S0LAR- WIND HYBRID POWER

GENERATION MODEL

1. Thorat Dipakbhai Dhirubhai (226680319049)

2. Shingade Vipulkumar Sitarambhai (226680319044)
3. Shurum Yosefbhai Laxmibhai (226680319046)
4. Shingade Dharmeshbhai Somabhai (226680319043)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MERCHANT INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMA STUDIES
PILUDARA
 SOLAR- WIND HYBRID MODEL

A
PROJECT SUBMITTED TO
MERCHANT INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMA STUDIES
PILUDARA
IN PARTIAL FULFLLEMENT OF THE REQUIREMEN FOR
THE DEGREE
OF
DIPLOMA
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY
1.Thorat Dipakbhai D. (226680319049)
2. Shingade Vipulkumar S. (226680319044)
3. Shurum Yosefbhai L. (226680319046)
4. Shingade Dharmesh S. (226680319043)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE Of VIPUL M. PRAJAPATI

 CERTIFIATE

This is to certify that work Presented in the Dissertation Entitled

SOLOAR-WIND HYBRID MODEL

Has been carried out

By

1. Thorat Dipakbhai D. (226680319049)

2. Shingade Vipulkumar S. (226680319044)
3. Shurum Yosefbhai L. (226680319046)
4. Shingade Dharmesh S. (226680319043)

In a manner sufficiently satisfactory to warrant is acceptance as a partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the regard of the degree of

DIPLOMA
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
This is a bonafide work done by the student and has not been submitted
to any other University/institute for the award of any other Diploma

Mr. V M Prajapati Mr. V M Prajapati Dr. G R Kulkarni

Guide Head of Department Principal
Lecturer Mechanical Engineering MIDS
 CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION
This is certify that we have examined the project report entitlet “ Solar-Wind
Hybrid Model ” submitted by Thorat Dipakbhai (9049), Shingade Vipulkumar
(9044) , Shurum Yosefbhai (9046) , Shingade Dharmeshbhai (9043) , a diploma
student of Mechanical Engineering. we hereby accord our approval of it as a
study carried out and presented in manner required for its acceptance in partial
fulfilment for the diploma for which it has been submitted. This approved dose
not necessarily endorse or accept every statement made pinion expressed or
conclusion drawn as recorded in this project report. It only signifies the
acceptance of the thesis for the purpose for which it is submitted.

External Examiner Internal Examiner

 ACNOWLEGEMENT

looking back over the past six months . I can see many people we deserve
credit or their contributions to this dissertation work throughout my diploma
studies.
I am thankful to my institute project guide Mr. Vipul M. Prajapati who
helped me in pointing the need of the project suggestions and
encouragement during the time of research and also for writing of this report.
My sincere thank to Mr. V M.Prajapati head department of electrical
Engineering and Dr.G.R.Kulkarni principal merchant institute of diploma studies
for allowing me to complete my project work in the institute with free mind and
co-operation.
I also thankful my all the sirs of Mechanical department who help me in my
project .
 Table of Contents
1. Introduction

2. DIAGRAM
2.1. Key Components
3. D.C MOTOR
3. 1. Key Features
4. CHARGE CONTROLLEL
4.1. Key Functions of Charge Controller
5. BATTERY
5.1. Key Specifications of 12V Batteries
5.2. Common Applications for 12V Batteries
6. INVERTER
6.1. Key Features
6.2. Key Specifications to Consider
7. ADVANTAGES
8. DISADVANTAGES
 ABSTRACT

This paper presents a comprehensive model of a wind generator, designed

to efficiently convert wind energy into electrical power. The model includes
the dynamics of the wind turbine, power electronics, and the connection to
the electrical grid. Key components of the system, such as the rotor,
generator, and power converter, are modeled using a combination of
aerodynamic and electrical principles. The wind turbine's performance is
analyzed in relation to wind speed, rotor blade design, and generator
efficiency. Additionally, the integration of power electronics for optimal
energy conversion and grid stability is explored. Simulations of various wind
conditions are used to assess the system's efficiency, power output, and
response to fluctuations in wind speed. The results suggest that the
proposed model can effectively predict and optimize the performance of
wind generators in real-world applications.
 INTRODUCTION
Wind energy has emerged as one of the most promising renewable energy
sources in the global shift toward sustainable power generation. Wind
generators, commonly known as wind turbines, convert the kinetic energy
of the wind into mechanical energy, which is then transformed into
electrical power. The increasing demand for clean and renewable energy,
coupled with technological advancements, has accelerated the deployment
of wind energy systems worldwide.

The performance and efficiency of wind generators are highly dependent on

various factors such as wind speed, turbine design, rotor blade
aerodynamics, generator characteristics, and power electronics. To
maximize the output and ensure stable operation, accurate models are
crucial for simulating and analyzing these complex systems.
This paper introduces a comprehensive wind generator model, which
combines both mechanical and electrical components. The model
incorporates the aerodynamics of the wind turbine blades, the mechanical
dynamics of the rotor, and the electrical performance of the generator and
power converter. The objective of the model is to predict the power output
under varying wind conditions, optimize energy conversion, and ensure the
stability of the system when connected to the electrical grid.

By leveraging advanced modeling techniques, including simulation of the

turbine's interaction with the wind and the dynamics of energy conversion,
this model serves as a valuable tool for the design, analysis, and
optimization of wind generator systems. The model's results offer insights
into the efficiency and potential for scaling up wind energy generation,
contributing to the ongoing development of renewable energy
technologies.
A wind generator, also known as a wind turbine, converts the kinetic energy
of wind into electrical energy. Here's a basic overview of how a wind
generator works:

 Wind Movement: Wind moves due to differences in air pressure

caused by the Earth's rotation and other environmental factors. The
blades of a wind turbine are designed to capture this moving air
and convert it into rotational energy.

 Rotor and Blades: The rotor consists of blades that are shaped to
catch the wind efficiently. As wind flows over the blades, they start to
 rotate due to the aerodynamic forces, similar to how a sailboat moves
through wind.
 Gearbox (in some designs): In many wind turbines, a gearbox is used
to increase the rotational speed from the blades' slow speed to the
higher speed required to generate electricity. This step is necessary
because the rotational speed of the blades is much slower than the
speed needed for the generator to produce electricity.

 Generator: The rotating shaft from the blades (or the gearbox) drives
the generator. Inside the generator, electromagnetic induction
occurs. As the rotor spins within a magnetic field, it generates
electricity.

 Power Conversion: The electrical power produced by the generator is

alternating current (AC). If the turbine is connected to the grid, the
electricity might need to be converted to match the grid's voltage and
frequency. This is done through an inverter, which changes the AC
electricity to the necessary voltage and frequency.
 Control System: Wind turbines have control systems to manage their
operation. The system adjusts the pitch of the blades (changing their
angle) to optimize performance based on wind speed. It also monitors
the turbine's condition to ensure safe operation. If winds are too high
(typically over 55 mph), the turbine may be shut down to prevent
damage.

 Output: The electricity produced is then transmitted through cables

to a substation or to the grid, where it is distributed for use.
2.1 Key Components

 Blades: Capture the wind energy.

 Hub: The central part that connects the blades to the rotor shaft.

 Nacelle: Houses the gearbox, generator, and other mechanical and

electrical components.

 Tower: Supports the nacelle and blades, elevating them to higher,

more consistent wind speeds.

 Yaw Mechanism: Allows the turbine to rotate and face into the wind.
 D.C MOTOR

[ 12 V D.C MOTOR ]
These motors are commonly used in a variety of applications, from robotics
and electric vehicles to household appliances.
3.1 Key Features

 Voltage: Operates on 12V direct current.

 Speed Control: The speed of the motor

 Direction Control: The direction can be changed by reversing the

polarity of the DC supply.

 Applications: Common in small mechanical devices like fans, toys,

conveyors, and more.
 CHARGE CONTROLLER

[CHARGE CONTROLLER]

A charge controller is an essential component in a system that involves

batteries, particularly in solar power systems or other renewable energy
setups. Its primary function is to regulate the voltage and current coming
from the energy source (such as a solar panel) to the battery, ensuring the
battery is charged safely and efficiently.
4.1 Key Functions of a Charge Controller

 Voltage Regulation: It ensures that the battery does not overcharge

by controlling the charging voltage.

 Current Regulation: Limits the charging current to prevent the battery

from being charged too quickly, which could damage it.

 Overcharge Protection: Prevents the battery from being charged

beyond its capacity, avoiding overheating and potential damage.

 Over-discharge Protection: Some controllers also prevent batteries

from discharging too much, which can damage the cells.

 Temperature Compensation: Some advanced controllers adjust

charging based on temperature, ensuring the battery is charged in a
way that prevents thermal damage.
 BATTERY

[12V BATTERY]

A 12V battery is a widely used type of rechargeable battery in many

applications, particularly in automotive, solar power, and backup power
systems.
5.1 Key Specifications of 12V Batteries

 Voltage: The nominal voltage of the battery is

12V, but the actual voltage can range from 13.2V
when fully charged to around 11.8V when
discharged.

 Capacity (Amp-Hours, Ah): This indicates how

much energy the battery can store. For example, a
12V 100Ah battery can supply 100 amps for one
hour or 1 amp for 100 hours.

 Cycle Life: How many charge and discharge cycles

the battery can handle before its capacity drops
to 80% of the original value.

 Discharge Rate: Indicates how fast the battery can

release energy. For example, deep-cycle batteries are
designed for long, slow discharges, while starting
batteries are meant for short bursts of high power.
 5.2 Common Applications for 12V Batteries

1. Automotive and Vehicles

 Used in cars, motorcycles, boats, and RVs as a power source for

starting engines and running accessories.

 Renewable Energy Systems

 Often used in off-grid solar systems or wind energy systems to store

energy for later use.

 Backup Power
 INVERTER

[12v D.C TO A.C 220v INVERTER]

What Is an Inverter?

An inverter is an electronic device that converts DC (Direct Current) into AC

(Alternating Current). AC is the type of electricity commonly used in homes
and for most electrical appliances, while DC is the output of sources like
batteries, solar panels, and DC generators. Inverters are essential in off-grid
solar systems, backup power supplies, and in many other applications.
6.1 Key Features

 Overload Protection: Inverters often have overload protection to

prevent damage to the system when the connected load exceeds the
inverter's rating.

 Short Circuit Protection: Prevents the inverter from damage if a short

circuit occurs.

 Cooling Mechanism: Inverters can generate heat during operation, so

some models come with built-in cooling fans or heat dissipation
systems to prevent overheating.
6.2 Key Specifications to Consider

1. Power Rating

 The inverter must handle the total wattage of the devices you plan to
power. Continuous Power is the amount of power the inverter can
supply continuously, and Surge Power is the peak power it can
provide momentarily (often required for starting motors or other
appliances).

Example: If you have a 1000W refrigerator and a 500W fan, the

inverter must supply at least 1500W, considering both running and
surge power.

2. Input Voltage

 Inverters come in various input voltages. Common ones for off-grid

systems are 12V, 24V, or 48V DC, which should match the battery
system in use.

3. Output Voltage

 Inverters typically output either 120V AC (in countries like the US)
or 230V AC (in countries like Europe). Make sure the inverter output
matches your local grid voltage or appliance requirements.
4. Efficiency

 This refers to how well the inverter converts DC power to AC. Higher
efficiency reduces power loss. Typical efficiency is between 85% to
95%.
 Advantages

 Renewable Energy Source: Wind energy is inexhaustible and will not

run out as long as the wind blows.

 Environmentally Friendly: Wind turbines generate electricity

without emitting greenhouse gases or other pollutants, contributing
to reducing carbon footprints.

 Cost-Effective: After the initial investment, wind power has low

operational costs. Wind energy is becoming increasingly competitive
with other energy sources.

 Sustainability: Wind turbines have a long operational lifespan

(typically 20-25 years), providing a consistent and sustainable energy
source.

 Scalable: Wind farms can range from a few turbines to large-scale

installations, allowing for flexibility in deployment.

 Job Creation: The wind energy industry creates jobs in

manufacturing, installation, and maintenance of wind turbines.
 Disadvantages

 Intermittent Power Supply: Wind energy and solar energy is

variable and dependent on weather conditions. This can make it
unreliable without backup systems or storage.

 Initial High Costs: The installation of wind turbines and solar panels
can be expensive, involving costs for construction, equipment, and
infrastructure.

 Aesthetic and Noise Issues: Some people find the appearance of wind
turbines disruptive to the landscape, and the noise generated by
turbine blades can be a concern for nearby residents.

 Aesthetic and Noise Issues: Some people find the appearance of wind
turbines disruptive to the landscape, and the noise generated by
turbine blades can be a concern for nearby residents.

 Wildlife Impact: Wind turbines can pose a threat to birds and bats,
which can be killed if they collide with the blades.

 Space Requirements: Wind farms require a large amount of land or

offshore space, which can be an issue in densely populated areas.
For large scale installment of solar panels required large amount of
space. Also solar panel weather, cannot be operated in rainy and
cloudy weather
 Efficiency Limitations: While wind energy is a clean source of power,
turbines are only about 35-45% efficient on average, meaning they
don't always convert wind into electricity optimally.
 NOTE

These factors must be carefully considered when deciding to

implement wind energy on a large scale.
 SOLAR PANEL

A solar cell is used to convert solar energy into electric

energy, it is also known as photovoltaic cell. It is a p-n
junction diode which consist of two different layers of a semi-
conductor material called as n and p region, n region is
heavily doped and is thin while p region is lightly doped and
is thick.

The radiation falling on the surface of p-n junction

diode can pass through the n side. Most of the depletion
region is contained in the p region which is lightly doped. The
extent to which the n region can be penetrated is decided by
the wavelength of the falling radiation. Electron–hole pairs
are generated in the n and p region, due to the difference in
potential the electrons move to the n region and holes
towards the p region.

The current starts flowing when an external load is connected to the

terminals of the n and pregions. To make a solar panel multiple solar cells
are connected in series and parallel combinations, they are
connected in such a way that the output obtained is additive
in nature.
 ADVANTAGES

1.More energy

Hybrid systems can generate about twice as much energy as systems that
use only solar or wind.

2.More reliable

Hybrid systems are more reliable than systems that use only solar or
wind.

3.Smaller batteries

Hybrid systems can use smaller batteries because they don't rely on a
single source of electricity.

4.No grid expansion

Hybrid systems don't require grid expansion because they produce power
at different times and in different seasons.

5.Lower cost

Hybrid systems can cost less to install than systems that use only solar or
wind.

6.Easier land acquisition

Hybrid systems can be installed on a single piece of land, rather than

requiring separate land for solar panels and windmills.
7.Improved efficiency

Hybrid systems use wind turbines at night or during cloudy weather, and
solar panels during the day, for a continuous energy supply.

8.Cost savings

While the initial investment costs may be higher, the operational and
maintenance costs of renewable energy systems are typically lower.
 DISADVANTAGES

1. Intermittency and Variability

Both solar and wind are weather-dependent, leading to unpredictable

energy production.

2. Grid Integration Challenges:

Requires significant infrastructure and storage solutions to manage

fluctuations and maintain grid stability.

3. Land Use and Environmental Impact:

Large land requirements and potential ecological impacts from

both solar panels and wind turbines.

4. High Initial Costs:

High capital investment for both technologies and related

infrastructure can make the hybrid model costly.

5. Efficiency and Capacity Factor:

Lower overall capacity factor due to the intermittent nature of both

solar and wind energy.

6. Geographical Limitations:

Effectiveness depends on location, and optimal sites may be far

from population centers, increasing infrastructure costs.
7. Public Perception

Wind turbines and large solar farms can face local opposition due
to noise and visual concerns.

8. Technological Risks

Potential for performance uncertainty and risk of obsolescence as

technology evolves.
.
 INTRODUCTION

This paper presents the applications and the effective use of Solar Wind
Hybrid Energy systems (SWHES). The future of Energy generation
depends on Solar Energy, as it the most abundant natural source of
energy. Conventional power generation is going to become a
difficult task in the future; it is due to the non availability of coal. The
increased per unit generation cost in the thermal power plant. The
transmission power loss is also one reason. Pollutants released from the
conventional power generation will affect the environment. To overcome
these difficulties in future we have to depend on solar power generation.
It is clean source of energy and it can transform to any source of energy
with no effect on the environment.
To get continuous power supply we should operate wind and solar power
plants together as a single unit. By this combined mode of operation, the
overall efficiency of the system increases. The combined power
generation will give the continuity power supply for household
applications with battery as a storage element. SWHES are more reliable
to small power application. This configuration also reduces the load on
the conventional power generating system with no effect on the
environment.

Solar-Wind Hybrid Energy Systems are using solar panels

and wind turbine generators to generate electricity power.
Renewable Energy experts will explain that a small
hybrid system that combines wind power, solar power
technologies offers several advantages to home applications.
In future electrical power is most important
in our daily life, without electricity, we can’t imagine the
present world.

The idea of the combined power

generation is to get continuous power during day and
night for small power applications with storage battery.