International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-5/W2, 2013

XXIV International CIPA Symposium, 2 – 6 September 2013, Strasbourg, France

3D MODELING AND DATA ENRICHMENT IN DIGITAL RECONSTRUCTION OF

ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE

a*
F.I. Apollonio , M. Gaiani a, Z. Sun a

a
Dipartimento di Architettura – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy - (fabrizio.apollonio,
marco.gaiani, zhengsun2)@unibo.it

KEY WORDS: Knowledge system, Architectural heritage, Semantic structure, 3D modeling from drawings, Real time rendering,
Uncertainty visualization.

ABSTRACT:
The paper presents some experiments carried out as part of the virtual reconstruction of buildings just documented by partial
sketches, or partially built, or no more existing, with the aim (a) to emphasize the use of a semantic construction of the digital model,
not only as a means to modeling a building but as a cognitive system, (b) to show conceptual similarity between the treaties and
BIM, (c) to propose new and more robust solutions to the 3D modeling from 2D drawings for CH artifacts, able to allow the
verification of the assumptions used during the reconstruction pipeline, (d) to make use of interactive technical reference, typically
real-time photorealistic rendering, for the visualization of three-dimensional model and of variants snapshots, managed by an iconic
for illustrating the method of comparison and guided reading of model’s characters of the steps taken.

1. INTRODUCTION which allows to know not only the evolution and transformation
during life cycle of an architectural artifact, but also the
The today development of new and more effective digital exhaustive documentary base covering the whole process of
technologies, such as knowledge/building information systems, research related to the creation of digital content within the
real-time rendering of 3D models, multimedia techniques, reconstruction pipeline.
animations and simulations has opened new scenarios for
reading and interpreting Architectural Heritage (AH), where all
the information become available in a visual and integrated
way. Digital systems introduce the possibility of
interchangeable media able to offer multiple access to a given
term or object, and enable a multidimensional approach to
knowledge on several levels. 3D architectural models have
become ‘spatial metaphors’, enabling the distribution of pieces
of information in time and space (Blaise & Dudek, 2007) in
order to be used as interface for the localization and retrieving
data associated. Summarizing, 3D model-based structured
systems allows to activate, types of investigation previously
inconceivable in specific task of the AH field: archiving and
accessing data, spatial analysis, simulation of un-built projects,
etc.
Architecture, in fact, can be understood as a cognitive system in
which rules for its composition (e.g. symmetry, arrays,
proportions) and construction are largely defined (Tzonis &
Lefaivre, 1986). The most famous architecture book of ever, the
Andrea Palladio’s I Quattro libri dell’architettura (Venezia,
1570), i.e., is organized as a knowledge system. In this treatise
Palladio explains his compositional and constructive system of
architecture as a knowledge parameterized system underling a
standardized procedure, from the whole edifice to its detail, and
a limited set of rules to move from the design to the Figure 1. Data relationship structure and 3D model as browsable
construction on-site. interface
Being all AH, so more or less, based on organizational systems
such as those of the architect of Rotonda, it is as clear that an In this paper we presents some improvements to the simple
excellent solution to fit this system is the use of 3D digital reconstruction of AH no longer existing or un-built or missing
semantic models organized as cognitive systems with geo- stages by means of 3D models. Our work, developed entirely
object items in a 3D Information System (Manferdini et al., using commercial software and a limited number of scripts, aim
2008). to develop a complete pipeline to have final 3D models able to
The availability of 3D semantic models organized as cognitive show using high quality RTR rendering and semantic structures
systems allows to have a semantic approach to the classical not only the as-built or the original state, or some intermediate
problem of building design, management and understanding. stages, but the design intentions and the construction constraints
A knowledge-based architectural system may propose, i.e., new and variants.
meanings of the concept of architectural representation, adding
an extra dimension, temporal one (diachronic and synchronic),

This contribution has been peer-reviewed. The peer-review was conducted on the basis of the abstract. 43
 International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-5/W2, 2013
XXIV International CIPA Symposium, 2 – 6 September 2013, Strasbourg, France

2. AH 3D MODELING AND HISTORICAL comparison and guided reading of model’s characters of

RECONSTRUCTION the steps taken.
Through the semantic structure of digital models and the use of
Wide is the series of reconstructions works of design Real Time Rendering (RTR) techniques we attempted to
hypotheses and drawings that, as early as 1990 (ENSAM - IBM, develop a process of acquiring knowledge able to point out and
1992) have used 3D digital modeling techniques. Koller et al., let understandable, as well as reusable, the analysis of
(2009) in the resettlement of the general framework of the preliminary data and interpretation criteria used, in order to
challenges and opportunities offered by 3D models digital validate the whole process, giving the ability to visually assess
archives related to cultural heritage, recognized the need to our level of knowledge, with its flaws and lacunae, and to carry
make visible the traceability of all additions, subtractions, and out comparative operations on the set of data and information
changes to 3D models, in order to let understandable the held, allowing the compatibility of the digital model with
calculation and display of differences between 3D models of the alternative techniques of representation.
object/artifact. Gabellone (2012), following on the principle 7 of
the Charter of Seville, has focused attention on the full 3. TREATISES AND BIM AS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM
transparency of methods, techniques and documentation in
supporting a project of virtual reconstruction (in archeology), A powerful structured development of the concept of semantic
the only tool able to validate the results of any reconstructive 3D modeling is the Building Information Modeling (BIM),
study and guarantee future generations a review of the results which is able to define objects parametrically.
without needing to restart the job from the beginning. BIM is a building design and documentation methodology
Within this context, a huge amount of studies have resulted in characterized by the creation and use of coordinated, internally
order to define new protocols for processing (acquisition, consistent computable information about a building project in
manipulation and management) spatial data, resulting in the design and construction. From these characterizations is
development of new methodologies for the study and openness possible to reveal that classical building composition and
to further research scenarios. construction and parametric BIM are closely linked, and BIM
An important contribution in this field has come from Blaise e will be an excellent technique to build knowledge-based
Dudek who introduced, in example, the genesis of an architectural system.
informative modeling methodology (2005), in which the
representation of architectural objects is used for information
search and visualization, letting them able to define some
methodological approach in order to increase la intelligibility of
3D models’ informative contents. Aiming to improving the
comprehension of the complex and discontinuous process of
knowledge acquisition, Same authors (2007) also introduced a
generic formalism of information integration that lets the Figure 2. Central role of treatises in producing different models
researchers to gather indications step by step, and allows them
to visually follow up the knowledge acquisition process. The transition from CAD to BIM (Building Information
De Luca et al. described a methodological approach to let Modeling) in AEC (Architecture, Engineering and
usable existing iconographic ‘corpus’ for the analysis and the Construction) industry is already underway (Eastman, 2009),
3D management of building transformations. The aim was to while the documentation and management of AH has barely
establish a relation between the iconography used for the benefited from this technological renovation (Gaiani, 1999).
hypothetical reconstruction and the 3D representation that The applications of BIM in new projects remind us that BIM is
depends on it. This approach relates to the idea of using 3D not only a powerful modeling tool, but also provides inherent
representations like visualization systems capable of reflecting semantic data pertaining to structural, material and operational
the amount of knowledge developed by the study of a historic information（Eastman et al., 2007). Therefore BIM is expected
building (2010). In a recent paper, De Luca and Lo Buglio to be a central database supporting comprehensive data input for
addressed the issue of the review of the methodological aspects life-cycle management, and where multiple data are collected,
concerning the collection of information that describes an stored and retrieved for various purposes. Besides explicit
architectural object in order to measure the benefit in terms of semantic description, BIM also facilitates the theoretical and
information provided by the document, with reference to the historical study via historical documents enrichment (Pauwels et
requirements and the means employed (2012), offering an al., 2008) (Fai et al., 2011). Current BIM platforms are capable
approach to the creation of representation systems that articulate of object-based parametric modeling (Aish & Woodbury, 2005).
the digital instance with the geometric/semantic model. Instead of drawing concretes shapes, users first define the
Recent work of our group included within the series of fruitful category (window, door, column, etc.) of the objects, and then
experiences of reconstruction of an entire project from partial establish the parametric frameworks. Objects of different
sketches (Apollonio et al., 2011), puts some significant categories vary in semantic meanings and inherent behaviors.
innovations with regard to: The parametric geometry allows accurate and flexible
1. the verification of the hypothesis of drawing to be the generation of various dimensions and automatic adaptation to
original project for the first nucleus of a palladian villa, other components. These attributes are closely analogous to
during the century widely reshaped (Beltramini, 2010); classical architecture’s proportional semantic structure. Because
2. the use of a semantic construction of the digital model, of this close link between classical building composition and
not only as a means to look for a building such a cognitive construction and parametric BIM, it would be an excellent tool
system; to build knowledge-based architectural system. The BIM
3. the use of interactive technical reference - typically real- models are expected, in fact, to ease the modeling process and
time photorealistic rendering for the visualization of to provide comprehensive data shared among different
three-dimensional model and the use of variants snapshots platforms for further simulations, even if, among these
managed by an iconic for illustration using the method of researches' current field of architectural heritage approaches,
several common problems are to be addressed, such as (a) the

This contribution has been peer-reviewed. The peer-review was conducted on the basis of the abstract. 44
 International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-5/W2, 2013
XXIV International CIPA Symposium, 2 – 6 September 2013, Strasbourg, France

integration of BIM platforms and data capturing technologies and serves as central platforms to which data captured from
for existing buildings, (b) standard of data exchange in BIM as surveys could be linked. The parallel of Doric orders in BIM
well as BIM and other platforms, (c) multiple data enrichment platform provides a set of views similar to the parallel of orders
to the geometric model. in the treatises, and also creates schedules of the data in a
Analogy between BIM and Renaissance architectural treatises parallel way. New forms could be produced by modifying
could be built if we regard both of them as knowledge systems. parameters of profiles or substituting profiles. If we take into
In the light of data collection, users of BIM confront similar account of the paths along which profiles are swept, the
problems as authors of treatises. Just as Palladio and other possibilities of formal compositions are multiplied. I.e. in
architects or theorists built their written works partly on the Palazzo Barbaran da Porto, one of most beautiful Palladio’s
precedents and partly on their own observations of antique palaces, the triangular cornice and curve cornice above the
ruins, people modeling a historical building or a piece of windows on the façade in noble floor share the same profile but
component have to determine the origins of data with respect to different path, and the cornices of noble floor and 3rd floor have
different motivations. In spite of improvement of data capturing different profiles but the same path (Figure 4, 5).
technologies, knowledge from treatises is still a neglected
reference in modeling and documentation of architectural
heritage (Figure 2).

Figure 3. Options of rule 1 applied to Palazzo Barbaran, Palazzo

Porto, Palazzo Chiericati and Palazzo Valmarana

Among the knowledge-system structured treatises, Palladio’s I

Quattro libri dell’Architettura is a typical example (Baldissini
et al., 2008). He sets up the grammar of geometric composition
from single components to building types, and demonstrated
great flexibility via the exhibition of Palladio’s works.
Therefore, it is feasible to employ the plans, elevations and
details in the book to build accurate 3D models of Palladio’s
architecture. Four Books of Architecture present two important
properties for computer applications: they show the Palladian
buildings theoretical foundation as complete knowledge system, Figure 4. Two groups of components sharing the same path and
and they demonstrate a rigid formalism that well fits computer profile in Palazzo Barbaran da Porto
features and techniques (Wittkover, 1962). For these reasons
many methods and techniques based on Palladian grammars,
mainly generative techniques such as Palladian villa production
with 3D printer (Sass, 2007) and generative algorithm applied to
Villa Rotonda (Park, 2007), were developed during the last 30
years.

3.1 From column to Palace: a bottom-up process

Architectural treatises provide large amount of historical data

including dimensions and shapes. BIM-based modeling extracts
knowledge from these data and draws reference from the way
data is collected and represented, as in the case of parallel of
orders.
Extracting the semantic organization and modular dimensions
from treatises of Palladio, Scamozzi and Vignola, we modeled
the parametric Doric orders using Autodesk Revit Architecture
2012. The workflow consists of:
1) creating a set 2D constraints labeled with parameters
according to semantic nodes; Figure 5. A unit of facade of Palazzo Barbaran da Porto and its
2) setting up the parameters constraints by formulas; profile library
3) creating geometry of the semantic nodes and aligning them to
the corresponding reference planes; The BIM-based modeling approach can be applied to establish a
4) loading the profile to the column family and sweeping it library of architectural elements catalogued semantically
along the bottom edge of the order. (Apollonio et al., 2012). New geometry in a specific category
5) creating another profile and loading it into the column family could be generated via profile edition strictly based on
to generate the fluted order via Boolean operation. grammar, and we can extend our scope to a set of components
Using this workflow we are able to generate a set of types in a that are semantically organized, such as in Palazzo Barbaran da
wide range of dimensions by assigning new values to the Porto.
‘module’ parameter. The ideal models strictly based on treatises
enable automatic generation of knowledge-based components

This contribution has been peer-reviewed. The peer-review was conducted on the basis of the abstract. 45
 International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-5/W2, 2013
XXIV International CIPA Symposium, 2 – 6 September 2013, Strasbourg, France

A basic unit that composes the façade of Palladio’s Palazzo structure, material and real life state could be assigned.
(Figure 6) is usually articulated with four rules: Parameters are the central attributes of BIM platforms. They
1. a pair of pilasters whose capital could be either Ionic or could be shared in the level of category, family and type, or not
Corinthian, shaft either cube or cylinder, height shared as instance attributes.
dominating either one floor or two floors; Category represents the semantic domain of objects; family
2. a window with top molding’s cornice either triangular or refers to models with unique parametric frameworks in the
curve (if the pilasters dominate two floors in rule one, category; a family consists of a set of types with different
then a rectangular window is added either above or below dimensions; and instance means a concrete piece of object with
the window on the noble plan); unique ID in a project.
3. a balcony with cornice and an array of balusters; In the family level, the parameters not only include geometric
4. two segments of entablatures on the bottom and top of the dimensions. For example, we can assign visibility parameters
façade unit. with the value ‘yes/no’ to the fluted void of Doric columns. As
We realize the Bottom-Up process from semantic nodes to the a result, when the value is ‘yes’, the Doric order is fluted, and
whole façade, keeping in mind that the options listed in each of vice versa when the value is ‘no’ the column is smooth. In the
the four rules are in essence parameters of dimensions, visibility same way we could produce a set of variants evolved from the
and substitution. The key idea was to use the link between Revit original type and save them as different types.
Architecture and the external database used to create the To move from design to as-built models, data captured from
constraints (i.e. Microsoft Access, Microsoft Excel, or ODBC surveys could be added in the type level and instance level.
database), modifying the values of parameters. As metadata of When high geometric accuracy is required, photogrammetry and
model are catalogued semantically with optional parameters in laser scanner could be employed to generate precise mesh
the database, it provides user with interfaces to make surfaces linking with the BIM model.
modification of dimensional parameters (values with number) Within this framework it is possible to use BIM-based 3D AH
and Boolean (values: yes or no) parameters. In this way, the models in order to qualify and authenticate products of
Bottom-Up process could be realized via data modification in scientific research, too linking specific parts of the models with
Access. the corresponding text metadata (catalogue, commentary and
bibliography) that allows transparency of information to users,
and to become demonstrative of the solutions adopted to meet
the uncertainties and the lacks. Many of 3D architectural models
are, in fact, reconstruction of buildings just designed, no longer
existing, nor fully documented; therefore, it is inevitable that
such reconstructions contain a small or large amount of
hypothetical elements, characterized by their specific degree of
uncertainty. This is due to a set of factors:
(a) the need to make up for the missing parts in the today
structure;
(b) the need to implement hypothesis in the reconstruction of a
2D drawing in a spatial shape,
(c) the temporization of the various layers in order to decide an
original state;
(d) the different conformations in time.
Beyond the analysis specifically conducted (ex-post), digital
systems allow the collection and systematization (ex-ante) of
operations in order to determine the geometry of the elements
that contribute to the definition of an architectural work,
becoming themselves explanatory values of the geometric-
formal genesis of that building. The possibility to examine the
collection of data containing large amounts of records, such as
geometric analysis and semantic characterizations of artifacts,
offer new approaches to the classification and the comparison.
It is vital, therefore, that informative/cognitive systems facilitate
the evaluation of the documents relating to the uncertainties
inherent in models reconstructed, and which may be related to:
- architectural / structural elements;
- size / geometry;
- stylistic / formal;
- temporal correspondence;
- building materials.
Such type of information may be conveyed through
(a) a new 3D symbology (e.g. a series of glyphs 3D);
(b) animation techniques display;
(c) rendering techniques;
Figure 6. The basic unit of repetition on façade (d) a combination of text metadata and 3D visualization.
We preferred to give solution to uncertainty display defining a
3.2 Data enrichment and displaying the uncertainty structured modeling process, based on different levels of
interpretation recalling that BIM’s semantic structure enables
The parametric models established geometric frameworks, to
multiple data enrichment and filter according to various analysis
which multiple data in a wide range of domains, such as
need. Also, multiple data could be enriched in different levels of

This contribution has been peer-reviewed. The peer-review was conducted on the basis of the abstract. 46
 International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-5/W2, 2013
XXIV International CIPA Symposium, 2 – 6 September 2013, Strasbourg, France

category, family, type and instance out of different motivations. Studying and displaying evolution of an artifact (or ensemble of
It gave access to potential simulation by sharing data among artifacts) requires introduction of temporal and documentary
various platforms. additional dimensions.
We defined 8 level of reconstruction process characterized by a Temporal dimension allows to distribute pieces of information
progressively increasing uncertainty: in space and in time: in a certain position; at that time of the
1. reconstruction based on original design or survey study; at that moment of the history.
drawing; Documentary one allows to display, or let understandable and
2. reconstruction based on sketch, therefore affected by a evaluable, the methodology used in analyzing the architectural
low level of dimensional accuracy; evolutions of that artifact, based on interpretation and
3. reconstruction based on design reference dated to the comparison of various types of documentation.
same period of the drawing or building studied and which 3D model representation, as metaphor of cognitive system
have significant stylistic similarities (e.g., coverage, type related to architectural corpus do not show us the ‘real’ object,
of roof, gutter frame, frames, roof, basement, or the but how we understand it: different pieces of documentation in
openings and decorative system) with that relation to architectural elements could become a browsing tool,
drawing/building; allowing to mediate between the information to be handled and
4. reconstruction based on reference to treaties, books or users able to investigate sets of data or information element by
architectural guideline written by the architect, author of element.
drawing or project studied; The result is a cognitive graph, as visual metaphor of case
5. reconstruction based on reference to treaties or manual to study, which aims to restore the hierarchical structure that
which the architect has or could have used as his own governs the geometric definition of the 3D model and gives
reference (e.g. measurements of the rooms, stair design, access to documents about that studied artifact.
detail design and equipment, the architectural orders, if
any, as well as for the definition of the height of the
internal doors or types and sets the height of the time);
6. reconstruction based on interpretative hypotheses
referring to specific architectural style;
7. reconstruction based on interpretative hypotheses more
thrusts, referring to the construction systems at that time
in order to achieve solutions constructively plausible and
compatible with the project, by which, however, is not
always possible to reach conjecture or univocal solutions;
8. reconstruction based on reconstructive conjectures failing
references.
Reconstruction based on the uncertainty display uses a density
slicing color code - a variation of pseudo color - that divides the
rendering objects into a few color bands, corresponding to each
level of interpretation/uncertainty (Figure 7).
For each level we then defined a level of modeling in Revit with
specific constraints and the need to compile suitable metadata.
Figure 8. The cognitive graph

Due to the relationship between each document in a data set and

its corresponding element of the artifact (building as a whole,
parts, details, etc.) information structure could be visualized and
retrieved inside a 3D model/interface that combines the
metaphoric figure of cognitive system. Through this structure,
exploiting the semantic graphic codes, representation is able to:
- underline inconsistency in the documentation or its
analysis;
- show levels of incompleteness of the investigation;
- provide an updated visualization of our knowledge on an
object.
We implemented the cognitive graph using high quality RTR
visualization techniques with the aim to obtain fully 3D
interactive comparison and interpretation of different solutions
and states guided by the 3D model features and construction
Figure 7. A. Palladio, Villa for a twins. 3D modeling steps. Our RTR models are browsable according to three
reconstructive conjecture uncertainty map different reading levels, always retrievable, that allows:
1. comparison between existing drawing and its 3D model;
4. BEYOND THE SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF 2. analysis of the geometric characteristics of the model,
INFORMATION: THE COGNITIVE GRAPH through the use of patterns and diagrams that facilitate the
reading of correspondence and/or anomalies identified
Systematizing geometric information with uncertainty related during the analysis of the drawing, or the criteria of ratio
needs to take into account heterogeneous information, able to used to design its parts;
considering the evolution of our knowledge, producing 2D/3D 3. photorealistic rendering of reconstructed project within its
dynamic graphics, and adapting our practices to the specific hypothetical/original context, as well as matching any
manners of the AH field. hypotheses alternative to the shaping of some of its parts.

This contribution has been peer-reviewed. The peer-review was conducted on the basis of the abstract. 47
 International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-5/W2, 2013
XXIV International CIPA Symposium, 2 – 6 September 2013, Strasbourg, France

5. CONCLUSIONS Butz, A., et al. (Eds.): 8th Smart Graphics International

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This contribution has been peer-reviewed. The peer-review was conducted on the basis of the abstract. 48