History of the Roads Authority........................................................................ 15
2.2. Process Flow .................................................................................................................. 18
2.3. Daily Activities .............................................................................................................. 21
2.3.1. Road Inventory........................................................................................................ 21
2.3.2. Annual National Roads Program (ANRP) Meetings .............................................. 22
2.3.3. Design Reviews ...................................................................................................... 22
2.3.4. Contract Negotiation Meetings ............................................................................... 23
2.3.5. Site Handover Meetings .......................................................................................... 24
2.3.6. Site Inspections ....................................................................................................... 25
2.3.7. Interim Payment Certificates .................................................................................. 31
2.3.8. Road Reclassification Meeting ............................................................................... 33
2.4. Tasks Assigned ............................................................................................................... 35
2.4.1. Bridge Concrete Calculation ................................................................................... 35
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2.4.2. Design a Truss using Robot Structural Analysis .................................................... 36
2.4.3. Writing addendums, memorandums ....................................................................... 38
2.4.4. Reading Assignments and Reporting ...................................................................... 39
2.5. Strengths ......................................................................................................................... 44
2.6. Weaknesses .................................................................................................................... 44
2.6.1. Challenges ............................................................................................................... 44
2.7. Opportunities .................................................................................................................. 45
3. CHAPTER 3: RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION...................................... 47
3.1. Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 47
3.2. Conclusion...................................................................................................................... 47
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2. 1. Organization Chart of the Roads Authority............................................................... 11
Figure 2. 2. The Roads Authority Logo ........................................................................................ 15
Figure 2. 3. The Process Flow of Activities at Roads Authority .................................................. 20
Figure 2. 4. A Developed Gully along the T340 Road ................................................................. 21
Figure 2. 5. French drains constructed .......................................................................................... 26
Figure 2. 6. A Multi-Celled Box Culvert in Ntchisi ..................................................................... 26
Figure 2. 7. Incomplete Nambuma Bridge in Dowa ..................................................................... 27
Figure 2. 8. A Pre Cast Pipe Culvert in Dowa .............................................................................. 27
Figure 2. 9. Chitala Bailey Bridge ................................................................................................ 28
Figure 2. 10. Rock Filling in Preparation of a Culvert Installation .............................................. 28
Figure 2. 11. Blasted Area in Liwadzi in Preparation of a Bridge Construction .......................... 29
Figure 2. 12. Gabion Baskets Installation on the Linthipe Bridge along M005 ........................... 29
Figure 2. 13. Drainage Construction along the M001 Road (Dedza) ........................................... 30
Figure 2. 14. Gabion Baskets installed at the end of the Drain .................................................... 30
Figure 2. 15. A stretch in Dedza Boma to be rehabilitated ........................................................... 31
Figure 2. 16. Pothole Ptching along the M005 Road .................................................................... 31
Figure 2. 17. Cross-Section of the Liwonde Matawale Bridge..................................................... 35
Figure 2. 18. Volume of Concrete Calculations ........................................................................... 36
Figure 2. 19. Calculations of members of a truss in Robot Structural Analysis compared to
Aslam Kassimali ........................................................................................................................... 38
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2. 1. List of some of the Consultants that were Involved in the Contract Negotiation
Meetings ........................................................................................................................................ 24
Table 2. 2. List of some of the Contractors that were Involved in the Contract Negotiation
Meetings ........................................................................................................................................ 24
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1. References ................................................................................................................ 49
Appendix 2. Daily Reports (July 10th- September 30th) ............................................................... 50
Appendix 3. Weekly Reports (June 10th - September 30th) .......................................................... 73
Appendix 4. Monthly Reports (June 10th- September 30th) ........................................................ 108
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1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
In 2011, the Faculty of Engineering introduced the Industrial Attachment (FOE-IND-4-2) module
as part of its revised curriculum, which is now offered at the Malawi University of Business and
Applied Sciences (MUBAS). The industrial attachment is an essential part of the Faculty of
Engineering’s program and serves as a prerequisite for all students to complete to progress to the
final year of their degree. It provides students with the opportunity to gain practical experience,
apply theoretical concepts learned in class to real-world projects, and develop hands-on skills that
are critical for a successful engineering career.
During this period, students are placed in organizations relevant to their specialization to gain
practical exposure. Through this program, students learn to navigate the complexities of the
industry, preparing them for the challenges of professional life after graduation.
For my industrial attachment, I was placed at the Roads Authority, Headquarters in the Department
of Planning and Designing and was later switched to the Central Region, Maintenance Department.
I started my Industrial Attachment on the 10th of June and completed it on the 30th of September
2024.
Throughout the attachment, I was involved in tasks such as project planning, road inventory
exercises, and inspections. These experiences allowed me to apply the knowledge gained from my
coursework to real-life projects, while also acquiring new skills in project management,
procurement processes, and technical analysis. This report outlines my experiences, challenges,
and accomplishments during the attachment.
Objectives
• Apply learnt problem-solving skills to real-world industrial projects.

• Acquire practical skills and experience working on projects alongside experts.
• Obtain knowledge of how to make optimal decisions to resolve work challenges.
• Acquire additional skills such as teamwork, professional ethics, and safety practices.
Methodology
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To successfully carry out the tasks during my industrial attachment, I employed several
methodologies, including:
• direct observation
• hands-on participation
• active collaboration with professionals in the field
• consultation and inquiries
• desk studies and reference reviews
• Literature review
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2. CHAPTER 2: CONTENT
This chapter is the main body of this report and includes information on the Roads Authority and
all the experiences encountered.
2.1 Organization Chart and History of the Company

This section outlines the organizational structure of the Roads Authority and its historical
background.
2.1.1. Organization Chart
Figure 2. 1. Organization Chart of the Roads Authority
The figure[number] above is a departmental organization structure for the Roads Authority. The
Roads Authority is administered by a Board of Directors (members from the commercial and
public sectors) to whom the Chief Executive Officer (C.E.O.) reports. All RA works are under the
supervision of the Ministry of Transport, Public Works, and Housing. The Planning and Design
Department, Major Projects Department, Maintenance Department, and Corporate Services
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Department are the four departments that make up RA. These departments have Directors who
report to the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). These offices also contribute to the operations of the
Roads Authority; the Internal Audit Unit, the Public Relations Unit, and the Procurement Division.
Below is a brief explanation of the responsibilities of these departments and offices:
A. The Planning and Design Department
Its purpose is to provide planning and corporate development services. It has a Director of
planning and an Executive Assistant who oversees it. The department has the following
sections:
a. Corporate Planning Section
b. Research and Development Section
c. Road Data Management Section
d. Social and Environmental Planning Section
e. Design Section
Functions
• The provision of corporate planning services
• The provision of research and development services.
• The management of road data
• The provision of social and environmental planning services.
• Responsible for the design of roads, drainage systems, bridges and culverts.
B. Major Projects Department
Its purpose is to manage major projects.
Functions
• The coordination and management of major road projects
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• The provision of technical operations in the planning and implementation of major
construction projects.
C. Maintenance Department
Its purpose is to manage road maintenance projects. The Maintenance department oversees all
of the RA's regional offices
Functions
• The coordination and management of maintenance projects.
• The provision of technical support in the planning and implementation of maintenance

projects.
Regional Offices
Its purpose is to manage regional road projects and work under the Maintenance Department.
They have four sections;
❖ Maintenance planning section
❖ Procurement section
❖ Maintenance section
Functions
❖ Provision of administrative services.
❖ Provision of regional maintenance planning services.
❖ Management of maintenance and other road projects Administrative services

section.
D. Corporate Services Department
Its purpose is to provide corporate services. It has three divisions:
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a. ICT division: These functions are to provide ICT hardware maintenance and user support
services and to develop and manage ICT systems, applications, and networks. It has two
sections: The ICT support services section and the systems operation section.
b. HR and Administration Division: its functions are to provide office services, provide
human resource management, planning, and capacity development services, and to provide
library services. It has three sections: the office's services section, the human resource
section, and the records section.
c. Finance Division: the functions include; management of supplies, provision of
management accounting services, and provision of financial accounting services. It has
three sections; management accounts section, stores section, and financial accounts
section.
Functions
• The provision of office services.

• The provision of human resource and administration services.
• The management and accounting of finances and assets.
E. Internal Audit Unit
Its purpose is to provide internal audit services. They report directly to the Roads Authority Board
of Directors
Functions
• Provision of operational auditing
• The review and evaluation of resource control systems.
• Investigation of fraud cases.
• Provision of finance, stores, and assets auditing.
• Monitoring and enforcement compliance to internal control systems.
F. Public Relations Unit

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Its purpose is to provide public relations services. They report directly to the Chief Executive
Officer (CEO).
Functions
• Liaison with the media.
• Management of corporate events.
• Development and dissemination of information, education, and communication materials.
• The management of internal and external communication and information flow.
• The development, review, and implementation of Public Relations policies and programs.
G. Procurement Division
Its purpose is to manage the procurement and disposal of assets. They report directly to the Chief
Executive Officer (CEO).
Functions
• The management of procurement of office supplies and disposal of assets.
• The management of procurement of engineering works and services.
2.1.2. The History of the Roads Authority
Figure 2. 2. The Roads Authority Logo
The Roads Authority (RA) is one of the two organizations that resulted from the function split of
the old National Roads Authority (NRA), the other being the Road Fund Administration (RFA).
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The RA was founded by Act of Parliament No. 3 of 2006. In this structure, the Minister of
Transport and Public Works represents the government as the ultimate owner of the national road
network. The RA, which consists of a Board and a Secretariat, is supervised by the Minister
(http://www.ra.org.mw/?page_id=5,2014).
RA was established to address the pressing need for a structured approach to road management
in Malawi. Historically, the country’s road infrastructure has faced numerous challenges,
including inadequate maintenance, limited funding, and the impact of environmental factors. The
establishment of the MRA marked a significant turning point in the management of road networks,
allowing for a more focused and strategic approach to road development and maintenance
(https://ntchito.com/company/roads-authority-malawi).
The classification of public roads is established by law (Road Act 2023) to assign specific
responsibilities to the Ministry, the Roads Authority, and local government authorities. The roads
are classified into six main categories; Main Roads, Secondary Roads, District Roads, Community
Roads, Urban Roads, and Unclassified Roads. The Roads Authority is responsible for the trunk
roads (main, secondary, and tertiary roads).
Roads Authority Mandate
The organization was established with the following mandates

(http://www.ra.org.mw/?page_id=5,2014):
i. Ensure that public roads are constructed, maintained, and rehabilitated at all times.
ii. Advise the Ministry of Transport and Public Works and where appropriate the Ministry of
Local Government on the efficient and effective implementation of the Annual National
Roads Program (ANRP).
Roads Authority Vision
Its vision is to ensure a well-developed and maintained quality public road network infrastructure
that meets stakeholder’s expectations in a sustainable manner
(http://www.ra.org.mw/?page_id=5,2014).
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Roads Authority Mission
Its vision is to develop and maintain the public road network infrastructure in a cost-effective and
environmentally compliant manner to provide an accessible, reliable, efficient, safe, sustainable,
and economic transport system in Malawi through a highly motivated and professional team.
(http://www.ra.org.mw/?page_id=5,2014)
Core Values
RA will strive to create an environment that values teamwork, respect for individual rights,
professionalism, ethical conduct, transparency, and accountability, caring, a passion for service
and excellence, employee and client safety, and being proactive and environmentally friendly in
its actions while pursuing its mandate.
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2.2. Process Flow
The process flow section of this report outlines the systematic steps involved in the execution of
projects within the Roads Authority. Understanding the process flow is essential for ensuring that
all stages of a project, from planning and procurement to construction and maintenance, are carried
out efficiently and following standards.
Below is the process flow in steps;
i. Road Inventory: This involves gathering data on the road network's current condition,
dimensions, and features to plan necessary interventions.
ii. Read Data from ANRP: ANRP (Annual National Roads Program) is an initiative led by the
Roads Authority that outlines the planned road construction, maintenance, and
rehabilitation projects for a particular year which should be approved by the Minister of
Transport and Public Works.
iii. Formulation of Contracts: Upon approval of the ANRP and based on the road inventory and
project requirements, contracts are drafted outlining the scope, terms, and conditions for the
road works.
iv. Invitation for Bids: This is the formal process where contractors are invited to submit bids
for the project.
v. Selling of Tender: The tender documents, which provide detailed project information, are
made available for purchase by interested contractors.
vi. Pre-Bid Meetings: These meetings are held to clarify project details, resolve potential
concerns, and ensure that all bidders have a uniform understanding of the project
requirements.
vii. Tender Opening: This is a formal process in procurement where the submitted bids or
tenders from contractors are publicly opened and recorded to ensure transparency, fairness,
and accountability.
viii. Evaluation: The bids are evaluated based on factors such as price, technical ability, and
qualifications to select the most suitable contractor.
ix. Awarding of Contracts: Once a contractor is selected, they are formally awarded the
contract to execute the project.
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x. Contract Negotiation Meeting: A meeting is held with the winning contractor to discuss and
finalize contractual terms, ensuring both parties are in agreement.
xi. Site Handovers to Consultants and Contractors: The project site is formally handed over to
the contractor and consultants for them to commence work.
xii. Site Meetings / Site Inspections / Joint Meetings: These meetings ensure regular
communication, monitor progress, address issues, and ensure the work meets required
standards.
xiii. Processing of Payment Certificates and Invoices: As work progresses, payment certificates
are processed to release payments to the contractor based on the completed work.
xiv. Completion of Works and Site Takeover: Once the project is completed, the site is handed
over to the client after verification that all work meets the specified standards.
This process outlines the lifecycle of a road construction and maintenance project, focusing on
ensuring transparency, quality, and adherence to contractual obligations.
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Road Inventory
Read Data from ANRP
Formulation of Contracts
Invitation for Bids
Selling of tender
Pre-Bid Meetings
Tender Opening
Evaluation
Awarding of Contracts
Contract Negotiation Meeting
Site Handovers to Consultants and Contractors
Site Meetings / Site Inspections / Joint meetings
Processing of Payment certificates and Invoices
Completion of Works and Site Takeover

Figure 2. 3. The Process Flow of Activities at Roads Authority
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2.3. Daily Activities
2.3.1. Road Inventory
The road inventory task involves the creation of a comprehensive and detailed record of all the
features, components, and assets that make up a road network. This inventory serves as a vital
database for the Roads Authority (RA) to monitor and manage the roads under its jurisdiction. It
includes information about road conditions, design features, and associated infrastructure such as
bridges and drainage systems. The inventory helps ensure that the RA can assess the current state
of the road network, plan maintenance activities, and address any infrastructural issues effectively.
During the road inventory exercise with Mr. Mtotera, in Ntchisi (Kasangadzi-Mbonekera-Chaola
School) T340 road, we encountered a significant challenge related to gully erosion at two
locations. Gully erosion, which occurs when water runoff removes soil along drainage paths, was
actively damaging the road’s surrounding area. For the smaller gully, the recommended solution
was the construction of a check dam or retaining wall to slow down water flow and prevent further
erosion. In the case of the larger gully, the proposed solution involved installing gabion baskets
followed by backfilling. This method would help stabilize the gully walls and mitigate the
erosion’s impact, preserving the structural integrity of the road and its surrounding environment.
Figure 2. 4. A Developed Gully along the T340 Road
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2.3.2. Annual National Roads Program (ANRP) Meetings
Annual National Roads Program (ANRP) is an initiative carried out in line with the national
budget, detailing specific road or infrastructure (bridges, drains) projects for the year, procurement
processes, and funding allocations. I attended a meeting with the Technical Team to plan for the
2024/25 Annual National Road Programme (ANRP) for the Central Region. The focus of the
meeting was to compile various periodic, routine, and rehabilitation and reconstruction
maintenance activities. Examples of these activities included tasks such as grading, road marking,
pothole patching, and the replacement of road signs. The compilation process emphasized the
prioritization of roads based on their traffic volume, current condition, economic impact, and
available budget at the same time making sure that the maintenance activities are evenly distributed
across the region. This approach ensures that limited resources are allocated effectively to maintain
the most critical sections of the road network.
In addition to the ANRP planning discussions, I also attended a Physical Performance Reporting
Meeting that evaluated the budget allocations for the 2023/24 financial year. The meeting focused
on reviewing how effectively the funds had been utilized and whether the planned physical outputs
were achieved. The discussion covered the alignment between the completed roadworks and the
budgetary provisions, assessing whether the allocated resources were used efficiently to meet the
intended goals. This evaluation is crucial for future budget planning and ensuring that road
maintenance activities meet both financial and physical targets.
2.3.3. Design Reviews

I was involved in the design review process for the Nkhotakota-Benga road project alongside Eng.
Sisya and Eng. Mbisa, Eng. Sanogo, Eng. Kawamba, and Eng. Kauma.
Design Reviews are formal evaluations of engineering designs for road and bridge projects,
conducted to ensure compliance with technical standards, safety regulations, cost-effectiveness,
environmental considerations, and constructibility. Design Review Meetings for consultancy
Works is one of the major functions of the Planning and Designing Department to ensure that
quality work and safety is achieved during the time of execution of Works and its service life.
The Design Review process involves checking whether the consultancy works were done per the
Terms of References. The process starts by checking if all the Engineering Reports submitted by
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the Consulting Engineers are the same as in the Requirements of Terms of References thereafter
the Review Process follows. If not, comments were formulated and sent to the Consulting
Engineers. The comments aim to ensure that the consulting Engineer revises and reconciles the
Work before submission to the Contractor for the execution of work. Furthermore, Design Review
Meetings are done to check if there are no changes in design during the time of implementation of
the project.
A document known as the SATCC (Southern African Transport and Communications

Commission) is used to provide the works requirement. Depending on the project, new
specifications or additional statements to the existing specifications may be introduced. The prefix
‘PS’ (Particular Specification) is introduced at the beginning of the changed requirement.
A response letter is then prepared to address the consultant’s draft detailed engineering design
report. This letter consolidates comments on several reports, including the hydrology report, the
detailed design report, and the main bidding document. Each comment is carefully reviewed for
validity before being finalized.
2.3.4. Contract Negotiation Meetings

Contract negotiation meetings are essential in the project lifecycle, as they ensure that all parties
clients, consultants, and contractors are aligned on the terms and conditions before commencing
any infrastructure works. During my time at the Roads Authority, I had the opportunity to attend
several contract negotiation meetings.
The primary purpose of contract negotiations is to finalize the terms of the contract, ensuring
mutual agreement between the client (Roads Authority) and the contractor or consultant. These
meetings are designed to confirm the scope of services, outline expectations, and settle technical,
financial, and legal aspects of the project. The meeting minutes are taken by either the client (Roads
Authority) or the consultant in charge of that particular project. These minutes are then
incorporated into the contract document.
Below are some of the contractors and consultants that were involved in the contract negotiation
meetings.
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Table 2. 1. List of some of the Consultants that were Involved in the Contract Negotiation
Meetings
CONSULTANT CONTRACT NUMBER PROJECT SCOPE

Kandoli/ AES JV RA/DEV/HQ/2024-25/09 Undertake road sector designs
Pamodzi Consulting Limited RA/DEV/HQ/2024-25/10 Undertake road sector designs
Table 2. 2. List of some of the Contractors that were Involved in the Contract Negotiation
Meetings
CONTRACTOR CONTRACT NUMBER PROJECT SCOPE

Taai Construction RA/MAI/2024- Rehabilitation of Kasungu Loop Road-
25/T/PM/CR/KU/01 Phase II
Master/Mungo Joint RA/MAI/2024- Shoulder reconditioning and resealing on
Venture 25/T/PM/CR/SA/02 selected sections of Kanengo-Kaphatenga
(M14) Roads in Salima.
Mbawiri Investments RA/MAI/2024- Road center and edge lines marking on
25/T/RM/CR/CR/08 selected trunk roads in the Central Region.
Chinjoka/SNK JV RA/MAI/2024- Spot graveling, embankment formation,
25/T/RM/CR/KU/14 and associated drainage improvement
works on Chasato-Limulemba via
Shayona (T325) Road in Kasungu
District.
2.3.5. Site Handover Meetings

I participated in the site handover for the pedestrian crossing marking project in Likuni, which was
conducted by Mr. Mike Munthali. Present at the handover were the contractor, Dawn Construction,
and the consultant, Pamodzi Consulting Limited. The project site is situated in a busy market area,
where managing traffic congestion, especially due to the high volume of buses, was a key concern.
The site plan included provisions for bus bays, with the standard dimensions of 24m x 22m x 18m
being extended across to accommodate the larger number of buses and help alleviate congestion.
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For the road construction of the bus bays, materials such as reinforced concrete, class 30/20
concrete, and A142 mesh wire were used, ensuring durability and strength. Additionally, shallow
drains were designed to effectively manage surface runoff while maintaining smooth traffic flow
and accessibility within the market area.
The pedestrian crossing markings will be placed in visible, straight-line locations, specifically at
points where footpaths on either side of the road align. These markings are intended to enhance
pedestrian safety by providing designated crossing points. During the handover, I also gained
insights into traffic calming measures that can be put in place, which include road signs, rumble
strips, and humps. These features are aimed at controlling vehicle speed and improving safety for
both pedestrians and drivers in this high-traffic zone. This project is an essential component of
improving road safety and traffic management in a congested urban area, ensuring that both
pedestrian and vehicular movement are well-coordinated.
2.3.6. Site Inspections

Site inspections are a critical part of civil engineering practice, allowing engineers to ensure that
construction work complies with the required specifications and safety standards. These
inspections also help in identifying potential structural issues early and suggest corrective actions
before problems escalate. Throughout my attachment, I was involved in multiple site inspections,
primarily focusing on, roads, bridges, culverts, and drainage infrastructure. Below is an overview
of key inspections carried out during this period:
2.3.6.1. Ntchisi (T340) Box Culvert Inspection

One of the inspections took place at Kasemwe, where we assessed an in-situ multi-celled box
culvert with five cells (4mx2m) with Mr. Mtotera. French drains had been installed at the culvert
approaches to manage spring water from the roadway. The system was functioning effectively
with no significant issues observed, although periodic monitoring is recommended to ensure the
long-term performance of the culvert.
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Figure 2. 5. French drains constructed
in the Culvert Approaches
Figure 2. 6. A Multi-Celled Box Culvert in Ntchisi

2.3.6.2. Dowa (S115) Nambuma Bridge and Culvert Inspection
In Dowa, the inspection focused on the Nambuma two-spanned Bridge, and a precast concrete
pipe culvert (900mm diameter). The two structures are still under construction. I was assigned the
task of reporting on the specific structural components observed, which gave me deeper insights
into what bridges and culverts are by Mr. Mtotera.
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Figure 2. 7. Incomplete Nambuma Bridge in Dowa
Figure 2. 8. A Pre Cast Pipe Culvert in Dowa

2.3.6.3. Likuni Pedestrian Crossing Marking Inspection
In Likuni, I participated in a pedestrian crossing marking inspection. The contractor had incorrectly
painted the crossing lines perpendicular to the center line instead of parallel as specified. We
instructed the contractor to redo the markings according to the design. This inspection was an
excellent opportunity to understand more about road marking and the need for precision in traffic
management designs.
2.3.6.4. Salima Site Inspections (T356 and M005)

During inspections along the T356 (Kamenyapa to Thavite) and M005 roads in Salima with Mr.
Mike Munthali, several structures were evaluated:
• Chitala Bailey Bridge (T356): This bridge was under no construction at the time of
inspection, but we performed a site appreciation, particularly focusing on steel (base and
handrails), timber (deck), and concrete (abutments and piers) components.
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Figure 2. 9. Chitala Bailey Bridge
• Kaning’a Box Culvert (T356): During the inspection, we observed that rock filling had
been well executed, but there were safety concerns due to the absence of warning signs.
Additionally, improper disposal of construction debris raised environmental concerns.
Figure 2. 10. Rock Filling in Preparation of a Culvert Installation
• Liwadzi Bridge (T356): There was ongoing blasting work aimed at removing an old
bridge foundation. We also observed that the works were progressing slower than expected
due to limited resources.
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Figure 2. 11. Blasted Area in Liwadzi in Preparation of a Bridge Construction
• Linthipe Bridge (M005): We inspected the installation of gabion baskets to prevent

scouring along the riverbank, which was being executed effectively. Gabion baskets play
a crucial role in erosion control and the inspection ensured that they were properly placed.
Figure 2. 12. Gabion Baskets Installation on the Linthipe Bridge along M005
2.3.6.5. Dedza Site Inspections
Site inspections in Dedza with Mr. Malunga and Eng. Manda focused on ongoing road
rehabilitation and drainage structure installations:
• Linthipe-Lobi Road (Contractor: Dika): The inspection reviewed the addition of a new
formation layer and preparations for the subbase, base, and asphalt layers.
• M1 Road (Dedza): Inspected drainage structures, including a box culvert to be installed
(in replacement of a pipe culvert) to control water flow and gabion baskets to prevent
scouring.
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Figure 2. 13. Drainage Construction along the M001 Road (Dedza)
Figure 2. 14. Gabion Baskets installed at the end of the Drain
• Dedza Boma Road: We observed the rehabilitation work, which involved extending side
widths and installing new pavement layers. The installation of concrete pipe culverts was
also underway.
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Figure 2. 15. A stretch in Dedza Boma to be rehabilitated
• Salima-Balaka Route (M005): Observed pothole patching activities and identified

improper practices by the contractor, who did not excavate part of the pavement layer
before adding a tack coat.
Figure 2. 16. Pothole Ptching along the M005 Road

2.3.7. Interim Payment Certificates
During my attachment at the Roads Authority, I had the opportunity to learn about the preparation
and verification of payment certificates under the guidance of Mr. Chawanagwa Munthali and Mr.
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Mtotera. A payment certificate is a crucial document in construction projects, serving as an official
statement that verifies the value of work completed by the contractor and authorizes payment. It is
typically issued at regular intervals i.e. monthly and reflects the financial obligations between the
client (Roads Authority) and the contractor.
What a Payment Certificate Includes:
Payment certificates contain several key elements to ensure transparency and accuracy in financial
transactions:
• Contractor Information: This includes details such as the contractor’s name, contract reference
number, and project details.
• Work Completed: A detailed breakdown of the works carried out during the billing period.
This is linked to the items in the Bill of Quantities (BOQ), which lists all construction tasks
along with their unit rates.
• Financial Breakdown: The financial section of the certificate indicates the total value of the
completed work to date, the amount already paid, and the remaining balance. It also includes
any deductions for retention (a percentage withheld to ensure the work meets specified
standards) or advances that the contractor may have received.
How Payment Certificates Are Prepared:
When preparing a payment certificate, the contractor submits documentation showing the work
completed during the period in question. This submission includes measurements and quantities
of materials used or tasks completed, which are cross-referenced with the contract documents. The
engineer overseeing the project reviews the contractor’s submission and verifies that the completed
work aligns with the agreed scope and specifications.
The preparation of a payment certificate also involves calculating the appropriate payment for the
completed work. This is done by multiplying the quantities of work completed by the agreed unit
rates in the BOQ. The certificate is then drafted to show the amount due for the work completed
within the specific period.
Verification and Checking of Payment Certificates:
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Roads Authority is mainly involved in the verification and checking of payment certificates. I
learnt that this process involves careful review to ensure that the quantities of work claimed are
correct and match the actual progress on-site through Joint measurements. It also involves cross-
checking the financial figures to ensure that there are no variations between the contractor’s claim
and the approved work.
Some critical areas checked during the verification process include:
• Work Quantity and Quality: The engineer must confirm that the quantities of materials, tasks,
and test results submitted listed in the certificate match the work performed on-site. This is
done through inspections and joint measurements.
• BOQ Consistency: The rates used in the payment certificate must be consistent with those
outlined in the BOQ. Any changes in rates due to contract variations should be justified and
documented.
• Deductions and Adjustments: The certificate should accurately reflect any deductions, such as
retention, and include adjustments for advance payments, if applicable. Any penalties or
withheld payments due to delays or quality issues should also be factored in.
Once the certificate has been checked and verified for accuracy, processing of payment is done.
This process ensures that the contractor is compensated fairly for work completed while protecting
the client from overpayments or unauthorized claims.
2.3.8. Road Reclassification Meeting

I participated in a meeting with the Salima District Council with the guidance of Mr. Mike
Munthali, to discuss the reclassification of roads within the district. The reclassification involves
shifting from the previous four-tier system of road designations (main, secondary, tertiary, and
undesignated) to a new five-tier system. The new classifications are main, secondary, district,
community, and undesignated roads.
The reclassification process is intended to reflect the functional importance of each road, taking
into account factors such as status, traffic volume, and traffic class. Under the new system, the
Roads Authority will maintain responsibility for main and secondary roads, while district councils,
including the Salima District Council, will take charge of district and community roads.
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During the meeting, the council was tasked to verify the accuracy of road classifications in Salima.
The task involved ensuring that roads within the district are properly classified according to the
new system, with correct start and end points, appropriate lengths, and valid names that reflect
current place names. The council was also asked to review whether any roads had been omitted
from the classification or whether there was a need to add new roads based on recent or planned
developments.
Additionally, roads that had seen changes in their condition, traffic levels, or strategic importance
were either upgraded or downgraded. The council’s role in this process was crucial, as they have
more knowledge of local road networks and can provide the necessary insight to ensure that the
classification accurately reflects the current situation on the ground.
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2.4. Tasks Assigned
2.4.1. Bridge Concrete Calculation
As part of my involvement in the Liwonde-Matawale Bridge rehabilitation project, I was tasked
with calculating the volume of concrete required for the rehabilitation works.
To perform the volume calculations, I considered various factors such as the dimensions of the
bridge components, including beams, columns, and the deck. The calculations were carried out
using standard formulas for determining the volume of different geometric shapes (e.g.,
rectangular prisms, cylinders) involved in the structure.
Figure 2. 17. Cross-Section of the Liwonde Matawale Bridge
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Figure 2. 18. Volume of Concrete Calculations
2.4.2. Design a Truss using Robot Structural Analysis
I had the opportunity to be introduced to Robot Structural Analysis Software, a powerful tool for
structural engineers that facilitates the modeling, analysis, and design of complex structures,
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through the help of Mr. Mtotera. My initial focus was on familiarizing myself with the software’s
user interface and the fundamental tools available for conducting structural analyses.
The software allows for the evaluation of various structural elements under different loading
conditions, which is critical for ensuring safety and compliance with engineering standards. One
of the significant advantages of using Robot Structural Analysis Software is its ability to make the
design process fast. The software provides advanced analysis capabilities, enabling users to
simulate real-world conditions and assess structural performance more accurately. Additionally, it
supports various design codes and standards, allowing for quick verification of compliance with
industry regulations. The integration of automation features helps reduce manual calculations,
minimizing the risk of human error and significantly saving time.
To enhance my learning, I worked on an example from “Aslam Kassimali,” specifically a truss

analysis. I input the relevant parameters and geometry into the Robot Structural Analysis Software
to simulate the behavior of the truss under specified loads.
By checking the results obtained from the Robot Structural Analysis against the calculations from
Aslam Kassimali, I was able to validate my understanding and the reliability of the software. This
hands-on experience has significantly improved my confidence in using Robot Structural Analysis
Software and has equipped me with essential skills that will be invaluable in my future projects in
structural engineering.
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Figure 2. 19. Calculations of members of a truss in Robot Structural Analysis compared to
Aslam Kassimali
2.4.3. Writing addendums, memorandums

Under the guidance of Eng. Busani, I gained an understanding of what an addendum is. An
addendum is a supplementary document attached to an existing contract to clarify, modify, or add
information without altering the core terms of the original contract. I was tasked with drafting an
addendum addressing cost escalation due to the devaluation of the kwacha for the contract between
Roads Authority and Pamodzi Consulting Limited. The addendum served to adjust financial terms
to account for currency fluctuations, ensuring that the consulting services provided were
compensated despite the changes in the economic environment.
I was also assigned to draft a memorandum regarding the submission of a contractor all-risk
insurance policy for Zowo Nthunga Investments. The insurance had been reviewed and verified
by the Regional Manager to ensure it met the required standards for the project. Following this
review, the memorandum was prepared to forward the policy to the Director of Maintenance for
final approval. This step is crucial in ensuring that all necessary risk management measures are in
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place before the project commences, safeguarding both the contractor and the Roads Authority
from potential liabilities during project execution.
2.4.4. Reading Assignments and Reporting

2.4.4.1. Calculation of catchment area using arc-GIS and Google Earth
As part of a reading assignment assigned by Eng. Kauma, I studied the process of calculating
catchment areas using Google Earth and ArcGIS. Using Google Earth, according to Denic
Jovanovic, catchment boundaries are manually identified by visually inspecting the terrain,
focusing on ridges and valleys. The “Polygon” tool is then used to trace the boundary, and the area
is calculated directly from the drawn polygon. The outlet point of the catchment is marked using
the “Placemark” tool, and its coordinates are saved for use in ArcGIS.
In ArcGIS, DEM data is processed by filling in sinks, generating flow direction and accumulation
rasters, and using the outlet point from Google Earth to snap the pour point. The “Watershed” tool
then delineates the catchment area. The raster output is converted into a polygon for easier
manipulation, and its area is calculated using the “Calculate Geometry” tool. The catchment
boundary is validated through comparison with reference data or visual confirmation (Esri, 2020).
2.4.4.2. Self-Study on Hydrological and Hydraulic Analysis of Bridges

As part of a self-study assigned by Eng. Kauma, I focused on the hydraulic and hydrological
analysis of bridges using the rational method for discharge calculation. The rational method is
typically used to predict peak flows for small drainage areas. The discharge, Q(T), is calculated
using the formula Q(T) = 0.278Ai(T)C, where A represents the catchment area, C is the runoff
coefficient, and i(T) is the rainfall intensity with a return period of T years (Chidzanja-Nathenje
bridge design report).
The runoff coefficient, selected from the Rational Formula table (Guidelines for Peak Flood
Estimation), varies based on slope, storm intensity, and land use. Steeper areas and intense storms
require higher coefficients, while vegetated or permeable areas use lower values. The runoff
coefficient should be adjusted upwards for higher return periods (e.g., 10% for a 25-year return
period).
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The time of concentration (tc) is calculated as the time required for flow to travel through the
drainage area, which is the sum of travel times for all flow segments. The rainfall intensity, i(T),
is determined from mean annual precipitation and tables in the design guidelines (The Spokane
Regional Storm-water Manual).
The discharge, once calculated, can be used with the velocity of the water to determine the cross-
sectional area of the flow using Q = AV. This information is essential for designing hydraulic
structures like bridges and culverts.
2.4.4.3. Tender and contract document assignment

Tender and Contract Documents in civil engineering play a pivotal role in ensuring successful
project delivery. These documents form the backbone of the project procurement process, setting
the terms for project execution, managing risks, and defining the responsibilities of all parties
involved. For the Roads Authority, like many other organizations, tender, and contract documents
are essential tools for maintaining transparency, fairness, and accountability in the engagement of
contractors and suppliers.
Tender documents are formal submissions prepared by contractors in response to an invitation to
bid for a specific project. These documents provide detailed information about the contractor’s
qualifications, proposed technical solutions, and pricing for the project. The primary objective of
tender documents is to allow the client to evaluate bids based on predefined criteria, ensuring that
the most qualified and cost-effective contractor is selected. These documents are not legally
binding but serve as the foundation for further negotiations and the subsequent formation of a
contract.
The tender document is made up of two volumes I and II. The components under each volume
include;
• Volume I: Instructions to Bidders (ITB), Bid Data Sheet (BDS), Evaluation and Qualification
Criteria, Bidding Forms including Unpriced Bill of Quantities, Eligible Countries, Scope of
Works, Drawings, and the Special Conditions of Contract (SCC).
• Volume II: Technical Specifications, Supplementary Information, General Conditions of
Contract (GCC), Contract Forms.
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Once a contractor is selected through the tendering process, contract documents are formalized to
legally bind the client and contractor. These documents contain specific terms and conditions
under which the project will be executed, detailing the obligations of both parties, the project
timeline, and the penalties for non-compliance. Unlike tender documents, contract documents have
full legal enforceability and are essential for safeguarding the interests of both the client and the
contractor.
Key elements of contract documents include the Contract Agreement, Notice of Acceptance,
Minutes of Contract negotiations, priced bill of quantities (BOQ), performance bonds and
guarantees, Scope of Works, Drawings, and the Special Conditions of Contract (SCC), Technical
Specifications, Supplementary Information, General Conditions of Contract (GCC), and Contract
Forms.
In conclusion, the relationship between tender and contract documents is crucial for the smooth
execution of civil engineering projects. While tender documents facilitate the selection of the best
contractor, contract documents ensure that the chosen contractor is legally obligated to fulfill the
project’s requirements. Understanding the distinctions and similarities between these documents
is key to effective contract administration and project management
2.4.4.4. Claims
As part of my work on contract administration, I studied construction claims, their types, and
methods of prevention. A claim in construction refers to the assertion of a right that requires either
more time or payment due to delays, breaches, or other contractual issues (Furst & Ramsey).
There are different types of claims. Variation claims occur when there are changes in the scope of
work compared to what was originally specified in the contract. Time-related claims arise when
delays impact project completion, often due to unforeseen circumstances. Damage claims involve
compensation for damages to property or business. Lastly, extension of time claims requests
additional time to complete a project due to delays beyond the contractor’s control.
Claims can be prevented by creating detailed contract documentation, which outlines potential
risks and management procedures. Incorporating clauses for variations, delays, and risk
management is key to addressing issues before they escalate into claims.
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2.4.4.5. Bidding document review
The bid review process is guided by several key sections of the tender document, ensuring
transparency, fairness, and compliance with project requirements.
The Instructions to Bidders (ITB) outlines the overall bidding process, including steps for bid
preparation, submission, and evaluation. It also establishes the eligibility criteria for bidders,
ensuring only qualified contractors participate. The Bid Data Sheet (BDS) provides specific details
such as deadlines, submission addresses, and guidelines for local preference, promoting
local participation in the bidding process (Roads Authority, Bidding Document for the
Procurement of Works).
The Evaluation and Qualification Criteria define the minimum requirements bidders must meet,
such as construction volumes, available personnel, and equipment. This ensures that bidders can
execute the project successfully. Bidders complete standardized Bidding Forms, which collect
essential data on their qualifications, financial standing, and technical ability.
The Special Conditions of Contract (SCC) specifies project-specific terms, including completion
deadlines, payment structures, and penalties for delays, while the Scope of Works provides details
on the location, completion period, and description of the project.
Each section of the tender document is interconnected, with the ITB providing general guidelines,
and sections like the BDS, SCC, and Evaluation Criteria offering specific project-related details
and terms.
In the context of construction projects, the bidding document plays a crucial role in shaping the
contract between the client and contractor. It provides a clear foundation for mutual understanding,
ensuring that both parties are aligned on the project’s scope, responsibilities, and expectations.
For example, the bidding document defines the Scope of Works, such as pothole patching and
routine maintenance in Nkhotakota and Salima. This section becomes part of the contract,
providing clarity on the tasks required. Additionally, detailed Drawings and the Bill of Quantities
help ensure that the contractor procures the correct materials and quantities, minimizing disputes.
The Evaluation Criteria outlined in the bidding document, which includes the contractor’s
experience and financial capability, protect the client by ensuring only qualified bidders are
considered. Similarly, provisions like Bid Security and Performance Security protect both parties
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financially. If the contractor fails to meet the contractual obligations, the client is compensated
through these securities.
Finally, the bidding document includes clauses on risk management, such as handling delays or
price adjustments due to inflation. These terms are incorporated into the contract to ensure both
parties are prepared for potential risks, maintaining project stability throughout execution.
This structured approach aligns the bidding and contract documents, fostering accountability and
reducing the chances of disputes during project delivery.
2.4.4.6. Bridge and culverts assignment
As part of my fieldwork and site visits, I studied the differences between culverts and bridges,
along with their types and structural components. While both structures facilitate water flow
beneath roads, they differ in design and usage.
Culverts are generally used for smaller flow rates and have heights under 20 feet, with spans less
than 6 meters. In contrast, bridges are employed for medium to large flow rates, with heights
exceeding 20 feet and spans ranging from 6 meters to over 120 meters. Bridges require deep, robust
foundations due to their larger load requirements, whereas culverts have simpler foundation needs
(Civil Today).
The types of bridges include arch, truss, cable-stayed, suspension, cantilever, and beam bridges.
Culverts are categorized into pipe, box, and arch culverts (Dr. Hany Gomaa Ahmed Radwan).
Structurally as observed from the site visit, bridge consisted of elements like piers, abutments, and
decks to support the load, while culverts consisted of components such as headwalls, pipe or box
structures, and weep holes, designed to manage water flow and prevent erosion.
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2.5. Strengths
Throughout my industrial attachment, I had the opportunity to develop and showcase a range of
strengths that significantly contributed to my growth as a civil engineering student. These strengths
enabled me to adapt to the various challenges presented during both office-based and field
activities.
1. Willingness to Learn: I proactively took on self-study assignments to deepen my knowledge,

particularly in areas such as hydrological analysis, construction claims, and catchment area
calculations. I sought opportunities to learn from senior engineers, including requesting
guidance on practical skills like making and verifying payment certificates.
2. Teamwork: Working collaboratively with engineers, contractors, and consultants was a
constant feature of my attachment. I was able to communicate effectively and contribute
positively to team efforts, whether in meetings or site inspections if need be. This experience
enhanced my ability to work in multi-disciplinary teams.
3. Adaptability: My attachment required movement, as I engaged with multiple departments (I
moved from the planning department to the region office) and projects. I successfully adjusted
to new environments and tasks, whether it was reviewing tender documents, attending
meetings, or working on-site during bridge and road inspections.
4. Flexibility: I handled a broad spectrum of responsibilities, ranging from office-based tasks like
contract negotiation to fieldwork that involved site inspections, bridge and culvert assessments,
and road inventory exercises. This flexibility highlighted my ability to manage diverse tasks
with competence.
2.6. Weaknesses
My major weakness during my attachment period was less exposure before the Industrial
attachments concerning the daily work activities but I was willing to learn and got better. The
majority of the activities I was involved in included drainage, bridges, and culvert inspections and
design. I didn’t have prior knowledge and therefore had issues, especially in design.
2.6.1. Challenges
During my attachments period, I faced a couple of challenges;
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1. At the beginning of my industrial training at Roads Authority, I was attached to the
Planning and Development Department. Here, I was not involved much in the office
activities as I was often left out. This was a major setback in my academics as there was
little progress for a period of close to 2 months.
2. Less ongoing activities at work- By the time I was continuing my attachments at the Roads
Authority Central Region, most of the projects were on hold due to the financial crisis. This
meant fewer activities, hence less exposure.
2.7. Opportunities
My attachment to the Roads Authority was an enriching experience that provided numerous
opportunities for learning and growth. These opportunities not only enhanced my technical
abilities but also helped me gain practical insights into the civil engineering profession.
1. Professional Development: Through consistent exposure to projects and mentorship from

experienced professionals, I improved my technical skills.
2. Networking: Engaging with contractors, consultants, and staff across different departments
within the Roads Authority allowed me to build a network of professionals. These relationships
will serve as a strong foundation for future career development, offering opportunities for
collaboration, mentorship, and career guidance.
3. Field Experience: My involvement in field activities such as site inspections, and road
inventory exercises offered practical experience that complemented my academic knowledge.
These tasks gave me the chance to understand the complexities of infrastructure projects, such
as assessing road conditions, understanding drainage designs, and ensuring compliance with
construction standards.
4. Contract Administration Skills: I gained valuable insights into the administrative side of civil
engineering by participating in contract negotiations, understanding tender documents, and
verifying payment certificates. This exposure to project procurement, budgeting, and
documentation processes provided a solid foundation for managing the financial and legal
aspects of future projects.
5. Project Lifecycle Understanding: Being involved in various stages of projects ranging from
initial design and planning to execution and completion offered me a comprehensive
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understanding of how civil engineering projects are managed. I observed how technical and
financial decisions impact project timelines and quality, which gave me a broader perspective
on project management.
6. Problem-Solving in Real-life: The attachment allowed me to witness firsthand how engineers
address and resolve challenges that arise during projects. Whether it was dealing with site
constraints or addressing financial limitations experience has enhanced my ability to think
critically and adapt to unexpected challenges.
7. Technological Proficiency: I was introduced to new software tools, such as Robot Structural
Analysis and ArcGIS which expanded my technical capabilities. These tools are vital for tasks
like structural modeling and hydrological analysis, making me more proficient in using
technology to enhance project outcomes.
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3. CHAPTER 3: RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
3.1. Recommendations
Based on my experiences during the industrial attachment, I made the following observations;
1. Curriculum Alignment: There is a need for regular reviews and updates of the civil engineering
curriculum to ensure it aligns with the evolving practices and technologies used in the industry.
2. Strengthening Industry Partnerships: To enhance practical learning, the university should
strengthen its partnerships with industry stakeholders like the Roads Authority. Such
partnerships could provide more opportunities for site visits, guest lectures from practicing
engineers, and collaborative projects that are based on real-world challenges. Engaging
students with these practical experiences throughout the academic year will help them
understand the application of their classroom knowledge.
3. Practical Workshops and Simulations: Introducing more practical workshops that simulate
real-world scenarios such as road construction, maintenance, and management would bridge
the gap between theoretical concepts and their practical application. Workshops on topics like
tendering, contract negotiations, and project management, led by professionals from the field,
would enhance students’ understanding of how projects are planned, managed, and executed
in the real world.
3.2. Conclusion
My industrial attachment at the Roads Authority has been an invaluable experience that has
significantly contributed to my growth as an aspiring civil engineer. The experience has allowed
me to develop and apply problem-solving skills to actual industrial projects, particularly in areas
such as road maintenance, bridge inspections, and project management. Working alongside
experienced professionals has provided me with practical skills and insights that are difficult to
obtain in a purely academic setting.
In terms of the expected capabilities outlined for civil engineering students (Industrial attachment
handbook, Section 5.1), I have made significant progress in several areas:
• Design Office: I've gained exposure to design and detailing processes, particularly through my
work with Robot Structural Analysis Software and bridge concrete calculations.
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• Field Work: My involvement in site inspections, road inventory exercises, and project
monitoring has enhanced my understanding of work scheduling, compliance checking, and
productivity assessment.
• Project Administration: Through participation in contract negotiations, payment certificate
verifications, and project planning meetings, I've developed skills in project scheduling, cost
control, and tender preparation.
Analyzing my skills versus the training received, I find that the practical experience has
significantly complemented my academic knowledge. However, I also identified areas where I
need further development, particularly in specialized software applications and advanced structural
design concepts.
The main constraints I faced were the initial lack of involvement in the Planning and Development
Department and the reduced number of ongoing projects due to financial constraints. However,
these challenges taught me the importance of adaptability and initiative in a professional setting.
The duration of the attachment was sufficient to gain meaningful experience, though a longer
period could potentially allow for involvement in complete project lifecycles. I've developed
various skills including interpersonal communication, teamwork, technical writing, and practical
engineering skills. I've learnt the importance of clear communication, adherence to standards, and
maintaining safety protocols on construction sites.
In conclusion, this industrial attachment has been a crucial component of my education, bridging
the gap between academic theory and professional practice. It has not only enhanced my technical
skills but also provided me with a comprehensive understanding of the civil engineering industry,
preparing me for the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead in my career.
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1. References
References
1. Malawi Polytechnic, (2013). Student attachment handbook for the Faculty of Engineering.
2. The Roads Authority: (http://www.ra.org.mw/?page_id=5,2014).
3. SATCC, (2001). Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Works.
4. Chidzanja-Nathenje bridge design report.
5. The Spokane Regional Stormwater Manual: Chapter 5.
6. Dr. Hany Gomaa Ahmed Radwan:
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/135rc1_rrq0Pgjon1lHua4oPc3o-gieJT
7. Civil Today:
https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=879cab4fe2c99f06JmltdHM9MTcyNTMyMTYwMCZpZ
3VpZD0yYWU0NDYwNy0zNDZjLTYxM2ItMjkxYS01NDZjMzU5MTYwMmYmaW5za
WQ9NTI1Ng&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=2ae44607-346c-613b-291a-
546c3591602f&psq=difference+between+a+culvert+and+a+bridge&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9ja
XZpbHRvZGF5LmNvbS9jb25zdHJ1Y3Rpb24vYnJpZGdlLzExNC1kaWZmZXJlbmNlLWJ
ldHdlZW4tYnJpZGdlLWFuZC1jdWx2ZXJ0&ntb=1
8. Kassimali, A. (2015). Structural Analysis (5th ed.). Cengage Learning.
9. Denic, N., Knezevic, M., & Jovanovic, D. (2017). Application of Google Earth for
Watershed area delineation. Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics, 65(1), 67-74.
https://doi.org/10.1515/johh-2016-0047.
10. Esri. (2020). ArcGIS Pro: Hydrology tools catchment area delineation. Retrieved from
https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/tool-reference/spatial-analyst/hydrology-toolset.htm.
11. Roads Authority: Bidding Document for the Procurement of Emergency Maintenance Works
2019.
12. Roads Authority contract documents for 2019-2020 phase 1.
13. Furst, S., & Ramsey, V. (2001). Construction Claims: Current practice and case
management (2nd ed.). LLP.
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Appendix 2. Daily Reports (July 10th- September 30th)
DAILY REPORTS
ANNEX 1: DAILY RECORDS OF WORKS- WEEK 1
Student Name and Registration No: ESTHER KADZANJA (BCES/20/SS/006)
Department: HEAD QUARTERS PLANNING DEPARTMENT
Organization name and Address: ROADS AUTHORITY P/Bag B346 LILONGWE
DATE WORK CARRIED OUT
10/06/24 ❖ Orientation on the Organization.

❖ Attachment to the planning department.
11/10/24 ❖ Reporting to the planning department offices.

❖ Meeting the Director of Planning Department
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17/06/24 ❖ Reported for work

❖ Met Eng. Sisya (Chief Design Engineer) and my Supervisor Eng. Mbisa.
18/06/24 ❖ Reported for work, no activities.
20/06/24 ❖ Calculated the volume of concrete for liwonde-Matawale bridge

rehabilitation project.
❖ Given the Liwonde-Matawale to design for loads, moment and
reinforcement.
21/06/24 ❖ Engagement with the supervisor on the design calculations for the
Liwonde-Matawale Bridge.
❖ Asked to read on how to do bridge calculations.
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24/06/24 ❖ Studying on bridge loads and tried out the calculations using the BS5400
and a book on bridge design by la Clark.
25/06/24 ❖ Studying on bridge loads and tried out the calculations using the BS5400
and a website I found.
26/06/24 ❖ Studying on bridge design and tried out the calculations using the BS5400.
27/06/24 ❖ Studying on bridge design and tried out the calculations using the
BS5400.
28/06/24 ❖ Absent but submitted a pdf of the calculations I tried for verification to
my supervisor.
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1/07/24 ❖ Absent was told by my supervisor not to report for work.
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8/07/24 ❖ Holiday independence
10/07/24 ❖ Reported for work, was given a book on Hydrology to read a TP8.
❖ Contained formulas for calculating discharges to be used for design. I wrote
short notes on what I read.
11/07/24 ❖ Absent, got sick.
12/07/24 ❖ Started reviews with Eng. Sisya and Eng. Mbisa of the Nkhotakota-Benga
road.
❖ Had a document of reference and we were going through the submitted
bidding document from the consultant to check if he has followed the line
out and specifications.
❖ Went through the cover page, section I to section III, we were going
through if the consultant had followed and written all the required
headings and sub headings.
❖ Comments were then written on any observations made.
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15/07/24 ❖ Continued with reviews, was joined by Eng. Sanogo, Eng. Kawamba and
Eng. Kauma.
❖ We continued going through the bidding document by looking if the
consultant has correctly followed the contents, headings and subsections
from the document of reference.
❖ Went through till section VI and comments written down on any
observations.
16/07/24 ❖ Continued with the reviews.

❖ Specifically looked at Section VII of the bidding document (Work
requirements).
❖ A document called the SATCC which contains specifications and how
everything is to be carried out (i.e. how payment is to be done) on areas
such as earthworks, drainage, pavement, structures, ancillary roadworks
and testing/quality control.
❖ All works to be carried out are written under the required sections in the
BOQ and checked if the they have been properly written as well as the sub
sections in them are properly written. (i.e. section 6000 for bridges).
❖ The volumes are checked and every other information it’s the same in the
BOQ and the work requirements.
❖ These are some of the rules followed:
• If the work is the same as in the SATCC, the descriptions are copied
as they are from the SATCC to Section VII of the bidding document
• If there are any iterations or introduction of new information the
abbreviation PS (Particular Specification) is added on the starting
of a subsection heading and then add the descriptions in Section VII
of the bidding document.
❖ Comments on observations made are jotted down.
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17/07/24 ❖ Continued on the reviews.
❖ Today the main focus was on writing a letter in response to the detailed
engineering report containing comments observed from all the reports i.e.
hydrology report, detailed design report, main bidding document etc.
• There are terms of reference produced by RA and consultants will
provide designs and a choice is made.
• Preliminary, detailed engineering design and sometimes inception
reports are written by the consultant. This letter specifically
responds to the detailed engineering design report.
• The preliminary report may come as a draft and final.
❖ The comments were then looked into one at a time if valid left if not taken
down.
18/07/24 ❖ Continued with the reviews.
❖ Winded up with going through the comments on every section apart from
the comments on environmental and social management.
❖ Invalid comments were removed and the valid ones left.
19/07/24 ❖ Winded up on the Nkhotakota-Benga reviews.
❖ Went through the comments made by the environmental group for
corrections to produce the final letter to be signed by the CEO.
❖ I was with Eng. Mbisa, Mr. Banda and his colleague.
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26/07/24 ❖ Absent .
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31/07/24 ❖ Assigned to study the bridge design report for Chidzanja-Nathenje,

specifically hydrological and hydraulic analysis of bridges.
1/08/24 ❖ Continued my study on hydrological and hydraulic analysis of bridges

using youtube and google.
2/08/24 ❖ Study on hydrological and hydraulic analysis of bridges.
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Department: HEAD QUARTERS PLANNING DEPARTMENT/

CENTRAL REGION MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT
5/08/24 ❖ Absent.
6/08/24 ❖ Assigned to study on calculation of catchment area using ArcGIS and

Google Earth using YouTube.
7/08/24 ❖ Continued with my study on calculation of catchment area using ArcGIS

and Google Earth at home I had been switched to continue my industrial
attachments at the Central Region Maintenance Department.
8/08/24 ❖ Reported for work at Central Region Maintenance Department.

❖ Met the Regional Manager Eng. Fletcher Mkandawire and part of the
team as some were not around. I was oriented on the structural set up of
the people in this Department.
9/08/24 ❖ Reported for work and was introduced to the rest of the team.
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Department: CENTRAL REGION MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT
12/08/24 ❖ I was assigned to read and find out from the team on the following topics
and produce a 2-pages report on each:
• Mandate of the Roads Authority.
• Structure of the RA and the functions of each department (RA act
2006)
• Procurement under RA -designated public road networks (roads act
2023) and the processes and steps involved in procurement.
• Understanding a tender and contract document (its differences and
Similarities).
13/08/24 ❖ Travelled to Salima District Council to have a meeting on road
classification.
• The roads are being reclassified at first there were 4 designations (
main, secondary, tertiary and undesignated roads) now to (main,
secondary, district, community and undesignated roads) and
renaming of these roads was also done.
• From the reclassification some were demoted and vice versa
depending on the usage, status and traffic.
• Upon meeting them they were tasked to help us in checking:
1. If the roads in Salima district have been properly classified.
2. Properly named in reference to the current names of the
places in case the names have been changed.
3. If some roads have been omitted and add them.
4. Introduce new roads that have just been created looking at
upcoming or available developments for future use of that
road.
5. If the roads roads have the correct starting and ending
points.
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14/08/24 ❖ I was winding up on my first assignment on the mandate of the roads
authority
❖ I submitted it and had a meeting with Eng. Mkandawire where he guided
and taught me on how best I would have done it at the same time added
more information on what I had missed. Attached is the essay I had
submitted.
15/08/24 ❖ Started my research on the structure of RA and the functions of each
department with reference to the Roads authority act 2006.
16/08/24 ❖ Absent, RA general meeting.
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19/08/24 ❖ Attended a meeting whose purpose was to report on the physical

performance for the 2023/24 end of financial year budget. This involves
evaluating how effectively the allocated funds from a specific budget have
been utilized to achieve planned physical outputs over a year.
❖ I was also given the plan of activities to be done within the week
1. A site visit to Dowa bridge and culverts construction inspection.
2. To visit Ntchisi for a Road Inventory.
20/08/24 ❖ I had a site visit to Dowa with Mr. Mtotera.
• Our first stop was in Kasemwe, where we stopped by a multi celled
box culvert. It specifically had 4 cells. I was asked to write a report
on the list of the structural components I have seen and their
functions. On this culvert I observed there was also a French drain
with pipes at a slope covered in a geotextile material to drain water
from a spring.
• Our next stop was in Nambuma, where we stopped by the
Nambuma bridge and our final stop was on a pipe culvert. I was
also told to write a report on the structural components I had across
and their functions.
❖ I was told to read on the differences between a culvert and bridge, the types
of bridges and culverts and write a report on this.
21/08/24 ❖ I travelled to Ntchisi with Mr. Mtotera, specifically the Ntchisi-Nkhotakota
road T… for a Road Inventory. Road inventory is a detailed record of all
the features, components and assets that make up a road network. It serves
as a database that helps the RA to keep track of the roads they are
responsible for, including their conditions, design features and the presence
of related infrastructure such as bridges and drainage systems.
❖ During our trip we came across two gully formations;
• A smaller one, in which for control recommendation is the
construction of a check dam or a retaining wall.
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• A big gully, in which for control recommendation the construction
and insertion of gabion baskets and then backfilling.
22/08/24 ❖ I was reading and writing my report on bridges and culverts.

❖ I was completing my report on structure and departmental functions of
the roads authority.
23/08/24 ❖ I was completing my reports on procurement and contract and tender

documents.
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26/08/24 ❖ Attended a meeting with the Technical Team to discuss on how the 2025/26
Annual National Road Programme (ANRP) planning will be carried out.
❖ Mr. Mtorera started teaching me on invoices and planned to continue with
how to prepare a payment certificate.
❖ I started with checking if the calculations the total amount was correctly
done from the invoice.
27/08/24 ❖ Had a meeting with Mr. Munthali who explained and taught me on what
is contract document is. He also explained the differences between a
tender and a contract document. He also showed me the components of a
contract document, the required forms, how the calculations in the BOQ
is done in reference with the unit rate analysis. He basically taught me
how to prepare it.
❖ I then met Eng. Mkandawire for submission of my reports, we went
through the report on tender and contract documents. He told me of the few
jargons I had missed e.g. the use of contractor and consultant (I only
mentioned the contractor). I missed out on some of the components of a
tender document, he thus, gave a list and a soft copy of a tender document
to go through. He then referred me to Eng. Manda to submit the rest of the
reports.
28/08/24 ❖ I submitted the two reports on structure and procurement under RA to
Eng. Manda.
❖ Attended an ANRP planning meeting specifically for the Central Region.
• This involved compiling the requirements of a district in terms of
roads and activities to be done on these roads e.g. grading and
reshaping, line marking etc.
• The compilation looked at the priority of the road and even
distribution of the maintenance activities in all districts in the
region.
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29/08/24 ❖ Met with Eng. Manda to have a discussion on the two reports I had
submitted and I am yet to submit corrected reports. The key points from
the discussion were:
• Add on the management and responsibilities of the designated
public roads
• On procurement he added monitoring as first step in procurement
and use of the PPDA Act.
• I was also given an overview of who reports to who in the Roads
Authority structure.
• Referencing, research topic and reporting.
• We also went through the appraisal forms specifically main duties
a maintenance engineer must know e.g. bid data sheet, standard
PPDA, estimates production etc.
❖ Went for a site visit for inspection of works in Dedza.
• Linthipe-Lobi (the contractor is Dika)- there is an undergoing road
rehabilitation from pavement damage still in the early stages. A
new layer (formation layer) was being added. I was also given an
overview of the upcoming layers, the subbase, base and asphalt
layers.
• M1- construction of drainage structures to control running water
the road. The drains consisted of a box culvert (to be installed) to
control flow direction and installed gabion baskets to prevent
scouring.
• Dedza Boma- road rehabilitation (the first 5km to extend side
widths and the rest to add a new pavement layer) and installation
of concrete pipe culvert
• Salima-Balaka route- they were pothole patching activities. We
found the contractor doing the patching wrongly, he did not
excavate part of the pavement layer to get to a firm support (they
were just adding a tack coat on top)
30/08/24 ❖ Attended a contract Negotiation meeting at the Head Office with Eng.
Manda and the procurement team for the construction supervision of
Road and Bridge maintenance in different zones i.e. Lilongwe, Mzuzu,
Kasungu, Blantyre and Zomba.
❖ The consultants involved were Pamodzi, EcoDec, BMM, Suida and
Partners and MSCAT.
❖ For these consultants to make it to the contract negotiation meeting stage,
their technical and financial proposals would have passed the required
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marks (first a 76% for the technical and final a 20% for the financial and
80% for the technical).
❖ The main agendas were:
• Confirmation of scope of services (in this contract they had
introduced a Bridge Engineer for design of drainage structures and
were confirming if they were conversant with that).
• Technical aspects i.e. approach, methodology and work plan and
activity schedule (the consultant had to state if maintained or not
and if not to resubmit).
• The organization and staffing and time schedule for key staff (if
any changes to resubmit).
• Deliverables
• Facilities and equipment (confirming if they have enough
equipment e.g. laptops, motorcycles for inspectors).
• Special Conditions of Contract (confirm the specifications as in
the RFPs e.g. what behavior could get them a penalty, the dates
when the client (RA) will pay them, if they will need an advance
payment, their need to submit reports every month with attached
receipts for reimbursements)
• Confirmation of contract price
• Draft contract (the specific date wasn’t given as they had to
consult other stakeholders too).
❖ I also met Mrs. Phiri who an overview of a bid document and contract
document in an administrative way.
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02/09/24 ❖ Weekly report writing and editing in preparation to meet my academic

supervisor
03/09/24 ❖ Final reports editing with Mr. Mtotera and Eng. Busani and creation of a
power-point presentation.
04/09/24 ❖ I made a presentation on the overall industrial activities I have carried out
in the presence of my industrial supervisors Eng. Busani and Mr. Malunga
and academic supervisor Dr. Mbewe.
❖ Mr. Chawanagwa Munthali was teaching me how to make and check a
payment certificate.
05/09/24 ❖ No activities
06/09/24 ❖ Site handover for pedestrian crossing marking in Likuni with Mr. Mike
Munthali to the contractor (Dawn) in the presence of a consultant
(Pamodzi).
❖ This is a market area. Below is the brief overview of the area:
✓ Normal size of a bus bay is 24m by 22m by 18m and alternate with
each other on different sides of the road by 10m or greater. Due to high
volume of buses the bus bays had been stretched to some distance on
both sides to reduce congestion.
✓ Road market area is made up of reinforced concrete, class 30/20
concrete and A142 mesh wire. Shallow drains to allow easy movement
being a market, in terms of high bus volumes they could extend to the
drain side and at the same time draining water from runoff.
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✓ In a busy road area, to calm traffic, road signs, rumble strips, humps
can be introduced.
✓ A pedestrian crossing should be marked at a visible place like a straight
line unlike in a curve (trough) area or side of a crest.
✓ A pedestrian crossing should be marked on areas where a path on one
side of the road joins another on the other side and a common crossing
point for most people.
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09/09/24 ❖ Attended a meeting to welcome the new Regional Manager Eng. Mtawali.
He was introduced to the team and given a brief overview of the undergoing
activities in the office.
❖ I was given an assignment by Mr. Mtotera on claims; types and how to
prevent them.
10/09/24 ❖ Claims assignment submission and discussion with Mr. Mtotera.
❖ Site inspection in Likuni on pedestrian crossing marking with Mr.
Munthali. Had found the work wrongly done and asked the contractor to
redo the work. He had painted the crossing lines perpendicular to the center
line instead of parallel.
❖ Introduction to robot structural analysis software.
11/09/24 ❖ Attended contract negotiation meetings with contractors
❖ The consulting companies involved were Pamodzi for Lilongwe projects
and Kandoli for Kasungu projects.
❖ The main agendas were:
✓ The general issues: submission of bid security, submission of
contract documents, how to carry out supervision and site
instructions, site diaries, communication procedure, performance
assessments and notifying them of technical audits that are done by
RFA, RA, outsiders and the consultant.
✓ Contractual issues: securities e.g. performance bond and insurance
policies, time, cost and quality control, health, safety,
environmental and social issues on site and general and particular
conditions of contract.
✓ Financial issues in terms of advance payments and payment
certificates (issued monthly).
✓ Technical issues: confirmation of contract price, scope of works
and contractor’s capacity to provide suitable personell, resources
like equipment and financial capacity.
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12/09/24 ❖ Site inspections in Salima with Mr. Munthali along T356 (Kamenyapa to
Thavite) and the M005.
✓ Location 1 along T356: Chitala bailey Bridge for site appreciations in
terms of steel, timber and concrete works. Not under construction.
✓ Location 2 along T356: Kaning’a box culvert.

Activity: rock filling which had been well done. Materials on site
included; sand, aggregate and cement.
Observations: no signs as we are approaching the site therefore a threat
to safety. Wrong debris disposal therefore a harm to the environment.
✓ Location 3 along T356: Liwadzi Bridge

Activity: blasting to remove an old existing bridge as well to find a rock
to construct the foundations for the new bridge.
Observation: work is slow looking at the time of commencement
✓ Location 4 along M005: Linthipe bridge

Activity: installation of gabion baskets to control scouring.
13/09/24 ❖ I was looking at a bidding document.
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16/09/24 ❖ Read the SATCC on general section.
17/09/24 ❖ Read the SATCC specifically on drainage.
18/09/24 ❖ Eng. Busani gave me a brief overview of what an addendum is, and this an
extra document or an addition to an existing contract and is used to make
changes, add new information or clarification details without changing the
whole written document or agreement.
❖ I then wrote an addendum for cost escalation due to the kwacha devaluation
between Roads Authority and Pamodzi Consulting Limited.
19/09/24 ❖ Eng. Busani assigned me to go through the bidding document for the
procurement of works, and have an understanding of the different
sections in the documents as well as the interrelations and functions of
each of the sections.
20/09/24 ❖ Continuation in reading the bidding document. Attached is the written
documentation.
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23/09/24 ❖ Attendended an ANRP meeting.

❖ Attended contract negotiation meetings.
24/09/24 ❖ Submitted my assigned to Eng. Busani, who gave me feed to also look into
the importance of the bidding document in preparation of a contract
document to the client and contractor.
25/09/24 ❖ I was practicing in the Robot Structural Analysis software.
26/09/24 ❖ Was working on Robot Structural Analysis. Mr. Mtotera had asked me to
look for an example in a structural analysis book (Aslam Kassimali) and
draw it in the software and verify the answers as a way to learn.
27/09/24 ❖ Absent
30/09/24 ❖ Attended contract negotiations meeting for different maintenance works.
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Appendix 3. Weekly Reports (June 10th - September 30th)
WEEKLY REPORTS
WEEK 1 REPORT
ANNEX 2: WEEKLY REPORT
Student Name and Registration No: ESTHER KADZANJA BCES/20/SS/006
Department: HEADQUARTERS PLANNING DEPARTMENT .
Organization name and Address: ROADS AUTHORITY P/Bag B346 Lilongwe3
Week No....1…..
SUMMARY OF TASKS
• Orientation on the Organization.

• Attachment to the planning department.
• Reporting to the planning department offices.
• Meeting the Director of Planning Department
Signature of Student……………………………………………………………….
Signature of Industrial Supervisor………………………………………………
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WEEK 2 REPORT
Week No....2…..
SUMMARY OF TASKS
A. WORKS UNDERTAKEN
1. Met Eng. Sisya (Chief Design Engineer) and my Supervisor Eng. Mbisa.
2. Given the Liwonde-Matawale to design for loads, moment and reinforcement.
Engagement with the supervisor on the design calculations for the Liwonde-Matawale Bridge and
was asked to read on how to do bridge calculations.
B. CONTRIBUTIONS
1. Calculated the volume of concrete for liwonde-Matawale bridge rehabilitation project. Attached
is the document of the calculations I made.
C. CHALLENGES
1. I had issues with the design of bridges because I have not yet learnt bridge design.
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WEEK 3 REPORT
Department: HEADQUARTERS PLANNING DEPARTMENT
Week No....3…..
SUMMARY OF TASKS
A. WORKS UNDERTAKEN
1. Studying on bridge loads and trying out the calculations using the BS5400 and a book on bridge
design by la Clark and website (https://www.bing.com).
2. I found out on the HA load (which is the UDL and edge knife load) and the HB load (traffic
load mostly found using influence lines) and how they are used/applied. Attached is a page
containing the calculations I tried.
A. CHALLENGES
1. The people were not around this week to obtain more knowledge from them but I am yet to
schedule a meeting with them.
Signature of Industrial Supervisor……………………………………………
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WEEK 4 REPORT
Week No....4…..
SUMMARY OF TASKS
1. No activities.
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WEEK 5 REPORT
Department: HEADQUARTERS PLANNING DEPARTMENT.
Week No....5…..
SUMMARY OF TASKS
A. WORKS UNDERTAKEN
1. I was given a book on Hydrology to read a TP12, which contained formulas for calculating
discharges to be used for design. I wrote short notes on what I read and attached are the short
notes I wrote. Having read the TP12, I have yet to discuss with Eng. Mbisa on how these
discharges are used in the design.
2. Started reviews with Eng. Sisya and Eng. Mbisa on the Nkhotakota-Benga road.
• Had a document of reference and we were going through the submitted bidding
document from the consultant to check if he has followed the line out and specifications.
• Went through the cover page, section I to section III, we were going through if the
consultant had followed and written all the required headings and subheadings.
• Comments were then written on any observations made.
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WEEK 6 REPORT
Week No....6…..
SUMMARY OF TASKS
A. WORKS UNDERTAKEN
1. Continued with reviews, was joined by Eng. Sanogo, Eng. Kawamba and Eng. Kauma. From
the 15th to the 18th of July.
❖ We continued going through the bidding document by looking if the consultant had
correctly followed the contents, headings, and subsections from the document of
reference.
❖ Looked at Section VII of the bidding document (Work requirements).
❖ A document called the SATCC which contains specifications and how everything is to
be carried out (i.e. how payment is to be done) on areas such as earthworks, drainage,
pavement, structures, ancillary roadworks, and testing/quality control.
❖ All works to be carried out are written under the required sections in the BOQ and
checked if they have been properly written as well as the sub-sections in them are
properly written. (e.g. section 6000 for bridges).
❖ Information in the BOQ and the section on work requirements in the bidding document
is the same.
❖ These are some of the rules followed:
• If the work specifications are the same as in the SATCC, the descriptions are
copied as they are from the SATCC to Section VII of the bidding document.
• If there are any iterations or introductions of new information to the
specifications in the SATCC, the abbreviation PS (Particular Specification) is
added on in front of a subsection heading, and then descriptions are added in
Section VII of the bidding document.
❖ Comments on observations made are jotted down.
2. We were writing a letter in response to the detailed engineering report containing comments
observed from all the reports i.e. hydrology report, detailed design report, main bidding
document, etc.
❖ For consultancy design services a consultant may submit Preliminary, detailed
engineering design (draft and final) reports. This letter with comments was specifically
responding to the submitted draft detailed engineering design report.
❖ The comments were then looked into one at a time, if valid left and if not taken down.
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3. Winded up on the Nkhotakota-Benga reviews.
❖ Went through the comments made by the environmental group for corrections to
produce the final letter to be signed by the CEO.
❖ I was with Eng. Mbisa, Mr. Banda, and his colleague.
B. CONTRIBUTIONS
1. I was writing down the comments and editing the final letter with Eng. Nyanga.
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WEEK 7 REPORT
Week No....7…..
SUMMARY OF TASKS
No activities.
Signature of Industrial Supervisor……………………………………………
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WEEK 8 REPORT
Department: HEAD QUARTERS PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT.
Week No....8…..
SUMMARY OF TASKS
A. WORKS UNDERTAKEN: HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDRAULIC

ANALYSIS FOR DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
This week, I undertook a self-study on hydraulic and hydrological analysis of bridges specifically the
rational method for discharge calculation.
1. The rational method is used to predict peak flows for small drainage areas
2. Discharge is found using the formula
Q(T)=0.278Ai(T)C
Where: Q(T) is the discharge (peak flood in m3/s)
A is the catchment area (km2)
C is the runoff coefficient
i(T) is the rainfall intensity (mm/hr) with a return period of T in yrs.
3. Runoff coefficient (can be selected from a Rational Formula table for C under section 8.33 of
Guidelines for Peak Flood Estimation for Design of Bridges and Culverts and Design of
Spillway of Dams) is dependent on several factors;
• Steeply sloped areas and less frequent, higher intensity storms require the use of higher
coefficients because infiltration and other losses have a proportionally smaller effect on
runoff.
• Areas with land vegetation will use low runoff coefficients while residential areas with
slabs will use higher runoff coefficients.
• Runoff coefficients should be increased by 10% when designing for a 25-year
frequency; by 20% for a 50-year frequency; and by 25% for a 100-year frequency
• If the area consists of several characteristics e.g a forest, open space, residential, streets,
etc. runoff coefficient can be found using the:
∑𝐴𝑖𝐶𝑖
C= ∑𝐴𝑖
4. Time of concentration (tc) in hours, which is the time required for flow to move through a flow
segment, shall be computed for each flow segment. The time of concentration is equal to the
sum of the travel times for all flow segments.
0.87𝐿3
tc=[ 𝐻 ]0.385
Where H is elevation differences in m.
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L is the length of the river in km.
5. Rainfall intensity (i(T)) (is calculated using table 8.2 in reference to tables 8.1,8.3 and 8.4 of
Guidelines for Peak Flood Estimation for Design of Bridges and Culverts and Design of
Spillway of Dams) the formula below is used:
205 log10 (𝑀𝐴𝑃×𝑇)−300
I= mm/hr
6𝑇𝐶 +2
Where I=2 log10 𝑇 + 2.4 mm/hr
MAP is the mean annual precipitation
T is the return period
Tc is the gathering time
6. The discharge found and velocity can be used to calculate the area of the section, i.e.
𝑄
Q=AV, therefore: A=
𝑉
B. REFERENCES
1. Chidzanja-Nathenje bridge design report
2. Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/@ncssm
3. The Spokane Regional Stormwater Manual : Chapter 5.
Industrial Supervisor
Name: Eng. C. D. Kauma
Supervisor Signature:
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WEEK 9 REPORT
Week No....9…..
SUMMARY OF TASKS
A. WORKS UNDERTAKEN: CALCULATING CATCHMENT AREA USING
ARC-GIS AND GOOGLE EARTH
This week I undertook a self-study on calculating catchment area using Arc GIS and Google Earth.
1) Calculating catchment area using Google Earth:
• Google Earth is used for visual inspection and locating the outlet point of a
catchment area.
• On its own Google Earth calculation of the catchment area is done manually.
Firstly, the 3D terrain view in Google Earth is used to identify ridges and valleys
that form the boundaries of the watershed, and these boundaries are traced by
visually inspecting the terrain. The “Path” or “Polygon” tool in Google Earth is
then to manually draw the boundary of the catchment area. You can place points
along the ridges to form a polygon that encloses the area of interest. Once the
polygon has been drawn, right-click on it and select “Properties”. Google Earth
will display the area of the polygon in the desired units (e.g., square kilometers,
hectares).
• To be used in connection to ArcGIS firstly, navigation of the area of interest is
done where you want to calculate the catchment area. From which the
understanding of the terrain should be established and features like rivers, valleys
should also be identified. The outlet point is then identified and using the
‘Placemark’ tool is then marked. The coordinates of this point are then saved to
be used in arc GIS.
1) Calculating catchment area using Arc GIS:
• Arc GIS is used for processing DEM data, creating flow direction and
accumulation of rasters, delineating the catchment area, and calculating its area.
• Firstly, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data that covers one’s area of interest is
downloaded from a reliable source and should have a sufficient resolution (30m or
better).
• The DEM data is then loaded in Arc GIS and visualize the terrain to understand
the elevation patterns.
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• Using the “Fill” tool, filling in any sinks or depressions in the DEM is done. This
step ensures accurate water flow modeling by removing small pits that could trap
water artificially.
• Then using the “Flow Direction” tool a flow direction raster is created. This
raster indicates the direction in which water would flow from each cell.
• Using the “Flow Accumulation” tool a flow accumulation raster is generated. This
shows the accumulated flow to each cell, helping to identify channels and streams.
• Then using the coordinates or KML file from Google Earth the outlet point in
ArcGIS is now located.
• The “Snap Pour Point” tool is then used to ensure that the outlet point aligns with
the highest accumulated flow in the flow accumulation raster. This helps in
accurate catchment delineation. Input the flow accumulation raster, the outlet
point, and set a snapping distance to adjust the point position.
• The “Watershed” tool is then used to delineate the catchment area. This tool uses
the flow direction raster and the outlet point to define the boundaries of the
watershed and the output will be a raster that shows the catchment area.
• To convert the watershed raster into a polygon, feature the “Raster to Polygon”
tool is used to make the catchment area easier to work with and analyze.
• If the polygon output contains multiple small polygons, the “Dissolve” tool is
used to merge them into a single polygon representing the entire catchment area.
• The attribute table of the watershed polygon should then be opened and a new
field added for the area.
• The “Calculate Geometry” tool is used to compute the area of the catchment
polygon. You can select the unit of measurement (e.g., square kilometer, hectares
etc).
• Review of the calculated area and validation is done against known data or field
measurements if available. Using Google Earth and other reference maps, one
visually confirms the catchment boundaries.
• Lastly a map in ArcGIS can be created showing the delineated catchment area,
flow direction, and accumulation patterns.
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Signature of Industrial Supervisor
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WEEK 10 REPORT
Week No....10…..
SUMMARY OF TASKS
OBJECTIVES
The primary objectives of this week were:
1. Research on Roads Authority mandate, structure, procurement works and tender and contract
documents.
2. Road classification meeting in Salima.
KEY ACTIVITIES
1. I was assigned to research and produce a 2-page report on:
• Mandate of the Roads Authority.
• Structure of the RA and the functions of each department (RA act 2006).
• Procurement under RA -designated public road networks (roads act 2023) and the
processes and steps involved in procurement.
• Understanding a tender and contract document (its differences and Similarities).
2. I completed my research and report on the Mandate of the Roads Authority:

• I submitted a report detailing the mandate of the Roads Authority, focusing on its
objectives as defined by law.
• Following submission, I had a meeting with Eng. Mkandawire, who provided valuable
feedback on areas of improvement. He helped me refine my approach, adding insights I
had initially overlooked, and advised on how to broaden my analysis
3. Meeting with the Salima District Council on Road Classification:

a. I attended a meeting in Salima District concerning the reclassification of roads. The
reclassification involves shifting from four designations (main, secondary, tertiary, and
undesignated) to a new system with five classifications: main, secondary, district, community,
and undesignated roads. Roads Authority will be responsible for Main and Secondary Roads
while District Councils will be responsible for District and Community roads.
b. Some roads have been upgraded or downgraded based on status, traffic volume and traffic
class.
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c. During the meeting, the council was tasked with helping the Roads Authority check:
• Whether the roads in Salima district are properly classified.
• Whether the roads have been properly named with reference to current place
names. Verification that roads have the correct start and end points and length.
• Whether any roads have been omitted and need to be added.
• The introduction of new roads based on recent or upcoming developments.
4. Reporting on the Structure of the Roads Authority and its Departmental Functions:
• I began researching the structure of the Roads Authority and the specific functions of each
department, as outlined in the Roads Authority Act of 2006. This includes breaking down
departmental roles and how they contribute to the overall mission of the RA.
LESSON LEARNT AND OBSERVATIONS

❖ The guidance from Eng. Mkandawire was instrumental in sharpening my understanding of the
Roads Authority’s mandate and improving my approach to research and report writing.
❖ Another lesson was on the significance of road classification with reference to transportation
planning.
❖ I have also had an in-depth understanding on the mandate of the roads authority.
❖ Attached is the written report.
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WEEK 11 REPORT
Week No....11…..
SUMMARY OF TASKS
OBJECTIVES
The primary objectives of this week were:
1. Attend a meeting to report on the physical performance for the 2023/24 end of the financial year
budget.
2. Conduct site visits to bridge and culverts in Dowa and Ntchisi districts. (for bridge and culvert
inspections.)
3. Conduct a road inventory along Kasangadzi -Mbonekera- Chaola School T340 road in Dowa
and Ntchisi districts.
4. Write reports on structural components for bridges and culverts, the Roads Authority’s structure
and departmental functions and procurement.
KEY ACTIVITIES
1. Physical Performance Reporting Meeting:
• Attended a meeting focused on evaluating how effectively the budget allocations for
the 2023/24 financial year have been utilized. The primary discussion revolved around
the achievement of planned physical outputs over the year, assessing the alignment of
completed work with allocated funds.
2. Site Visit to Ntchisi (T340) with Mr. Mtotera:

❖ Location: Kasemwe:
• Structure Inspected: An in-situ multicelled Box Culvert with 5 cells (4×2m)
• Observations:
✓ French drains were installed at culvert approaches to drain water from a spring
in the roadway. The french drains were composed of sloped pipes on 20mm
quarry stones and covered with geotextile material to filter soil.
✓ A report was requested on the structural components observed from the culvert
and their respective functions.
3. Site Visit to Dowa (S115) with Mr. Mtotera:

❖ Location: Nambuma, Dowa District
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• Structure Inspected: Nambuma Bridge with 2 spans and a precast concrete pipe culvert
(900m diameter).
• Action: I was instructed to report on the structural components observed during the
inspection of these structures and detailing their functions.
4. Site Visit to Ntchisi (with Mr. Mtotera):

❖ Road Inventory Task: . Road inventory is a detailed record of all the features, components
and assets that make up a road network. It serves as a database that helps the RA to keep
track of the roads they are responsible for, including their conditions, design features and
the presence of related infrastructure such as bridges and drainage systems.
❖ The major problem we encountered was gully erosion. We encountered two gully
developments and some of the possible solutions are:
• Smaller Gully: construction of a check dam or retaining wall.
• Larger Gully: installation of gabion baskets followed by backfilling to mitigate
further erosion.
5. Research and Report Writing:

❖ Bridges and Culverts: Continued reading and writing reports on the differences between
culverts and bridges, including the types of each structure and the functions of their
structural components.
❖ Roads Authority Structure and Departmental Functions: Worked on finalizing the report
detailing the structure and departmental functions within the Roads Authority.
❖ Procurement and Contract/Tender Documents: Continued writing reports focused on the
Roads Authority’s procurement process, including analysis of contract and tender
documents.
LESSONS LEARNT AND OBSERVATIONS

❖ From the research and report writing on the Roads Authority’s organizational structure, and
procurement processes I have been equipped with more knowledge on the structure of RA and
procurement.
❖ Engaged in research to differentiate between bridges and culverts, furthering my technical
knowledge in civil engineering.
❖ Addressing erosion control measures for gully formations encountered during the road
inventory.
❖ New jargon- geotextile material (is a permeable material used to drainage and filtration,
reinforcing soil and to separate aggregate from each other.
❖ Attached are the pictures and reports from this week’s activities.
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WEEK 12 REPORT
Week No....12…..
SUMMARY OF TASKS
SUMMARY OF TASKS
OBJECTIVES
The primary objectives this week were:
1. Attending an ANRP (Annual National Road Programme) meetings
2. Site inspections in Dedza
3. Submission and feedback meetings on reports
4. Attending a contract negotiation meeting
5. Contract and tender document, and invoice lessons
KEY ACTIVITIES
1. ANRP Planning Meetings:

• Attended a meeting with the Technical Team to discuss on how the 2025/26 Annual National
Road Programme (ANRP) planning will be carried out. This was specifically for the central
region.
• This involved compiling different maintenance activities on trunk roads in central region.
Some of road maintenance programmes include; grading, road marking, replacement of road
signs.
• This compilation focused on the priority (e.g. usage and condition) of the road and even
distribution of the maintenance activities in all districts in the region when ranking.
2. Learning about Contract and Tender Documents:

• Met with Mr. Munthali, who explained the differences between a tender and a contract
document. He provided insights into the components of a contract document, required forms,
and the process of preparing it, including calculating the Bill of Quantities (BOQ) with
reference to unit rate analysis.
• Met with Eng. Mkandawire to review the report on tender and contract documents. He
provided feedback on missing terminology and key components, suggesting further reading
and provided a soft copy of a tender document for additional study. He then referred me to
Eng. Manda for the submission of the remaining reports.
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3. Submission and feedback of Reports:
• Submitted reports on the structure and procurement processes of the Roads Authority to Eng.
Manda.
• Met with Eng. Manda for a discussion on the submitted reports. Key points discussed included:
✓ Adding information on the management and responsibilities of designated public roads.
✓ Including “monitoring” as the first step in the procurement process and referencing the
Public Procurement and Disposal of Assets (PPDA) Act.
✓ An overview of the reporting hierarchy within the Roads Authority.
✓ Discussing referencing, research topics, and report writing skills.
• Reviewed appraisal forms outlining the primary duties of a maintenance engineer, including
knowledge of bid data sheets, standard PPDA requirements, and estimates production.
4. Site Inspections in Dedza:

• Linthipe-Lobi (Contractor: Dika): Inspected ongoing road rehabilitation work, observing the
addition of a new formation layer and receiving an overview of the subsequent construction
layers: subbase, base, and asphalt.
• M1: Inspected drainage structures, including a box culvert to be installed (in replacement of a
pipe culvert to control water flow and gabion baskets to prevent scouring.
• Dedza Boma: road rehabilitation (the first 5km to extend side widths and the rest to add a new
pavement layer) and installation of concrete pipe culvert.
• Salima-Balaka Route: Observed pothole patching activities and identified improper practices
by the contractor, who did not excavate part of the pavement layer before adding a tack coat.
5. Contract Negotiation Meeting:

• Attended a contract negotiation meeting at the Head Office with Eng. Manda and the
procurement team on construction supervision for road and bridge maintenance across various
zones (Lilongwe, Mzuzu, Kasungu, Blantyre, and Zomba).
• Consultants involved were Pamodzi, EcoDec, BMM, Suida and Partners, and MSCAT, whose
technical and financial proposals met the required standards (76% for technical, 20% for
financial, and a final 80% combined score).
• Main Agenda Items Discussed:
✓ Confirmation of scope of services (confirmation if the consultant is conversant with the
new position for the Bridge Engineer to be responsible for drainage structure design).
✓ Technical aspects i.e. approach, methodology and work plan and activity schedule (the
consultant had to state if maintained or not and if not to resubmit).
✓ Verification of deliverables, facilities, and equipment (e.g., laptops, motorcycles for
inspectors).
✓ Confirmation on special conditions of the contract, including behavior penalties, payment
schedules, advance payments, and monthly reporting requirements.
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✓ Confirmation of contract price and preparation of the draft contract (pending consultation
with other stakeholders).
6. Administrative Overview of Bid and Contract Documents:

• Met with Mrs. Phiri, who provided an administrative overview of bid documents and contract
documents, offering insights into their management within the Roads Authority.
7. Invoices and Payment Certificates:

• Mr. Mtorera started teaching me on invoices and planned to continue with how to prepare a
payment certificate.
• I started with checking if the calculations the total amount was correctly done from the invoice.
ACHIEVEMENTS
1. Got an understanding of how the ANRP planning is done.
2. Acquired detailed insights into the differences between tender and contract documents and their
preparation.
3. Learnt how contract negotiation processes go.
4. Received constructive feedback on reports from senior engineers, guiding improvements and
better alignment.
NEXT STEPS
1. Implement feedback from Eng. Manda to revise and resubmit reports.
2. Learn how to make a payment certificate.
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WEEK 13 REPORT
Week No....13…..
SUMMARY OF TASKS
OBJECTIVES
1. Presentation on the industrial attachment progress.
2. Learn the preparation of a payment certificate.
3. Attend a site handover meeting for pedestrian crossing marking.
KEY ACTIVITIES
1. Presentation on the industrial attachment progress.

• During this week, I focused on drafting and refining my weekly reports with help from Mr.
Mtotera and Eng. Busani in preparation for submission to my academic supervisor, Dr.
Mbewe. These reports summarize the key activities and experiences gained during the
industrial attachment. The editing process involved refining the content to ensure clarity,
accuracy, and completeness.
• I made a formal presentation on the overall industrial activities that I have undertaken during
my attachment. This presentation was made in the presence of my industrial supervisors,
Eng. Busani and Mr. Malunga, as well as my academic supervisor, Dr. Mbewe. The feedback
from the supervisors will be incorporated into the final report.
2. Learning Payment Certificate Preparation

• Mr. Chawanagwa Munthali taught me on how to create a payment certificate. This process
involved understanding the key details that need to be included, such as the contractor’s
information, work completed, and financial breakdown. I also learned how to check these
certificates for accuracy before they are submitted for approval.
3. Site Handover for Pedestrian Crossing Marking (Likuni)

I attended the site handover for the pedestrian crossing marking in Likuni. The handover was
conducted by Mr. Mike Munthali in the presence of the contractor, Dawn, and the consultant,
Pamodzi. This project is located in a busy market area, where congestion due to high bus volumes
is a key concern. The site plan involves the following:
• Bus Bays: Normal bus bay size is 24m x 22m x 18m, but due to high bus volume, these bays
were extended to reduce congestion.
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• Road Construction Materials: Reinforced concrete, class 30/20 concrete, and A142 mesh
wire were used. Shallow drains were designed to manage runoff while ensuring smooth
movement in the market area.
• Pedestrian Crossing Marking: The pedestrian crossings will be marked in visible, straight-
line locations and in areas where footpaths meet on both sides of the road.
I was also given an insight on Traffic Calming Measures as; Road signs, rumble strips, and
humps.
ACHIEVEMENTS
1. Gained practical knowledge in preparing payment certificates.

2. Participated in the successful site handover for the pedestrian crossing marking project in Likuni,
learning key aspects of project handover and site management.
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WEEK 14 REPORT
Week No....14…..
SUMMARY OF TASKS
OBJECTIVES
1. Attend contract negotiation meetings

2. Conduct site inspections in Likuni and Salima.
3. Attend a meeting to welcome the new Regional Manager.
KEY ACTIVITIES
1. Meeting to Welcome New Regional Manager

I attended a meeting where the new Regional Manager, Eng. Mtawali, was introduced to the team.
During the meeting, a brief overview of ongoing activities in the office was provided to help him
familiarize himself with the current projects and operations.
2. Site Inspection in Likuni

I joined Mr. Munthali for a site inspection of the pedestrian crossing marking in Likuni. Upon
review, we found that the contractor had painted the crossing lines perpendicular to the center line
instead of parallel. We instructed the contractor to redo the work in accordance with the specified
guidelines.
3. Contract Negotiation Meetings

I attended contract negotiation meetings with various contractors, involving two consulting
companies: Pamodzi for Lilongwe projects and Kandoli for Kasungu projects. The key topics
discussed during the meetings included:
• General Issues: Submission of bid security, contract documents, supervision, site instructions,
diaries, communication procedures, performance assessments, and notification of technical
audits.
• Contractual Issues: Handling of performance bonds, insurance policies, time, cost and quality
control, and health, safety, environmental, and social concerns on site.
• Financial Issues: Advance payments and monthly payment certificates.
• Technical Issues: Confirmation of contract price, scope of work, contractor’s capacity in terms
of personnel, resources, and financial capability.
4. Site Inspections in Salima

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I accompanied Mr. Munthali on site inspections along T356 (Kamenyapa to Thavite) and M005.
Key sites included:
• Chitala Bailey Bridge (T356): Site appreciation focusing on steel, timber, and concrete works.
The site is not under construction.
• Kaning’a Box Culvert (T356): Observed rock filling which was well executed. However, the
absence of warning signs at the site posed safety risks, and improper debris disposal posed
environmental concerns.
• Liwadzi Bridge (T356): Blasting was underway to remove an old bridge and find suitable rock
for new foundations. Work progress was slow compared to the time of commencement.
• Linthipe Bridge (M005): Observed the installation of gabion baskets to control scouring along
the bridge.
OTHER ACTIVITIES
1. Bidding Document Review

I reviewed a bidding document this week to gain insights into the key elements that contractors must
adhere to during the bidding process.
2. Claims Assignment
Mr. Mtotera assigned me a task to research the types of claims in construction and how they can be
prevented. later discussed the key points, and I gained a deeper understanding of claims management
in the construction industry.
3. Introduction to Robot Structural Analysis Software

I was introduced to the robot structural analysis software this week. I began familiarizing myself with
the interface and the basic tools used for structural analysis. This software will be crucial in future
structural design and analysis work.
ACHIEVEMENTS
Introduction to robot structural analysis software, which will be essential for future structural analysis
tasks.
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WEEK 15 REPORT
Week No....15…..
SUMMARY OF TASKS
OBJECTIVES
1. Study the Southern African Transport and Communications Commission (SATCC) specifications for
roads and bridges.
2. Bidding document review.
KEY ACTIVITIES
1. SATCC Specifications Review

This week, I focused on studying the SATCC specifications for roads and bridges. The SATCC
guidelines are essential as they provide a framework for the design, construction, and maintenance
of road and bridge infrastructure across the Southern African region. The specifications are
detailed in different sections, this week I went through the;
• General Section: This part outlines general requirements that cover all aspects of road
construction. It includes provisions for the materials used, quality standards, and the
necessary approvals from authorities. Additionally, it emphasizes safety, environmental
considerations, and legal obligations during construction.
• Drainage Section: Drainage plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and longevity
of roads and bridges. The SATCC specifications for drainage focus on the design and
installation of proper drainage systems to prevent water accumulation, which can weaken
road foundations. The document provides guidelines on the types of drainage systems
suitable for different environments, including surface drains, culverts, and subsurface
drainage.
These specifications help ensure uniformity and high standards across member countries in
road and bridge construction, improving regional connectivity and infrastructure durability.
2. Bidding Document Review

Eng. Busani assigned me to go through a bidding document for the procurement of works. The
purpose of this review was to understand how the different sections in the document are structured
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and how they relate to each other. This exercise is crucial for grasping the functions of each
section. The written documentation of my findings is attached for further review.
OTHER ACTIVITIES
3. Writing an Addendum
Eng. Busani gave me an overview of what an addendum is: a supplementary document added to
an existing contract to clarify, modify, or add information without changing the original contract
itself. Using this understanding, I was tasked with drafting an addendum addressing the cost
escalation due to the Kwacha devaluation for the contract between the Roads Authority and
Pamodzi Consulting Limited.
ACHIEVEMENTS
1. Developed a solid understanding of the SATCC specifications for roads and bridges,
particularly on general provisions and drainage, enhancing my knowledge of infrastructure
standards.
2. Gained an in-depth understanding of the structure and function of bidding documents, which
will be critical in future procurement-related tasks.
3. Learnt what an addendum is and how to draft it.
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WEEK 16 REPORT
Week No....16…..
SUMMARY OF TASKS
Objectives
1. To attend an ANRP meeting
2. To attend contract negotiation meetings
3. Learn the Robot Structural analysis software
KEY ACTIVITIES
1. ANRP Meeting Attendance

I attended the Annual National Roads Program (ANRP) meeting this week. The focus of the meeting
was to trim the budget to meet the allocated funds for road projects. The discussions provided insight
into how project budgets are managed and adjusted to align with available financial resources, ensuring
that project deliverables remain realistic and achievable within the given constraints.
2. Contract Negotiation Meetings

I also attended contract negotiation meetings as part of my practical exposure. During these meetings,
key elements such as project scope, cost, and timelines as well availability of resources to execute the
project
3. Feedback from Eng. Busani

After submitting my assigned work on the review of bidding documents, Eng. Busani provided
feedback, encouraging me to further explore how bidding documents contribute to contract document
preparation. This task has deepened my understanding of how essential clear, well-prepared documents
are in preventing disputes and ensuring project success.
4. Practice with Robot Structural Analysis

I continued my practice with the Robot Structural Analysis software. Under guidance from Mr. Mtotera,
I worked through an example from Aslam Kassimali’s Structural Analysis book. I modeled the structure
in the software and verified the results, improving my hands-on skills and ability to apply theoretical
concepts to real-world structural challenges.
Achievements
Enhanced my structural analysis skills by modeling and verifying an example using Robot Structural
Analysis software.
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Appendix 4. Monthly Reports (June 10th- September 30th)
MONTHLY REPORTS
ANNEX 3: MONTHLY REPORT (MONTH 1 (WEEK 1-4))
Month No....1…..
SUMMARY OF TASKS
During this first month of my industrial attachment at the Roads Authority, I was oriented to the
organization and attached to the Planning Department at headquarters. This period provided a valuable
introduction to the technical work of the Planning Department, particularly focusing on bridge design and
hydrological calculations.
KEY ACTIVITIES
1. Orientation and Introduction:
• I received orientation on the Roads Authority organization.
• I was attached to the Planning Department and reported to their offices.
• Met with the Director of the Planning Department and other key personnel, including Eng. Sisya
(Chief Design Engineer) and my supervisor, Eng. Mbisa.
2. Bridge Design:
• Assigned to design the Liwonde-Matawale bridge for loads, moment, and reinforcement.
• Engaged with supervisor on design calculations for the Liwonde-Matawale Bridge.
• Calculated concrete volume for the Liwonde-Matawale bridge rehabilitation project.
• Studied bridge loads and calculations using BS5400, a book on bridge design by la Clark, and
online resources.
• Learned about HA load (UDL and edge knife load) and HB load (traffic load using influence
lines). Attempted calculations and documented them.
3. Hydrological Studies:
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• I was given a book on Hydrology (TP12) to study formulas for calculating discharges used in
design.
• Wrote short notes from the TP12.
• Planned to discuss with Eng. Mbisa on how these discharges are used in design.
CHALLENGES FACED
1. Lack of prior knowledge in bridge design, which required additional self-study and research.
LESSONS LEARNT
1. Gained initial exposure to bridge design principles and calculations
2. Developed understanding of different types of loads in bridge design (HA and HB loads)
3. Learned to calculate concrete volumes for a bridge project
4. Acquired basic knowledge of hydrological calculations used in road and bridge design
CONCLUSION
This first month has laid a solid foundation for understanding the technical aspects of road and bridge
design within the Planning Department. Despite challenges with prior knowledge and occasional staff
unavailability, I have made significant progress in grasping key concepts through a combination of
assigned tasks, guided learning, and self-study. I look forward to building on this knowledge in the
coming months of my attachment.
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MONTH 2 REPORT (WEEK 5-8)
ANNEX 3: MONTHLY REPORT
Month No....2…..
SUMMARY OF TASKS
During the second month of my industrial attachment, I continued working with the Planning Department,
focusing on document review processes and deepening my understanding of hydrological concepts
relevant to road and bridge design.
KEY ACTIVITIES
1. Document Review and Analysis:
• Started reviews of the Nkhotakota-Benga road project with Eng. Sisya and Eng. Mbisa.
• Reviewed submitted bidding documents from consultant (Afrisa), checking adherence to
specifications.
• From the observations comments are written to be incorporated in a report to be sent to the
consultant for changes.
• Learnt about SATCC (Southern African Transport and Communications Commission)
specifications for various aspects of road construction.
• Studied rules for copying specifications from SATCC or creating new Particular Specifications
(PS).
2. Hydrological and Hydraulic Analysis:
• Conducted self-study on hydraulic and hydrological analysis of bridges, focusing on the rational
method for discharge calculation.
• Learned the formula for discharge calculation: Q(T)=0.278Ai(T)C.
• Studied factors affecting runoff coefficient and how to calculate it for areas with multiple
characteristics.
• Learned to calculate time of concentration and rainfall intensity.
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• Studied how to use discharge and velocity to calculate the cross-sectional area of a structure.
3. Geospatial Analysis:
• Learned to calculate catchment area using ArcGIS and Google Earth.
LESSONS LEARNT
1. Gained experience in reviewing bidding documents and engineering reports.
2. Developed an understanding of hydrological calculations for bridge design.
3. Learnt about SATCC specifications and their application in road construction projects.
4. Acquired skills in geospatial analysis for hydrological purposes.
CONCLUSION
This month has provided valuable exposure to the technical and administrative aspects of road and bridge
projects. The combination of document review, hydrological studies, and introduction to geospatial
analysis has significantly broadened my understanding of the planning and design processes in road
infrastructure development.
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Department: CENTRAL REGION MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT.
Organization name and Address: ROADS AUTHORITY P.O Box 624 Lilongwe3
Month No....3…..
SUMMARY OF TASKS
During this month of my industrial attachment, I transitioned to working with the Central Region
Maintenance Department. This period provided comprehensive exposure to various aspects of the Roads
Authority's operations, from organizational structure and procurement processes to on-site inspections
and project planning.
KEY ACTIVITIES
1. Research and Reporting:
• Researched and produced a report on the Roads Authority's mandate, structure, and functions of each
department (RA Act 2006).
• Studied procurement processes under RA.
• studied the designated public road networks (Roads Act 2023).
• Researched and reported on tender and contract documents, including their differences and
similarities.
2. Road Classification:
• Attended a meeting in Salima District concerning road reclassification.
• Learnt about the new system with five classifications: main, secondary, district, community, and
undesignated roads.
• Understood the responsibilities of Roads Authority and District Councils for different road
categories.
3. Site Visits and Inspections:
• Conducted site visits to bridges and culverts in Dowa and Ntchisi districts.
• Inspected an in-situ multicelled Box Culvert with 5 cells (4×2m) in Kasemwe, Ntchisi.
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• Observed and reported on structural components of Nambuma Bridge (2 spans) and a precast
concrete pipe culvert in Dowa.
4. Road Inventory:
• Conducted a road inventory along Kasangadzi-Mbonekera-Chaola School T340 road in Ntchisi
districts.
• Encountered and analyzed gully erosion problems, proposing potential solutions.
5. Annual National Road Programme (ANRP) Planning:
• Attended ANRP planning meetings for the 2025/26 fiscal year.
• This involved compiling maintenance activities for trunk roads in the Central Region, looking at
prioritization and distribution of maintenance activities across districts.
6. Contract and Tender Documents:
1. Learnt about the differences between tender and contract documents.
2. Also learnt the components of a contract document, the required forms, and the process of
preparing it.
3. Learnt about calculating the Bill of Quantities (BOQ) from the unit rate analysis.
7. Contract Negotiation:
• Attended a contract negotiation meeting for construction supervision of road and bridge
maintenance across various zones.
LESSONS LEARNT
1. Gained a comprehensive understanding of Roads Authority's structure, mandate, and procurement
processes.
2. Developed practical skills in road inventory and site inspection.
3. Learned about road classification systems and their implications for maintenance responsibilities.
4. Acquired knowledge about contract documents, tender processes, and contract negotiations.
5. Understood the ANRP planning process and prioritization of maintenance activities.
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CONCLUSION
This month has provided a better view of the Roads Authority's operations, bridging the gap between
planning and maintenance activities. The diverse range of activities, from office-based research to field
inspections, has significantly enhanced my understanding of road infrastructure management.
114 | P a g e
Department: CENTRAL REGION MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT.
Organization name and Address: ROADS AUTHORITY P.O Box 624 Lilongwe3
Month No....4…..
SUMMARY OF TASKS
This is the final month of my industrial attachment, I continued working with the Central Region
Maintenance Department.
KEY ACTIVITIES
1. Presentation and Reporting:
• Drafted and refined weekly reports with assistance from Mr. Mtotera and Eng. Busani.
• Made a formal presentation on overall industrial activities to industrial supervisors (Eng. Busani
and Mr. Malunga) and academic supervisor (Dr. Mbewe).
2. Payment Certificate Preparation:
• Learnt how to create a payment certificate from Mr. Chawanagwa Munthali.
• Understood key details to include, such as contractor's information, work completed, and financial
breakdown.
• Practiced checking certificates for accuracy before submission for approval.
3. Site Handover and Inspections:
• Attended site handover for pedestrian crossing marking in Likuni with Mr. Mike Munthali.
• Learnt about the bus bay design and road construction materials.
• Conducted site inspections in Likuni and Salima for the ongoing projects.
4. Contract Negotiation Meetings:
• Attended multiple contract negotiation meetings with contractors.
• Worked on the following key topics; bid security, contract documents, supervision, site
instructions, performance bonds, and financial issues.
115 | P a g e
5. Technical Specifications Study:
• Studied the Southern African Transport and Communications Commission (SATCC)
specifications for roads and bridges.
• Focused on general requirements and drainage specifications.
6. Bidding Document Review:
• Reviewed bidding documents for the procurement of works.
• Analyzed how different sections in the document are structured and relate to each other.
• I also looked at the importance of the bidding document for the contract document creation to
both the client and contractor.
7. Addendum Writing:
• Learnt about the purpose and structure of addendums in contracts.
• Drafted an addendum addressing cost escalation due to currency devaluation between the Roads
Authority and Pamodzi Consulting Limited.
8. Software Introduction:
• I was introduced to Robot Structural Analysis software.
• I worked on an example from Asslam Kassimali and verified the results with those found from
the software calculations.
LESSONS LEARNT
1. Developed skills in payment certificate preparation and verification.
2. Gained practical knowledge of site handover processes.
3. Deepened understanding of contract negotiation processes.
4. Acquired knowledge of SATCC specifications and their importance in infrastructure development.
5. Learnt about addendum writing and its role in contract management.
CONCLUSION
This month has provided a comprehensive overview of project management and contract administration
processes at the Roads Authority. The combination of practical site work, document review, and technical
study has increased my understanding of road infrastructure development and maintenance. The industrial
116 | P a g e
attachment has successfully bridged theoretical knowledge from academic studies with real-world
applications in civil engineering practice.
117 | P a g e

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THE MALAWI UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS AND APPLIED SCIENCES

INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT REPORT

ESTHER KADZANJA (BCES/20/SS/006)

MR. MARTIN MTOTERA & ENG. NEWTON BUSANI

Date: 20th October,2024

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... 6

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ 7

LIST OF APPENDICES .............................................................................................................. 8

1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 9

2.1 Organization Chart and History of the Company........................................................... 11

2.1.1. Organization Chart .................................................................................................. 11

2.1.2. The History of the Roads Authority........................................................................ 15

2.2. Process Flow .................................................................................................................. 18

2.3. Daily Activities .............................................................................................................. 21

2.3.1. Road Inventory........................................................................................................ 21

2.3.2. Annual National Roads Program (ANRP) Meetings .............................................. 22

2.3.3. Design Reviews ...................................................................................................... 22

2.3.4. Contract Negotiation Meetings ............................................................................... 23

2.3.5. Site Handover Meetings .......................................................................................... 24

2.3.6. Site Inspections ....................................................................................................... 25

2.3.7. Interim Payment Certificates .................................................................................. 31

2.3.8. Road Reclassification Meeting ............................................................................... 33

2.4. Tasks Assigned ............................................................................................................... 35

2.4.1. Bridge Concrete Calculation ................................................................................... 35

2.4.3. Writing addendums, memorandums ....................................................................... 38

2.4.4. Reading Assignments and Reporting ...................................................................... 39

2.5. Strengths ......................................................................................................................... 44

2.6. Weaknesses .................................................................................................................... 44

2.6.1. Challenges ............................................................................................................... 44

2.7. Opportunities .................................................................................................................. 45

3. CHAPTER 3: RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION...................................... 47

3.1. Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 47

• Apply learnt problem-solving skills to real-world industrial projects.

2.1 Organization Chart and History of the Company

2.1.1. Organization Chart

Figure 2. 1. Organization Chart of the Roads Authority

A. The Planning and Design Department

a. Corporate Planning Section

b. Research and Development Section

c. Road Data Management Section

d. Social and Environmental Planning Section

• The provision of corporate planning services

• The provision of research and development services.

• The management of road data

• The provision of social and environmental planning services.

B. Major Projects Department

Its purpose is to manage major projects.

• The coordination and management of major road projects

• The coordination and management of maintenance projects.

• The provision of technical support in the planning and implementation of maintenance

❖ Maintenance planning section

❖ Provision of administrative services.

❖ Provision of regional maintenance planning services.

❖ Management of maintenance and other road projects Administrative services

D. Corporate Services Department

Its purpose is to provide corporate services. It has three divisions:

• The provision of office services.

E. Internal Audit Unit