Computer application in Mgmt.

RVUDDC
By:-Chala G.
 Chapter 1

• Introduction to
computer system.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

• After going through this lesson you will be in a position to:

– define a computer
– identify characteristics of computer
– know the origin and evolution of computer
– identify capability of computer in terms of speed and accuracy
– distinguish computer from human beings and calculator identify
the role of computer
– appreciate the evolution of computer through five generations
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

• Definition 1: Computer is an Electronic data processing device which

is capable of performing Arithmetic and Logical operations.

• Arithmetic operations are:

– Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, etc.
• Logical operations are:
– And, Or, Not, Compare, etc.
Definition 2:
• An electronic symbol manipulating system that‟s designed and
organized to automatically accept and store input data, process
them and produce the output, that results under the direction of
a detailed step-by-step stored program.

Definition 3:
• “Computer is similar to human being but, without thinking
power ".
 Computers Vs. Human beings
Human Computer

Can Think Cannot think by itself

Gets Mental Tiredness Never gets Tiredness

May do mistake Can‟t do mistake by itself

Has limited speed Very High Speed

Has limited Memory More Amount of memory

Accuracy may be missing Never missing

 HISTORY OF COMPUTER
2.4.1 Calculating Machines
• The first calculating device called ABACUS was developed by
the Egyptian and Chinese people.
• The word ABACUS means calculating board.
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 TYPES OF COMPUTERS

• Based on the application of computers for various

purpose computers can be classified into three types:
1) Analog Computers
2) Digital Computers
3) Hybrid Computers
1) Analog Computers

• Computers that use analog signals for calculating and

transmitting data are called Analog computers.
• The values of the analog signals are continuously
changing with states in between high and low.
• Analog data is calculated using the concept of
“measuring values” like magnitude in terms of
voltage, length, current.
• SLIDE RULER is an example of analog computers.
• Analog Computers
 2) Digital Computers

• The computers that use digital signals to calculate and transmit data are
called digital computers.
• The word digital is derived from the word “digit”. The word digit simply
means numeral.
• The digital signal has only two states in which it can be represented.
They are ON and OFF or HIGH and LOW or 1 and 0.
• Digital data is calculated using the concept of
“counting values”.
• The result obtained from the digital computer is
more accurate when compared to the analog
computers.
• To facilitate the performance of digital computers
intermediate languages such as BASIC, COBOL,
FORTRAN, PASCAL, C, C++, JAVA, etc. have
been developed.
Digital Computers
 3) Hybrid Computers

• Computer systems that use both analog and digital mechanisms are
called hybrid computers.
• Desirable features of analog and digital computers are combined to
develop a hybrid computer.
• In hospitals, the intensive care unit, an analog device measures a
patient‟s heart function, temperature and other vital signs, these
measurements are then converted into numbers and supplied to a digital
component that monitors the patient‟s vital signs and signals to a nurse‟s
station.
Hybrid Computers
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 2 COMPUTER GENERATIONS

• The evolution of computer started from 16th century and resulted in the
form that we see today.
• This period, during which the evolution of computer took place, can be
divided into five distinct phases known as Generations of Computers.
• Each phase is distinguished from others on the basis of the type of
switching circuits used.
FIRST GENERATION (1944 – 1958)

• Computers of this generation were manufactured using vacuum

tubes.
• These computers were large in size and writing programs on
them was difficult since they use low level languages (machine
languages and assembly languages).
• They used punched card as a major secondary storage media.
• Some of the computers of this generation were:
• ENIAC and UNIVAC (UNIVersal Automatic Computer) were the examples of
first generation computer. ENIAC used 18,000 vacuum tubes for producing
the results.
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
 SECOND GENERATION (1959 – 1963)
• By the early 1960s, transistors were developed and used in
manufacturing computers.
• Transistors consumed less power and produced less heat when
compared to the vacuum tubes.
• This second generation computer tended to be smaller in size, more
reliable, and considerably faster than first generation of computers.
• Magnetic cores and disk packs were introduced as storage devices.
Programming languages like BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, etc. were
used.
THIRD GENERATION (1964 – 1970)

• During this period, the Integrated Chips very

popularly known as ICs, started replacing the
usage of individual transistors in manufacturing
computers.
• The size of the computers still got reduced with
improved reliability and speed when compared to
the previous generation of computers.
• The usage of RAM (Random Access Memory)
and magnetic disks as the storage media became
wide spread.
FOURTH GENERATION (1971 – Now)

• Due to the technological development the Large Scale Integrated

(LSI) and Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits were
developed
• In 1971, Intel developed the microprocessor, which contained the
entire CPU (the Control Unit, Memory Unit, and ALU) on a single
chip, leading to the process of miniaturization – the development
of smaller and smaller computers.
• Software applications like Word Processing, Electronic
Spreadsheets, Database Management Programs, Painting and
Drawing programs, and so forth became commercially available
giving more people reasons to use a computer.
 FIFTH GENERATION

• The fifth generation computers are under development.

• These computers function with the Artificial Intelligence provided to it.
• Due to the artificial intelligence the computer will have the ability to
learn by itself, can reason and make decision with the knowledge it
posses.
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 2.7 TYPES OF COMPUTERS SYSTEMS (based on capacity and size of
microprocessor)

• Now let us discuss the varieties of computers that we see today.

Although they belong to the fifth generation they can be divided
into different categories depending upon the size, efficiency,
memory and number of users.
• Broadly they can be divided into the following four categories.
– Microcomputer:
– Mini Computer:
– Mainframes:
– Supercomputer:
Microcomputer:
• Microcomputer is at the lowest end of the
computer range in terms of speed and storage
capacity.
• Its CPU is a microprocessor.
• Examples of microcomputer are IBM PC,
PC-AT.
Mini Computer:
• This is designed to support more than one user
at a time.
• It possesses large storage capacity and
operates at a higher speed.
• The mini computer is used in multi-user
system in which various users can work at the
same time.
• This type of computer is generally used for
processing large volume of data in an
organization.
Mainframes:
• They operate at very high speed, have very
large storage capacity and can handle the
work load of many users.
• They are generally used in centralized
databases.
• They are also used as controlling nodes in
Wide Area Networks (WAN).
• Example of mainframes are DEC, ICL and
IBM 3000 series.
Supercomputer:
• They are the fastest and most expensive machines.
• They have high processing speed compared to other
computers.
• They have also multiprocessing technique.
• One of the ways in which supercomputers are built is
by interconnecting hundreds of microprocessors.
• Supercomputers are mainly being used for whether
forecasting, biomedical research, remote sensing,
aircraft design and other areas of science and
technology.
• Examples of supercomputers are CRAY YMP,
CRAY2, NEC SX-3, CRAY XMP and PARAM from
India.
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 2.8 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER

• These can be discussed under the headings of speed, accuracy,

diligence, versatility and memory.
Speed
• Computers can work very fast.
• It takes only few seconds for calculations that we take hours to
complete if we make use of computers.
• We determine the speed of computer in terms of microsecond
(10-6 part of a second) or nano-second (10-9 part of a second).
Storage
• The Computer has an in-built memory where
it can store a large amount of data.
• It is also possible to store data in secondary
storage devices such as floppies, which can
be kept outside a given computer and can be
carried to other computers.
Accuracy
• Suppose some one calculates faster but commits
a lot of errors in computing. Such result is
useless.
• Suppose you want to divide 15 by 7. You may
work out up to 2 decimal places and say the
dividend is 2.14. I may calculate up to 4
decimal places and say that the result is 2.1428.
Some one else may go up to 9 decimal places
and say the result is 2.142857143.
• Hence, in addition to speed, the computer
should have accuracy or correctness in
computing.
Automatic
• Once a program is in the computer‟s
memory, it continues without the need for
human intervention until completion.
• But don‟t be confused that human
intervention is unavoidable (for example it is
human that starts a computer).
Versatility
• It means the capacity to perform completely
different type of work.
• You may use your computer to prepare
payroll slips.
• Next moment you may use it for inventory
management or to prepare electric bills.
Diligence
• A computer is free from tiredness, lack of
concentration, fatigue, etc.
• It can work for hours without creating any
error.
Can’t Think
• Even if it is artificially intelligent, it does
nothing more than it is programmed to do nor
does it know whether it could do.
• It does not create a brand new idea.
No Feeling
• It does not have feelings or emotion, taste,
knowledge and experience.
• Thus it does not get tired even after long hours
of work.
• It does not distinguish between users.
Power of Remembering
• Computer has the power of storing any amount
of information or data.
• Any information can be stored and recalled as
long as you require it, for any numbers of years.
No IQ
• Computer is a dumb machine and it cannot do
any work without instruction from the user.
• It is you to decide what you want to do and in
what sequence.
• So a computer cannot take its own decision as
you can.
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 …

Computer System
Components
 …

• You recall that a system is a group of components that work

together to attain a common goal.

• Likewise, computer system is composed of Hardware

Components (input, processing, memory and output units) and
Software Component (system, and application software).
 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

• Hardware components are units that are visible (or

physical);
• Software components are non-visible programs,
procedures and associated documentations that
make possible the effective operation of computer
system;
• firmware is software integrated into hardware.
 Input Devices

• Input Devices are those devices that are required to

translate data that is in human readable form, into a
form the computer can process.
• These devices allow direct interaction between
human and machine.
• The Input Devices can be divided into two major
categories:
– Keyboard Devices
– Non-Keyboard Devices – Pointing Devices
Keyboard Devices

• A Keyboard converts letters, numbers and other

characters into electrical signals that are machine
readable by the computer‟s processor.
• There are two types of keyboard
– Special Purpose Keyboard
– General Purpose Keyboard
Special Purpose Keyboard
• contains limited number of keys and they are used
for specific applications.
For Example: 1. Billing Machines
2. ATM in Banks etc.

General Purpose Keyboard

• is connected to the personal computer and look like
a typewriter keyboard to which some additional
keys are added.
Billing Machines
ATM in Banks
Non-Keyboard Devices
• Pointing devices are Non-Keyboard devices used to
control the position of the cursor on the screen.
• Pointing devices include:
– Pointing Devices
– Other Input Devices
Pointing Devices
• Mouse is a small, handy pointing device containing
usually two buttons:
– Primary button (Left button)
– Secondary button (Right Button) and
• Sometimes a scrolling button in the middle.
• Mouse contains a rolling ball beneath it and on
moving the mouse, the cursor moves on the
screen, as the ball rotates.
• The following operations can be performed using
the mouse.
– Selection (Single click)
– Giving Commands (Double click)
– Dragging Objects (By pressing mouse button)
– Dropping Objects (By releasing mouse button)
• Other Pointing Devices Examples
– Track Ball

– Joystick
– Touchpad

– Light Pen

– Digitizing Tablet

– Touch Screen
Light Pen
Touch Screen
Track Ball Touchpad
Scanner:
• The keyboard can input only text through keys
provided in it.
• If we want to input a picture the keyboard cannot
do that.
• Scanner is an optical device that can input any
graphical matter and display it back.
• The common scanner devices are Magnetic Ink
Character Recognition (MICR), Optical Mark
Reader (OMR), Optical Character Reader (OCR)
and Barcode Reader.
Scanner
Microphones
• are used to enter voice data.
• They let computers listen to us.
• Without microphones, computers would not have
sound data in them.
Digital Cameras are photoelectrical devices that enter
image data to computers.
 Digital Cameras
Microphones
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 Output Devices

• Output devices are used to receive the results from

the CPU after processing.
• These output devices after receiving the results,
translate the information processed by the computer
into a form that humans can understand.
• There are various output devices:
• Monitor or Display Devices
• Printers
• Other Output Devices
Monitor or Display Devices
• The Monitors are also called as Display devices or
soft copy output devices.
• These monitors display information in the human
readable form.
• The display devices are of different types.
• Display devices using CRTs (Cathode Ray Tubes).
• Flat Panel displays like LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
• EL (Electro Luminescent).
Printer – hardcopy output
• Printer is a device that prints text or illustrations on paper.
• There are many different types of printers. In terms of the
technology they utilize, printers fall into the following
categories:
• Daisy-wheel:
• Dot-matrix:
• Ink-jet:
• Laser:
• LCD & LED:
• Line printer:
• Thermal printer:
Daisy-wheel Dot-matrix

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Printers are also classified by the following
characteristics:
Quality of type:
• The output produced by printers is said to be either
letter quality (as good as a typewriter), near letter
quality, or draft quality.
• Only daisy-wheel, ink-jet, and laser printers produce
letter-quality type.
Speed:
• Measured in characters per second (cps) or pages
per minute (ppm), the speed of printers varies
widely.
• Daisy-wheel printers tend to be the slowest,
printing about 30 cps.
• Line printers are fastest (up to 3,000 lines per
minute).
• Dot-matrix printers can print up to 500 cps, and
laser printers range from about 4 to 20 text pages
per minute.
Impact or non-impact:
• Impact printers include all printers that work by striking an ink
ribbon.
• Daisy-wheel, dot-matrix, and line printers are impact printers.
• Non-impact printers include laser printers and ink-jet printers.
• The important difference between impact and non-impact
printers is that impact printers make physical contact with the
paper and are much noisier whereas non impact printers do not
make physical contact and are too noisy.
Graphics:
• Some printers (daisy-wheel and line printers) can print only
text. Other printers can print both text and graphics.
Other Output Devices
Plotter
• is also a printer that produces hard copy output.
• Plotters produce high quality color graphics output
by using pens for creating images.
• Plotters help to draw maps from stored data.
• Plotters are ideal for Engineering, Drafting and many
other applications that require intricate graphics.
Sample plotter

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Robot
• is the most fascinating output device.
• Robotic device consists of arms that can perform a
preprogrammed task.
• Robots are mostly used in manufacturing tasks
such as spray painting or assembling parts.
• Advanced robots are used in scientific research
such as space and undersea exploration.
Speakers
• are sound producing output devices.
• They are used in multimedia systems.
Speakers Robot
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 Components within the CPU
• The Central Processing Unit is the Computing part
of the Computer and is also called as the Brain of the
Computer.
• The various components within the CPU can be
identified as following:
• Control Unit
• Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
• Memory Unit
• In a personal computer or microcomputer, the
control unit and the ALU together, is a small chip
called the Microprocessor or the Processor.
• This Processor and other components necessary to
make the computer to function are housed in a
main circuit board called the Mother Board or the
System Board.
• In micro computers the processor works hand in
hand with memory unit and other components to
carry out processing.
• Finally, the various components within the CPU
can be consolidated as
• The Processor (Control Unit and Arithmetic & Logic Unit)
• Memory Unit.
The Central Processing Unit
The Processor
• executes the given instructions and manipulates data into
information.
• As mentioned earlier the processor can be further divided into
two components
• Control Unit
• Arithmetic & Logic Unit

Control Unit
• directs the Instructions in the form of electronic signals, to the
rest of the computer that are input unit, ALU, memory and
output unit.
• The Control unit can be defined as ‘the section of the CPU
that selects, interprets and sees to the execution of program
instructions’
Arithmetic & Logic Unit
• performs all Arithmetic and Logical operations and
controls the speed of those operations.

• The ALU can be defined as ‘the part of a computing

system containing the circuitry that does the
adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing and
comparing.’
CPU on motherboard
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 The Memory Unit

• is known as the main memory or primary memory

or internal memory or Random Access Memory
(RAM) of the computer.
• Memory can be defined as „Descriptive of a device
or medium that can accept data, hold them and
deliver them, on demand at a later time.
• Data recorded in memory remain there as long as
electrical current is available to sustain the memory
pattern of „+ve‟ and „-ve‟ charges.
• If power drops information stored in memory is
destroyed.
• That is, if power is off, information stored in
memory will be destroyed.
• That is why, main memories are said to be volatile.

This main memory is used for storing

• Data - for processing
• Instructions - to process the data
• Results - the processed data.
• There is also another type of Memory called Read Only
Memory (ROM).
• Information once stored cannot be modified.
• Information stored in this memory can be used only for
reading purpose.
• Hence, the name Read Only Memory.
• ROM is also called as BIOS. The expansion of the word
BIOS is BASIC INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM. PHONIX, AMI,
AMD are some BIOS–ROM manufacturer‟s name.
• There are different types of ROMs
• PROM – Programmable Read Only Memory
• EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
• EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
•
Read Only Memory (ROM).
• Programmable read only memory – once
programmed it cannot be modified.
• That is, when a PROM is loaded with program then
it becomes a ROM.
• If in a PROM it is possible to write then it is called
EPROM – Erasable Programmable read only
memory.
• But as a rule nobody will modify, as it requires
special devices to modify.
• All ROM, PROM, EPROM are called FIRMWARE
- that is, Software built into the Hardware.
• The Memory which can store data or information permanently
for future use is called secondary storage devices.
• Normally, these secondary storage devices are very huge in
storage capacity and economical when compared to the main
memory or RAM.

Examples of secondary storage devices are:

• Hard disks
• Magnetic Tapes
• CD-ROM (Compact Disk – Read Only Memory)
• Floppy Disks, Etc.
• HARD DISKS are also called as Non-removable disk or
Rigid Disk fixed inside the computer. It can contain
more volume of data.
• Hard disks are available in many sizes such as
• 20MB, 40MB, 100MB, 540MB, 1GB, 20GB, 40GB
[TODAY] ONWARDS

• Two different hard technologies are there

• IDE- INTEGRATED DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
• SCSI – SMALL COMPONENT SYSTEM INTERFACE
• IDE hard disks are cheaper and slower.
• SCSI hard disks are costly and faster
HARD DISKS
• FLOPPY DISKS are also called floppies – flexible
diskettes or removable disks used for backup purpose.
• They are encased permanently in a protective envelope,
which is insulated into the disk drive.
• Depending upon the size three types are available such as
– 8 inch, 5.25 inch, 3.5 inch
• Depending upon the storage capacity
– 640 kb floppies, 720 kb floppies, 1.2 mb floppies, 1.44 mb
floppies
• Advantages of these floppies
– Portable, Cheaper cost, Easy to handle
• Disadvantage of these floppies
– Small memory capacity, Not Reliable.
FLOPPY DISKS
• Magnetic tape is a non-volatile storage medium
consisting of a magnetic coating on a thin plastic
strip.
• Nearly all recording tape is of this type, whether
used for video, audio storage or general purpose
digital data storage using a computer.
• It has large storage capacity but it is slow to access
because it is sequentially accessed.
Magnetic tape
Data representation…
• Most modern computer systems do not represent numeric values using the decimal
system. Instead, they typically use a binary or two‟s complement numbering system.
• Types of Number Systems
• Basically there are 4 types of number system. They are as follows
 Binary number system; 0,1 E.g 1011.11
 Decimal number system; 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 E.g 3568.23
 Octal number system; 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 E.g 124.67
 Hexadecimal number system. 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F. E.g 9DF.23
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