................. . 1., :. ..... __ .....~ -- ~ ......

---
3 Electromagnetic Field Theory
ANSWERS .· AND ·.E.XPLANATioN~/So(ur10Ns
.. .OF ,
.. MuL;l,~L.E CHOICE TYPE·: ·au1:s·r10NS
1. Ans, : (None)
Projection of the vector A along vector B
Exp. : A phasor is represented as AL0 where
AL0 =A cos 0+jA sine
AB (6ii., + 2iiy -3ii,)(3ii, - 4iiyl
=!Bl= ,/32+42 ..
So A phasor is a complex quantity
It is time independent and is always a vector. 18-8
3. Ans.: (a) 5
Sol.: IAI =Kr' ... (given) = .!-2. =2
A =Kr" a, being radially outward 5
V. A in spherical coordinates is 6. Ans.:(a)
1 ..., a. a. a.
V -A = _!__~(r 2 A )+-·- -~(A 0 sin0) Exp.: v = -ax +-ay +-a,
r2 or r rsin0or OX oy oz
Since V depend on space (x, y, z) and has direction, Vis a
+-1-~A vector space function.
rsin08$ $
7. Ans.:(a)
I o
= - - ( r2Kr") + 0 + 0 Sol.: Divergence =V.V
r 2 or
_ av, avy av,
--+-+-
= !_~(r" +2) ox oy oz
r 2 or Given: V(x, y, z) = -(x cos xy + y)i
2 + (y cos xy)j + (sin -l + x2 + Ilk
So V-A will be zero, if ~(r"+ ) will be zero and
or .
VV = - + x(_§iR-1y)y +
o + 2 ) will be zero if r'' + 2 is a constant and it is
-(r"
or -y (_§iR-1y)x + 2z(cos z2)
possible
= 2z cosz2
if n+2 =0
or n =-2 8. Ans.:(a)
4. Ans.: (b) Sol.: If i' is the radial vector, then divergence in spherical
2 coordinate system is given as
Sol.: axxax = 0 not la)
Since AxB = IAI IBI sin 0AB V-i' = _!__~(r2.r)
axxax = la) la) sin 0 =0 r 2 or
or (axxa) + (ay xa) = 0 = _!_,3r2 = 3
r2
5. Ans.:(a)
9. Ans.:(a)
Sol. : Let the vectors A and B be
A= (6iix + 2iiy -3ii,) ... (Given)
Sol.: Function, F = ~;
r
B = 3ii, -4iiy
117
:::~;:it.::;;:::· ~ ~:%~/;;i;'-.i·:,i:i:t2:J
1
- - ,., '~i .1'f, r'~
f
·,
.,..,..,_-..,a9-
fll,l/~NI/0;, 111
1<, •- · -
-
Explanatiom/Solutions To An Integrated Course in Electrical En .
"y 119
etic Field Theo,-Y
gineetirig
(
&tec1romag11
-Q:d)Zl:71+_0
118
F,=-}, Fa=O, F0 =0 ... (i) So fJi = J&+ J&+ f,ii So curl of el':_ctrostatic field is zero.
E = -VV for V as scalar potential
y
C AB BC CD
r
In spherical coordinates, = .:'..Raa -2Ra -.:'..Ra
Since gEdi = 0, so E field is conservative. : £..,t> -0
2 Y 2 a : _x
-- 1 8 2 l 8. : it- ~"
v'-F = -;,·a,Y F,) + rsin 0 o0 (sm 0 Fa)
= -2Ray z3. AllS·: (b)
+-J_8F0
EXP• : It is the definition of gradient.
+Q -- --- - - - --1--a
17. Ans.: (d)
rsin 0 3'j> Z4. AllS•: (a) Total for PT= F 1 + F 2 + F3
Exp. : According to Gauss's law the total electn fl Exp,: Using divergence theorem
I Q2 j" +i"
Substituting the values ofF,, Fa and F0 from eq (i) we j" I'
fF·dS fv-FdV ·
[ ]
through a closed surface is equal to the net charge en~losllX.
have within the surface. «I
= = 4ru: 0 - 4d 2 + ..fi. x 8d 2 - 4d 2
-- !8(21)
V
v'·F = - - r x - +O+O
,2 ar r2
qb ds = fPv dv zs. Ans.: (c) -
2
_ -Q- -[I--- - 1 +I-- - - J']
V
X is moving away from a point 4ns0d 2
EXP·: V·X "'0
= .I..~(]) 18. Ans.: (a)
r 2 or VxY .,o Y is moving in circular direction k 1- , 1- ,
Exp. : For a solenoidal field, F So = I+ J
=0 vxz .. o ·: Z has circular rotation
and
10. Ans. : (ti) v-F =0 32. Ans. : (d)
Exp. : The curl of the gradient of a scalar field is zero i.e., 26, ADS,: (b)
Since V(V x F) = 0 Exp. : P and Q are conducting plates. a
~-
Exp. : Because of charge at (0, 0, 2) and conductor plane,
Vx(VV) =0 Div [curl FJ = 0 Since tangential component of electric
there is an image at (0, 0, -2)
field at conductor surface is zero, so an
11. Ans.: (c) v'(A x B) =0 Total field, equal and opposite charge will be
Exp. : An electromagnetic field is said to be conservative E = E1 +E2 induced on second and fourth quadrants
Comparing with v'(F) = 0 and the mirror charge of these -ve charges will be induced
if v' x E =0 _ in third quadrant.
So, A x B is solenoidal.
or gE.d/ =0 - 4rts 0 (2 + 2 + 4)3 12 p
19. Ans.: (a)
i.e., Curl of field is zero. x (..fi.'i
15. Ans.: (a) Sol.: gJi.-dL = gcae + a0 + aJ (dpaP + pdq,a0 +dza,) •-O~c
= -2fi
l 2
Sol.: qi.di= f2rcosq,T,·drT, AlongOP, 'JA-dL = fdp =2 27. Ans.: (d)
•+O .-a
0 0
Exp. : Any surface on which the potential is same
n/2 O
throughout is called the equipotential. Work done in 33. Ans. : (c)
n/2
moving a charge from one point to another along such
+ J2r cos q,-r dq,(T, T0 ) + f2r cosq,-T, dr T, AlongPQ, 'JA-dL = f pdq,
surface is zero.
p = Q] Qz = (4 X J0-19)2
0 l Sol.: 12 2
4ns 0d 2
Jii di =0
0
411 x 8.854 x 00- 1
=l+O+O ·: T T and cos .:'.. = 0 = 2x.:'.. =It = 14.4 x 10-4. N
' • 2 L
2
=I From above equation it may be concluded that field 34. Ans. : (c)
0
lines (or direction of E) are always nonnal to equipotential Exp. : Force between two charges is inversely proportional
16. Ans.: (d) AlongQO, 'JA-dL = fdp
surface. to the relative permittivity of the medium, so with the
2
n/2 increase in f\(Erfor air being unity and for glass slab more
Sol.: f di= f R-d0aa =0-2=-2 28. Ans. : (d)
Exp. : Ground is usually idealized as an infinite source (or
than unity), force will decrease.
AB 0 So 'JA-dL =2+1t-2=1t
sink) for electric charge which can absorb an unlimited 35. Ans.: (b)
= .:'..Raa 20. Ans.: (b) amount of current without changing its potential. Exp. : Since both the charges are positive,
2 (i) The force on Q 2 will be repulsive.
-R Exp. : The maximum rate of change of the scalar function 30. Ans. : (d)
(ii) The forces on Q 1 and Q 2 will be of same magnitude
Jdi = Jdl(-ay) w.r.t. the distance provides the gradient of that scalar
function. The resultant is vector in increasing direction.
Exp. : In the equilibrium of whole system, total force on and depend on the medium in which they are placed.
BC +R all the charges
So statements (a), (c), and (d) are correct.
= -2Ray 22. Ans. : (d) LF =0 When negative charge is introduced between the give n
Exp. : For electrostatic field So force exerted on the point charge Q charges, there is no possibility of net force being zero in
f ,ii=
CD
f
-rr/2
Rd0aa
VE =0
3 1. Ans.: (d)
F = (0-3F) + (0-2F)=-5F midway between the charges, as both will cause attrac ti ve
force on the introduced negative charge.
So statement (b) is incorrect.
=-.:'..Ra8
- -dB
VE = - - and for static field -d -
dii -o Sol. : Due to image of charge, three new charges will be
2 dt I produced as shown in the figure
.-.- --• - ..-, ~ ,m1111,:1 :,, .... : .~ :~1J<UJ~~~ - •, ,..,....--.. ~ 1i1• r -:r. ·:;;;;:::; ;~1•..---·
 J,L1:..u,.J
··~·~~-·-·•· ,,,.····
(,,J- ,
.. ,J, '
Explanations/Solutions To An Integrated Course in Electrica/ En 1. ne1ic Field Theory 121
120 8 nee,-;11.g &leclftJ,nag
Q Given Eat (I, 1, 0) and I µC located at (-1, I, I). J\DS•: (a)
36. Ans.: (a) 49· . Electric flux through a surface area, and E=~= 41ttQR2 ·: E=£oE,=£oifmediumis air
Exp. : The resultant electric field
intensity at the centre of circle will be
; = [(I - (-!)]/ + (1-1)) + (0- l)k EXP•· 1/f =
f-D ds- = fEds
..
60
t
E
= 21+0]-k
r zero = 2i'-i s s = _Q
/P @)
Q Q Distance between E and I µC is Therefore, statement (a) is correct. 41I£0R2
i.e., E =0
Ir 37. Ans.:(a)
Exp. : The electric field strength at
any point a distance ' r' from the point

~
r E
J x lO...;;
- - ~ (2i-kJ
3

=F+i =.fs
• •
50 AUS•: (b)
· E P· : Since the radius of the sphere is 5 m with centre at
(:. O), all the point charges will be induced in the sphere .
Total flux over the sphere,

57. Ans.: (a)

Exp. : Total flux enclosed
= .-f!oTs
'tJ =" '<enclosed
I .I charge 'q ' located in homogeneous 41t60 (,fs)
= gf DdS
SURFACE
1/f = (0.008 + 0.05 - 0.009) µC = 0.049 µC or 0.nd=I
medium with dielectric constant Er is q . ...;;
given as -= ~ c 2 l -icJ
20../srr60
51- Ans,: (c) . . . .
Exp. : Electnc field eman~tes _rn all d1recuons from a point
= _g_ X i,rr3 = Q(.c_)
E = - -1-x..'l...3 x r = _q_; i,rR3 3 R3
4ne0 er r 2
4rrsr 42. Ans.: (d); 43.Ans.: (b); 44.Ans. : (c) charge, but only half of 11 will pass through the infinite 3
plane. D=eoE
= £ andE=F-E
Exp.: According to Gauss's law:
r = _!_
Ii'/ The total electric flux - - - - 1 L : ~ 1. 0)
3
r 7Jr The total electric flux leaving through any closed sutface and Dx4rrr2 = Qr
passing through a plane at R3
-1 is equal to the total charge enclosed by that sutface,
E = ~; z=20
4rrr 2 i.e.. 'II = cffi.Js =Qcncloscd Q= Q, +Q2 (-1.-1~
So E=~=-1-xQr
60 41t60 R3
a,
38. Ans.: (c) 2
45. Ans. : (a) 58. Ans.: (c)
Sol. : Maximum electric charge in the capacitor, Exp. : The electric field at a point P due to presence of
Exp. : Net electric flux of electric field emanating from = = 15 µC
. ,. . 2 dipole.
Q=CV= &oe,AxV the surface 'S ' with location of point charges as shown in
d 52. Ans.: (b) According to Gauss's Law
the given figure is given as •
Ep = -ZQd
- - (2 cos 0·ar +sm
. 0·)
ar
V
= £osrA xd = Qenclosed = QI + Q2
41te0 r3
net so Eo SPHERICAL .....-; · ~ + 0
CONDUCTOR + 1
J
' +
=~ ·: 0=90°
=£oE,AxE E=~ 4nt:o r3
d enclosed charges= Q 1 + Q2 + '
+ .- -+
Gv
=8.85 X 1(1 12 X 2.26 X 20 X 10-2 . 1
46. Ans.: (c) So Ep=-;:r
X 40 X 10- 2 X 50 X 10 3 X J0 2
53. Ans. : (a)
=8µC Exp.: 9D dS = Q.nclosed =Q Sol. : The total electric flux coming out of the
concentric spherical surface of radius R (R > r)
59. Ans. : (d)
39. Ans.: (c) Exp. : Electric field due to infinite sheet of charge lying
=4:ltEoT
Exp. : For dielectric boundary, 47. Ans.: (a) in x-y plane.
54. Ans. :(b)
E = .11..(-a l 10\-a l
9
Dn, - Dn2 =ps Exp.: According to Gauss's Jaw 2ox 10- x4n x 9x
Exp. : The charge will always remain 2to 2X ]
where D,.1 and o., are normal components of electric
Z Z
gfD ·ds = Q.nclosed = Q on the outer surface of the perfect
= -360nii, V/m
flux density on the two sides of boundary. So whether electric conductor. So if one million
JL
electric flux density (normal component) will be electrons are added to this surface, SoiidSphere(Pe,fect 60. Ans.: (c)
48. Ans.: (d)
continuous or not depend upon Ps· In case Ps is zero. it these electrons will be distributed Electric Conductor) Sol.: E = 0.3a, + 0.4iiy
will be continuous otherwise it will be discontinuous.
Exp.: According to Gauss's Jaw the total electric flux 11'
uniformly over the outer surface of the sphere.
40. Ans.:(b)
through any closed surface is equal to the total charge cos 0 = .s_ 0
enclosed by that surface, 55. Ans.: (a) /E/
Exp. : Electrostatic field is conservative
i.e. 'I' =Q.nclosed Exp.: According to Coulomb's di, - E,
-
X
i.e., VxE =O or CJE·dl =O law, the field strength at point +E2y x<O
p
1/f= 1d1J1 = qod.i =Qenclosed ·= 1p, dv 'P' will act only in radial
Er 1 +Er2 X
direction while longitudinal 0.3 0.3 0 6
i.e., integration of E over a closed path is zero R2
e,, + 0.42 = o.5 = •
JE ·di = V, potential difference or 10.,i; = 1p,.dv integral form ... (i) components will get cancell out.
56. Ans. : (b)
di,
61. Ans. : (a)
1V.D dv by divergence theorem ...(ii)
I z
therefore, on closed path net potential difference is zero,
E =- VV
or 90.;;f
S

=
V

Exp. : By Gauss's law

CJDds =Q
[-Q charge is not inside
Gaussion surface]

Sol. : Surface charge

Q= fp,ds .
From above eqs (i) and (ii) we have X
Work done in moving a charge in closed path,
W=qV=0 V.D =p, or D gds =Q i5 = _g_a
41tr2 r
·.· p.d. along a closed path, Vis zero. For an homogeneous isotropic medium. or D x surface area of sphere = Q 2 SURFACE CHARGE
or D x 41tR2 Q = •: Surface area of sphere= 4rrR fp,ds Y DENSITY
4J. Ans. :(a ) o = 6E =-'--·a l
2 r i'c;<__;z)
Sol.: E =~-r V •E = Pv differential or point form or D= _g_2 4 rrr
4rr&or 6 4rrR
- - ·· ..,.,_~, r .~--:or.;w;:,'"i"~ ~ ·,·~ ~~ ~ •t ";"~~~ r r·, ----~~#1·.. ,. ..~. ,.4;'"":'!J:" -~
 ..
•~
,l -I' - - =
·· :
Expfa11ations!Solutio11s To An hitegrated Cour-se in Electrical Eng1neeriti8
. 123
f;tectromagnetic Field Theory
122
where R is displacement vector between charge to . ·: The potential at a point due to point charge is given as
If the sheet charge is infinite of interest. Point
71- ,\OS•: (a)
f:xp, : For the volume charge density
Given surface charge density p, = cr C/m2 Electric field at point P, V=~
,\ccording to Gauss' s law
E at (0, 0, z) 471t0d
E= Electric field due to point charge Q, E1 VD=Pv
2 So, potential difference between points 8 and C
E = ...!:t..a =~a [·: p,=crC/m ] + electric field due to point charge Q' _ VE= £i:. D=EE
2e0 " 2e0 ' I . ,El or E Yee =Ve-Ye =~[_!_ _ _!_]
62. Ans.: (c) 47tto 0.1 0.2
72- ,\OS•: (d) . .
Sol.: For 36' arc (AB), the electric field atcentte 'O' = E - 471 X8.85 X\0-! 2 EXP• : Since c~arge 1s umformly distributed, 10-9
=--[10-5]
For 324' arc (BCA), the electric field at centte ·o· 9
x Ix 10- [(0-0)o., + (0-0)o.\' +(0.I -0.2)a·
Electric field, E =0 forr<a 1/9 X 10
9
(0.1) 3 --,l Q •
for ,;:,,a = I0-9 x9x 109 x5=45V
= 324'E =9E =--a
2
36° 471& 0, ' 77. Ans.: (b)
63. Ans.: (c) +--- So, potential at point r = b < a, Sol. : From given data:
471X8,85xl0-12 b Q=lnC, 'r=40mm, , 0 =20mm
Exp. : Maximum electric field will be at point C, as it is
-1 x ,o-9[(0-0)ii_, + (0-0)iiy + co.1 +o.2Jal
V =- fE·dr
closest to the other plate. Vr-Yo=_Q_ _ _ Q_
X (0.3)3 ' b 471Eorr 471&0, 0
64. Ans.: (d) a
fE·dr - fElr
Sol. : D = foE,E
or foE,E =D=foE+P ·: D=foE+P
lxl0-9 x(-0.lii.) + (-lx10-9)x(0.3u,)
.471 X 8.85 X ]Q-! 2 X (0.])3 471 X 8,85 X ]0-!2 x(Ojjl
=-
= 4::a[¼-¼]
or P =foE,E-foE
EXTERNAL
=-f~dr+O E=0forr<a 9
ELECTRIC FIELD
-105 105 ]- Ix 10- [ l I ]
a:i 4m:or 3
=foE(E,-1) = [ 471x8.85 - (471x8.85)x9 a, = 471 X 8.85 X 10- 12 40 X 10-3 - 20 X l0-
or E= P
Eo(t, - ])
p

\~\ DIELECTRIC SLAB

= (-899.18-99.908)0, = -999.09ii, Vim

67. Ans.: (d)
Exp. : It is given that an electron, a neutron and a proton
73. Ans.: (d)

- -
-
·r
co 41teor
_Q__2 4,
= 9[..!..._..!...]x 103
40 20
=9x Ja3 x(-0.025)
=-225·V
=-(-ii) ·: E,=2 Sol.: Given thafsurface charge density,
to are initially at rest and - - .._ • 78. Ans.: (c)
2nC atx=3 Sol.: Given:
placed along a straight ELECTRON NEUTRON PROTON P, = d
65. Ans. : (c)
line. V(xl = 50x2 +so/+ soi
Exp. : Electric field E at a distance r from the centre of a Line charge density,
When particles are released, the electron will move E =-grad V =-VY
dipole is given as
E =-½[2cos0ii,+sin0ii0] wherep=ql
towards proton and proton will move towards electron
and force will be the same and is given as
Pi= 20nC
m
atx= l,z=4
a _
[f!x ' +-
=- -Va a a.
a +-
cyYi!z <
av- v-J
47ttr Electric field due to an infinite sheet of charge,
F= ...!lJ.!h__ = -[IOOx a, + IOOyay + lOOza,]
. E- 2qlcos0_ qlsin0_ 471t0 r2 - - P, • [Forx<3]
S0 =---a +--aa E ---a
47ttrl ' 47ttrl But electron will have more acceleration being lighter 2Eo ' Given: Field at (I, -1 , l)
66. Ans.: (d) in mass than proton. Since neutron is neutral, it will not E = -[tOOxla, + IOOx(-lay) + !OOx la, ]
Since E=~
move. Thus electron will hit neutron first. Q 2
68. Ans.:(b) Therefore, the force acting on unit meter length of the IE I = .J100 2 + 1002 + 100 =
t
1 nC l(O. 0, 0.2) Exp. : On the surface of a perfect conductor. tangential line charge is given as E100(-ii, +ar -azl
Sol. :
z = 0 _ ___L_ _ _CONOUCTING
component of electric field is zero. F EQ p,a,p1 Unit vector "E = liil =100FJ
PLANE GROUNDED Electric field is conservative.
PLANE Length = Length = 1 • • •
69. Ans.: (c) 9 aE =-[-i + j-k]
Exp. : The electric field in the vicinity of two opposite 2xl0-9 x20xl0- • N
----a,
charged parallel conductors is not uniform and its 2Eo 79. Ans.: (d)
direction changes from point to point. 74. Ans.: (a) 10 0 +z
V=O Sol.: Given: E1 = IOa, kV/m · ·;:;'l
z =0
PLANE J7lllllllf / 7JJ)/ 7J II
EQUIPOTENTIAL
SURFACE 70. Ans.: (c) Exp. : The electric field intensity E 5
Perfect dielectric boundaries are = \
Exp. : Let the current flow through the two (i) is zero inside metal
-1 nCl(O, 0, -02) IMAGE
identical coaxial circular loops in counter (ii) is constant in dielectric and D -D . EN1 -~ -----4
CHARGE clockwise direction, as shown in the figure. (iii) follows the charge density across the specimen. N1 - N2. EN2 - £1 tr, =2 :
Since charge Q of I nC is placed, at (0, 0, 0.2), above The flux direction will be upward in both 75. Ans.: (b)
I
coils. Exp. : The potential inside a charged hollow sphere is the =~-E lN
(0,0.-1ir')
conducting grounded plane, there will be an image charge 2 g N,
Q' of -1 nC below the grounded conducting plane When the two loops approach each other, flux linkage same as that on the surface.
2
according to method of image concept. will increase in both coils. A current will be induced in E2 =~x !Oa, =4a, kV/m
76. Ans.: (b)
Since electric fie]\! at any point is given as both coils to oppose the change in flux. Sol.: Q= 11r'c Ve 5
Ve
Therefore, according to Lenz's law, the direction of Potential difference between point P and Q is
- 1 QR
E--·-
- 47tto IR\3
induced current will be opposite to that of the previo~s
one (i.e. in clockwise direction). As a result, current UI
14 ,T.
both coils will decrease.
. :UUUH .. &E , o ~·li;
--~~-,~~1.
., nw;·~ •·.~:\~-,~
___ .,.: ~'.IJb :mm'JiUJ },:;~,-1~1;.:U
•' , :,illllll . ~ .t ,'r.•
~~'\·~
,:l ·:!ii'...
Ut~~ -
),~~ •~w' ..-J~= . .,
. . · • ·~ ~'.-..:_. }~iJl!!!!!!!.,.!"!'.....
1 -•~
• ...
 ~: ../4, ~
':,;Y
Explanations/So{ur;o'!s_ To An Integrated Course in Electrical Engirieer,· 125
£/ectr01nagnetic Field Theory
124 •g
85. Ans.: (c) 92. ADS· : (d) 95. Ans.: (b)
V AB= E1d1 +E2d2 F =a/5y-K 1z) +ayC3z+ K,x)
Exp. : An equipotential surface is a surface in an el . Sol.: Exp.: Charge on a uniformly charged ring is static. Electric
= !Ox 103 x 10-3 +4x 103 x 10-3
field such that all' points on it are at the same PGte:tric +a,(KJY-4x) ... (given) field lines from a static charge either converge or diverge
=14 V . . ·a1 d' dv at. for conservative field but do not form a closed loop. So, the curl of E is zero.
Obviously the P.(ltent1 . gra ,_ent -;i;, therefore, electric
80. Ans.: (b) VxF=0 i.e. VxE =0
intensity E along equ1potent1al surface being equal to
Sol. : From given figure
where F = Fxax + FYQY + Flal 96. Ans.: (b)
Surface charge density !!!.. •is zero. Hence the su,face in an electric field 01 .
ds - Ylgh, Sol. : Given that
a, a,
- = a,2r
. + a,. (3)-; + a,(6)
.
angfo to /he lines of force or flux everywhere is ax
Ps= DN, -DN,
= E1EN, -E2EN, 5 = EE equrpote,nttal surface.
VxF =
a
la_;- aya .£.
az
E
86. Ans.: (c); 87. Ans.: (c)
and £, =2.25
= E11 toEN1 - s'i to EN2 Sol. : PD between two points A and Bis given as Fx F, F,
f> = EE= s 0 E,E
=I XfoX l-2XfoX2
=£o-4Eo=-3Eo VAB = -w =
B
J-E.dl- =a [~F __£.F]
"BY' azY = &o X 2.25( 2ra, + 6a, )
Q A
81. Ans.: (a)
Sol. : Volume charge density = Pv C/m
3
where W is work done in moving charge Q from point A to -a [~F _.E_F]
'ax' az' = 4.5&oa, + 6.75 •o"+ + 13.5&oa,
r
According to Gauss ' s law pomt B
s
f f:id; =Q.,n,lo.scd
At equipotential surface,
VAB =0
+ [~F -~F]
a'axY oy'
Volume charge density,
P,= v.f>
or Dx4nr2 =<J.,.c1osed Therefore, W=0 ForVxF=0 1a I aD, ao_
D is radially outward and constant =--(rD )+---+-- "
B rar r r il<j, j)z
throughout the spherical surface Also, fLii =0 ~F -~F =0
8Y ' az Y
atr=a A = .!__£,(r x 4.5E0 r)
r ar
Dx4na2 =Q.,nclosed or E J. di a a
-(K3 y - 4x) - -(3z + K 2 x)
= Charge density x volume i.e. electric field is normal to the equipotential surface. 8Y az + .!__£_(6.75&o) + _£_(13.5&o)
or K3 -3 =0 r a4i r j)z
88. Ans.: (d)
= Pvx 4 na 3 A
or K =3
3 Exp. : As already discussed above (in Q86 - = .!_..£_(4.5E 0 r 2 ) + 0 + 0
4 3 and 87), for equipotential surface, the - rar
pyx-= Again ~(F )-~(F) =0
or D= 3 = ~pyC/m
2 surface should be perpendicular to field. ax z az X
= !4.5& 0 x 2r = 9£ 0
4rra 2 3 For a pair of equal and opposite linear _ r
charges, equipotential surface would be a - ~(K y-4x)-~(5y-K 1z) =0
-
D = D,,C C/m 2 = 4 py 1,> C/m 2 plane surface parallel to given linear : ax 3
az 97. Ans.: (b)
3 charges.
or --4- (-K 1) = 0 Sol.: f> =a,15 + a02r-a23r z ... (Given)
82. Ans. : (d) or K 1 =4
1j1/crossing closed surface
Sol. : For a Gaussian surface at radius 'r' inside the sphere, 89. Ans.: (c)
... (i)
and ~F -~F =0 = 4ff>.~ = ffJ<V •D) dv
:;:f:~~sed charge is z e0 r o@
= CHARGE DENSl1Y Sol. : Electric field, E = ax )' 8Y X
d
Since V is constant a (3z + K x) - -(5y-
-a a v-f> =.!.~(pD )+.!.ao,+aD,
So E,.fE.ds
'j =Q.,ncl=d HOUOW ,: 2 8y K1z) p ap P p il<!i az
METALLIC
so E~d
=0 r SPHERE
or K, - 5 =0 = .!__~(pl5) +.!_~(2p) +~(-3pz)
or £oE(4nr2) =0 or E2 = !!J.. = .3.L or K, =5 pap p8,j, az
E1 d2 d/2
or E =0 R
93. Ans.:(a) =.!. x l5-3p
2d E
84. Ans. : (a) or E 2 = - d1- 1 =2E , Exp. : A perfect conductor has the following properties: p
Exp. : When E = 0 at all points on a closed surface then I I. The resultant field inside is zero.
i.e. the value of potential gradient in second case will be 2. The net charge density in the interior is zero.
Jffv-Ddv
I. The electric flux through the surface is zero.
'1'= JD.ds = JEEds =0 ·: D=£E
twice of earlier value.
90. Ans.: (a)
3. Any net charges reside on the surface.
4. The surface is always equipotential
JJ(f-3p )P dpd,j,dz
2. The total charge enclosed by the surface is zero. Exp.: V = 3x2y-yz The field just outside the conductor is not zero.
JH15dp d,j, dz -3 JfJp2 dp d,j, dz
So statements I, 2, 3 and 4 are correct and statement 5 is
'4ncloscd = fD.ds = 0 D=£E E =-Vv = -[av a - av a + av a,] false. 3 2tt 5 3 Zn: 5
axx 8yy az
= 15 J dp J d,j, J -3 J p2 dp J d,j, J dz
94. Ans.: (d)
3. If charge resides on the surface then E # 0 at the surface. = -[6xyax + (3x 2 - z)ay - ya,] Exp. : Divergence of a curl field is always zero, i.e.,
p=O <),=0 z=O p=O z=O
So, statement 3 is false. So Eat (+I, 0, -1) V(VxE) =0
-ro + 3ay - 01 = -3ay * o
'~~J-= . -;~
=
... "> .-- - ·....,,-,>" '" ' - :;!llll, - •. w•,< ,.miiijj"' / ~':"'"l"nu,11 ,,..,"Ei;i"""' -.. ,~,.-,~ --- • 1 --~ • -••
.- .u1.i~,(,-;:w-1!'1°hNti' j(,:;-r ;:v~J;'i1~'; , :,~: :._. ~ •\ ~aUhlll; ~ ',lJl. :·~, ):'J":J •,i~ ' :,'j~'~ltG·IJ/ ,-1-:--1',~~'i I ~l9 '. ••
..--....,-, ,,.,..- ,.+ I ,~,/! ,/il n ,i,, ,. dti:l~t~,~ •. ~ :;y-.-,,.. ____ -.,.. _ ~ , ' •!'':' h '
i!~/"-i Villl;..!!.'._,..:.:..,_:..:_;' .......!...: ' , , ,•,·~ ·- - -,
- .a1.1 if~
127
Explanations/Solwions To An Integrated Course in Electrical E r.
126 ~8ineeri,ig £/ectromag11etic Field 111eory
102. Ans.: (a) · _ Every physical problem must contain atleast one 114. Ans.:(c)
= 15(3 - 0) 2Jt x (5)- 3({ )x 2rcx (5) Exp. : The continuation equation is given as 2 conducting boundary, but may contain two or more. Sol. : In dielectric, presence of electric fi eld resu1 lS in
polarization, so total electric field is equal to the sum of
=45x I01t-27x I01t=l801tC v-I = _ ap,. 3
_ Laplacian equation
external electric field and polarization '
ar v2v =0
98. Ans. : (d) Applying divergence theorem, we have and according to Poisson equation D = s0E + P
Exp. : Charge q is located at
(0, 0) and charge -2q is located
at (6, 0) •

P(.,·,y)
-2_q 1}1 ·ds = -fr HJ p,, dv v2 v = _&
s
llS. Ans.: (a)
Sol.: Given: e, = 5. D = I C/m
2
(6, 0)
(0. 0)
The above equation is known as conservation of charge, So Laplacian equation is true for charge free region 1 1
Voltage at any point (x, y) is Polarization, P = t, - D= x I = 0.8 CJm
103. Ans.: (d) Er 5 .
given as where Pv=0.
Exp. : Continuation equation is
q J09, Ans,: (c) 116. Ans.: (b)
V = ,---,---:---, Exp. : For dielectric medium, relative permittivity e, >> J
4JtS\fX- + )' '7.j = - 8p,, Sol.: We know D = s 0 E + )'.,EoE
q
ar and a __, 0, therefore, displacement current density, J0 is
[·: P = )'.,s 0 E l
and
-2q The ~bove equation relates current density and charge larger than conducuon current density Jc or D = e0E+ P
v_,,, = + _v2 density. i.e., IJ 0 1>> llcl or P = 5 -c0 E
,;I 104. Ans.: (d) W£ >> a for good dielectrics
Since =0
I' VIOL."ll
- - 5
So Vq+v_,. =0 Exp.: As explained in explanation for Ql02, or P = 0- E0 · -
1111 <<1 e
_q_ _ so
+ -2q '7 .j = - 8p,.
J
Cll&
or =0
+ y' + y' ar 110. Ans.: (c) = D-(1 -So
--
Eo E ,
represents the conservation of charge. Exp.: Given that
q 2q
'j1:

or
+ y' - - 6) 2 + _v2
The divergence of current density is equal to the
decrease in volume charge density per unit time at every
point

For a lossy capacitor with dielectric permittivity E.

Conductivity =a = f:, (1-fJ
4(x2 +y2) = (x-6)2+y2
2(1-½) =1.6C/m
or Frequency = ro
MaxweU ' s divergence equations are ·: E, =5
or 4x2 +4y2 =x2 - 12x+ 36 + y2 For a capacitor, conduction current density is given as = 2
- p
3x2 + 3y 2 + 12x = 36 I. V•E = - le =aE
so and displacement current density is given as 117. Ans.: (d)
2
J. + y 2 +4x= 12 Sol. : Force between the plates is given as
and 2. V · B = 0 Jd =jroeE
99. Ans.: (a)

or
or
x2+4x+4+ y2 = 16
(x+2)2+y 2 =16
105. Ans.: (b)
Exp. : Poisson' s equation for homogeneous medium is So \!£.\
Jd 1~1
= jwsE = .5!..._
ws
F= Q,Q ,
41tr 2 X C
v 2v= _& 111. Ans.: (b) So F ~
Exp. : For electrostatic field
Exp. : Polarization is orientation of electric field in the
VxE = 0 ·: electrostatic fields are conservative . Free space Pv = 0
EM region and circularly polarized if or .!l._ =1
E will he constant because region is charge free, therefore So V2 V =0
The above is Laplacian equation. E, =E,andc\>=±90° F::!. E1
V -E =0 112. Ans.: (c) For air as dielectric
106. Ans.: (c)
100, Ans.: (c) Exp. : Given: e, =Eo
Exp. : Laplace' s equation is all-embracing. for application
since it does where volume ~harge density is zero, E = a, Esin(wt-\3z) + a, Esin(rot -\3z) For liquid dielectric
Exp.: V = - dq,., is not Coulomb' s law. according to this theorem, every conceivable configuration t:, ='1JE
dt Here E = E1 + E2
1\ It is Faraday' s law. of electrodes or conduction produces a field for which So .!i = So& =E
I,'11 '7 2 V=0 So magnitudes of E 1 and E 2 are equal and phase F2 Eo
!ii 101. Ans.: (a) difference between them is zero.
107. Ans.: (bl
Exp.: According to Gauss' s law
Exp. : We know that It is a linearly polarized wave. or F,
-
= !.s
q,E = Jfl ·ds = Q.,nclosed
V•D =Pv 113. Ans.: (b)
118. Ans.: (a)
i\! Exp.: Since electric field intensity, E between the plates
fl =eii
= 1Pv dv
Sol. : From given data magnitudes of E 1 and E 0 are equal
and or '7 ·(sE) = Pv of a parallel plate condenser is inversely proportional to
~nclosed and phase difference is ±90°.
'Iii or '7·(-&VV) =Pv :. E =-VY Circular polarized wave.
the electric permittivity of the medium i.e., E s•
or 4D.ds = 4p,. dv or '7-(sVV) =-Pv Medium is inhomogeneous
119. Ans. : (d)
where P v is the charge per unit volume. Since for air e = \, electric field intensity between the Exp.: The relationship existing between the electric field
'7 2V = -Pv ...Poisson' s equation when plates of a parallel plate condenser with dielectric medium
Also, according to Divergence theorem, Gauss's law intensities and flux densities at the boundary arc kno,vn
for homogeneous isotropic medium .can be give~ in Emedium is homogeneous medium. as the boundary conditions.
of dielectric constant e will be equal to if E, = E
differential form as 108. Ans.: (b) ' s
Exp. : I. Solution of Laplacian equation with two
V·E =__e__
So different approved methods lead to same answer.
- ,_,,...-.... ·•7' ~offlttl!J - ... ..,ll'J:{~~~UI....,~ ,•~..,.,, "f_,
- - - ~~II-'.'~\~~ : til~l~l ',»\.'·'., ~::::~: •1:::!!., ,~.!t! ~•
~-.:«.,..:, -~ ~''J;'" ..,,~~:u-;;,:.:!l!.:ij~PJ -.. . .;o_1,.f."
~
l~
Explanations/Solutions To An /n1egra1ed Course in Electneat
. Enginee,-;
129
•1 nelic Field Theory
128 £/eciro111ag
Thus,
The rwo conditions that exist at the boundary between
J. Capacitance of a p~allel plate capacitor is . Jd=!!_eV=!._i)V . C2 = Er2 EoA
a conducting 15ody and dielectric are: proportional to area 1.e. C A. direcuy ot d dot d
1. The tangential component of electric field strength
2. Capacitance is inversely proportional to the . 1,=JdA= eA iJV 2 X 8.854 X J0- !2 X 400 X 400 X 10--6
is necessarily zero i.e., E1 = O. of separation of plate i.e. C distanc,
1/d. ' d ot 8x 10-3 -
2. The electric displacement D at any point on the
dielectric immediately adjacent to the surface of the 3. Dielectric material is in a state of compressio 2e x 5x 10--4 a
0
force of attraction between the plates. n due to = x /50 sin IOOOt)
_3 = 354.16 pF
conducting body is numerically equal to the charge 5 10 0
density cr on the surface of the conducting body at 125. Ans.: (d) Since capacitors C 1 and Ci are connected in series,
that point i.e., D = cr. Exp. : Capacitance of a conducting sphere of radius . ' = 2Eo X 0.] X 50 X 1000 COS l000!
Equivalent capacitance
a total charge of q uniformly distributed on its rw,ih = 104 £o cos 10001
120. Ans.: (c)
I. Exp. : According to boundary conditions:
E 12 = E 11 and Dn2 - Dn, =-Ps
surface is given as
C=4:n:Er V 129. ADS·: (Non~)
Sol. : Charge density on positive plate,
C
eq
= C1 Cz = 944.42x354.16 pF
C1 + C2 944.42 + 354. I 6
where E, is tangential component of electric field and Dn
So capacitance C is independent ofQ and proportJollal P, =EE = 2.2 x 8.854 x 10- 12 x 3 x 10• =257pF
I is normal component of electric flux density.
tor. = 58.4 x 10-8 C/m2 132. Ans.: (c)
Sol. : Capacitance of an air parallel plate capacitor with
/':i In single medium electric field is continuous. In case 126. Ans. : (d)
So no option is correct.
I ,f
tj of a perfect conductor E,, = 0 since electric field does not
E'?'. :
In~ parallel plate condens':r, Ele~tric field intensity plate area Am 2 is given as
in dielectric of relatJve perm1111v11y E, 1s given as t30- Ans-: (a) C = eoA = lOpF
exists inside a perfect Conductor but in case of finite Exp.: Let C 1 be the capacitance of half
)/1 f
/II
1

conductivity it cannot be zero.

If region is charge free i.e.,
Ps=O. Dn, =Dn2

E' = _l__ .9_

For air medium E = 1, so E =
EoEr A
...!._.9_

portion with air as dielectric medium

and C be the capacitance with a
2
dielectric of relative permittivity E,.
~I d
where dis the distance between the parallel plates in metre.
When the distance between the parallel plates is halved
(i.e., d/2) and dielectric constant of dielectric E, = 5. the
r eo A So capacitance of the half portion with air as medium, capacitance is given as
i.e., normal component of flux density is continuous across
the charge free boundary. i.e., E'is ... (i)
e0 A/2
Cl = --d-
_
smce area is half C' = EoErA = 2e x EoA
Thus, statements l, 2, 4 are correct and statement 3 is e, d/2 ' d
wrong. PD between the plates of a parallel plate condenser filled and capacitance of the half portion with dielectric. = 2 x 5 x 10 pF = 100 pF
121. Ans.: (a) with dielectric of relative permittivity E, is given as
C _ e0 e, A/2 133. Ans. : (c)
Exp. : Given data are: z- d Sol. : Capacitance of original capacitor,
V' = _g__xt
At the interface (i.e., at y = 0), there is no surface charge e0 erA
Now these two capacitors will be in parallel when voltage _ e A
For region 1 (i.e.,y<O),E,=2 Co- 0
For region 2 (i.e., y > 0), E, = 5
= ...!... times pd between plates with is applied across the plates as same pd will be there between a
both the capacitors. Capacitance of capacitor with portion filled with alcohol
E 1 = 3ax +4ay +2az
e, airmedium ... (i,)
Capacitance of a parallel plate condenser with dielectric Equivalent capacitance,
C = e0 e,A = 50e 0 A ·: E,= 25
,.. er, ,. " of relative permittivity is given as
E = 3ax +4x-ay +2a,
2
C = C + C = eo A + so e, A 1 a/2 a
e,:, C' = eaerA eq 12 2d 2d
Capacitance of capacitor with portion filled with air
• 4 2. • d
= 3ax+ xjaY +2az = E, times the capacitance of = eoA(l+e,) = Co(l+e,) C _ e0A _ 2s0 A
air capacitor ... (iii) 2d 2 2 - a/2 - a
= Jax + 1.6ay + 2a, So from eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii) it is concluded that when·• where C , the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor Equivalent capacitance of new arrangement,
122. Ans. : (a) 0
with air as dielectric [as in figure (a)], is given as 50e0 Ax2e0 A
dielectric slab is introduced between parallel plates (1)
Exp. : For a parallel plate capacitor, electric field intensity electric intensity will decrease (ii) pd between the plates
C - eoA
C = C1 x C2 = a O = 50 s 0 A
E= PD across the plates = will decrease and (iii) capacitance will increase. o- d eqC +C 2 50e 0 A + 2e 0 A 26 a
1
l._
Distance between the plates d 127. Ans.: (c) a a
131. Ans. : (d)
123. Ans.: (b) Sol. : Capacitance of a paraJlel plate capacitor is given as 50 s0 A
c,T'I"' .
Exp. : If a charge Q is placed on a conducting sphere, this
Sol. : Capacitance of a capacitor is C =4 d, =6mm
c,q 26-;;- 50
charge will be uniformly distributed on the surface of the C s0 e,A = given as and Co= eoA =26
t ,,,=2, o,=amm
sphere. C = e,e 0 A a
or The relative dielectric constant of the crystal,
So potential at the surface of such a sphere, . d 134. Ans.: (b)
Cxt
+·· · · ·
Q_
V = __ forr:;;R E =--- Sol.: Given: A= A 1 = A 2 = 500 x 500 x 10-6
r e xA Since A= (400 X 400) X ]0-6 m
4irn0 R 0
3
and C= .9_ =4:n:£oR 10-9 X 2 X J0- ---- Ci= _e,1s 0 A
V 8.854 X 10-IZ XJO X 10-3 X ]0 X JO-) d
J24. Ans.: (a)
Exp.: Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is given as 128. Ans.: (b)
= 2259 = 2260 4 X 8.854 X 10- 12 X 400 X 400 X )0-6
6x 10-3 -
C,T e,2 -2, d2-2mm
C = eA = e0 e,A
d d Sol.: D=eE= E~ = 944.42 pF
d
...,-~ ""!.~ • , •..,,Jf'. f·r=
~~ ~" ffi~ ...~~!~~Hi' ,r~ :f7-:~ ~• .--.~: - .
.111,.!..: 11rD:!!.'l!..-.,
- -~,it-·~:~~··-
.-.r..--_,__-~ , ,.
_,,"""
~ ,,
,II Explanations/Solutions To Ari Integrated Course in Electrical En .
·r
--...;o ~
£/ectromagnetic Field Theory
131
. gineeri"g
130
Yz =Ez · d-i= P2 ·d C= •oA 146. Ans.: (b)
12 C,=2C
c, = •~ "o A, = 8 x 8.854 x 10- x soo x 500 x 10--6_ "o 2 d Exp. : Potential of sphere with a zero reference at infinity
d 4xl0-3 Both plates are grounded C = = 4s0 A = 8s0 A
is given as
1
=4,427 pF V 1 -Vi=0 2 d/2 d/2 -d- V=-Q-
s,,, soA2 So C 2 =8C 4u0R
I
IiI"
ii

C2=-·--
d2
2 X 8.854 X 10-12 X 500 X 500 X 10-6
2 X 10-3 -

£!.d, - P2 d2 =0
Eo Eo
P1 dz
Pz = d1

_ C 1 xC 2 _ 2Cx8C
C,q- C +C - 2C+8C
Now voltage between plate~
2 1
= l. 6 C
So capacitance, C = _g_ =4lt'1JR
V
Capacitance between two spheres is given as
C = C 1 11 C2 ·: capacitances of two spheres are in series
f:' = 2,213.5 pF 137. Ans.: (a) V = ...9..._ = Z4C =15V = c,xCz =2it£oR
:1 .-. c"' = c, c 2 = 4,427 x 2,213.5 pF = 1,475 pF Exp. : Part of the cylinder is extending outside the C,q l.6C C 1 +C2
C1 + C 2 4,427 + 2,213.5 plate capacitor, therefore, current enclosed I Parallel
, . I. h enc1-•0 147. Ans.: (b)
OveralIconductton current eavmg t e closed surface•o·
,I 135. Ans.: (c)
138. Ans.:(b) .
t42- Ans-: (c) .
Exp. : Since voltage 1s same across both the regions and
distance between the two plates is also same, electric field
Exp.: v=L[.!_-
4m:o Y :;
I]
Sol.: C =C3 =
1
d Sol. : Electric flux density also remains same throughout the both regions.
1/1111
I 'I So capacitance, C = g_ = 4rrso - _4m:o xy
' c 2 = 2Ae 2 D =foE,E ---;=-y
r
. o E= = constant for both regions= 4 kV/cm V .!_ - .!_ -
S •
. r~1.
d
E<>< _I_ d y X
or
EoEr 143. Ans-: (b) · 148. Ans.: (b)
u
1-2v-i Sol. : Electric field intensity,- C = s,, soA = =6x 103 A
ii = £.rEO =E =5 Sol.: 1
C1 C2 C3 So E= = Z,OOO =2xl05 V/m d 0.5 x 10-3 Eo
-lHHl--
1---1ov--+1
Emclectric f.:o r
d 0.01
C = &,, soA = 4soA =4x 10' A
139. Ans.: (c)
I! The force on the electron
-:-id/~r
2 d Ix 10-3 Eo
Sol. : 1n the given arrangement, area is halved andltwo =Ee=2 x 105 x l.6x 10-• 9
11
]€10v-==l
I-
portions are connected in parallel.
In parallel voltage is same.
So, maximum withstand voltage is V
144. Ans.: (None)
=3.2 x 10-14 N
· Exp.: By Gauss's law electric field intensity,

Let tpe voltage of the conducting foil be V volts, then

. C 1(100- V) =C,V
or 6xI03 x£oA(IOO-V)=4xl0 foAY
3
Voltage across capacitor C 1 is given as Equivalent capacitance of the given capacitor, or 150-1.SV=V
V = E=-Q-a
Cl
1/jroC,
I I I
xV
s 0 s, NZ s 0 s, Al-2" 2 4ntr r or V= I 50 =60V
--+--+-- C"' =C 1 +C 2 = --~--+--~-- 2.5
jroC, jroC2 jroC 3 Then the pd between the shells
149. Ans.: (b)
or Vc1 = C2C3 Given E" = 4 and· E"2 = I R
Exp. : The capacitance of a cylindrical capacitor -of
v c,c 3 +c1c 3 +c,c, V= - ]ii.di extern~ diameter D and internal diameter d and filled
C = 4s 0 A + s 0 x Ix A
or J:._ = 8£1E2 = __<_2_
Rz with dielectric of relative permittivity is given as
Rj [~a,] dra,
"' 2d 2d
10 16s1 e 2 + 16sf 2s 2 + 2£ 1 21tf:o£, Fl
or Se, =Zs, + 2£ 1 = 2soA + soA = 2C+~ =2.SC D ·· -·m.
R 41tEr log,d
d 2d 2
4~,[:, -:J
I
or~=~
Sz 2 Charge, Qeq = Ceq V = 2.5 CV= 2.5 Q 151. Ans.: (c)
140. Ans.: (a)
= Sol.: Given: E 1 = Sax -2a, + 3a, kV/m
136. Ans.: (d) Boundary conditions of dielectric medium surface
Sol.: C"' =C 1 +C2 Thus capacitance of spherical capacitor may be given
cl•
Sol. : Given:
as E,. =E,,
= 6soA + so A='!._ soA = 2coriginll 4
D,., =Dn2
= g_
1-]
2d 2d 2 d 2 C
Q
l
<!, P2Cim2 f E, Maximum breakdown voltage is V V Q~[I For E 1 : z=O
4m; R 1 R2 Tangential components field 2
·and charge, Q' = Ceq V = 3.5 Q -z
Eq =E,2 = 5Dx -22iy
d1 P1 C'm 2 t E, 141. Ans.: (d) = 4",,,,, R1R2
Rz-R1 Normal componenls field
Sol. : In first condition Since a4 is nonnal to z = 0
145. Ans.: (b) En 1 =3at
Boundary conditions: C= g_ = ..2_ Exp. : PD between two points in an electric field is defined Since z =0 carries no charge
D1 =foE 1 =p 1 D2 =EoEz=P2 V 24 Dn, =Dn2
where C=~ as the work done per unit charge i.e., V = : and power
E, =£!. Ez= £.. or Q=24C d or f.oEriEn1 = Eo£'2E"2
So So
is defined as the energy per unit of time i.e., P = dW 4
In second condition dt ·
- £~
E112 E 111 x ~ = 3a4 x
Potential V = Ed -
2 =6az:
V 1 =E 1 · d 1 = £!..d, c, = s0 A = 2s 0 A So, both statements I and II are correct.
'}
so d/2 d
~~~ Y~.H·~1'~;-4'L~ ~~r;l-:.! -•• ~~ :~:~~-
,., . . .Ill - i.•--.~~
'~ Illa,
~ -;•:·iiJ= $ -:
- ---~
.._,- ,..,._~ . .
 , .. , ~ . ,-·-
,,u:,:.,,
: ,,::::,,,
~ l t liJfl'll,1 i;1;<-..:zJ...: jJ..i~ • •••
,.
j '··
·;:··~
"'f":" 1
Explanations/Solutions To An Integrated Course in Electrical Engineer; ,nagnetic Field Theory
r.: , ng 133
132 Eftc""
155. Ans.: (d) So, the maximum charge on C 2 and~ will be minimum
152. Ans-:(b) Exp. : For series combination of two capacitors
162. Ans. : (d)
of that on C 2 and C 3 (i.e., minimum of 25 µC and 4 µC),
Exp. : Here repulsive force will exist since currents are in having capacitance C and breakdown voltage v, ' each Sol. : Energy density in free space,
opposite directions and therefore, wire will assume straight therefore Q23 = 4 µC.
line shape.
. · CxC C
Capacitance, Ccq = C II C = - - = _ Equivalent c~pacitance of two capacitors c 2 and c W = .!.eoE2
3
C+C 2 connected m senes 2
153. Ans.: (d) Energy density in dielectric
B and breakdown voltage = V + V = 2V C _ Cz x C 3 _ 5 x 2 _ 10
Sol.: ZAB(scriesJ =Z 1 +Z,
156. Ans. : (a) 23 - C2 + C3 - 5 + 2 - 7µF w2 = .!.&o&, IE212
SoRAB=R1+R2 A~ Sol. : Number of capacitors to be connected in series 2
FOR 22 So the voltage across series combination
_I_ = _I_ +-I- RESISTORS Zt have voltage rating of l ,200 V to and E 2 = 11xE - 111 E
roCAB roe, roC2 a = Q23 = 4 X 10-6 = 2 8 V
= Voltage rating of combination _ 1,200 IE2 1=
1 1 1 Voltage rating of each capacitor - 300
"4
C23 !Q x 10-6 .
or - - = - + - For capacitors 7
CAB C1 C2 Effective capacitance of the series combination is .
Voltage across parallel combination, So W 2 = .!.. 0 =4EoE2
as given 2
In case of Z AB (paraDel),
=V 1 =V23 =2, 8V
I I I I
-=-+-+-+-
I 1 l l SoW2 =8W W= _l__s 0 E 2
Charge on capacitor C 1'
--=-+-
ZAB z, Z2 cs C1 C2 C3 C4
Q 1 =C 1V 1 = !Ox 10-6x2.8=28µC
2
163. Ans.: (c)
I I I = .!.+.!.+.!.+.!. =2 Total charge on parallel combination, Sol. : Energy density,
-- =-+- For resistors 2 2 2 2
Q = Q 1 +Q23 =4+28=32µC
RAB R, R2 dWE =.!_eo[E21
or Cs= .!.µF =0.5 µF 159. Ans.: (c) dV 2
2
roC AB = roC, + roC2
I I I
Number of series combinations connected in parallel
Effective capacitance of series-
Sol. : When capacitors are connected
in series
•vF------~?-
= .!. X 8.854 X 10-12 X [30 X 103 ]2
or CAB =C 1 +C2 ... For capacitors _ _.,_p_ar_al_l_e_l_c_om_b_in_a_t_io_n_ _ = .2_ =
4
Voltage across 20 µF capacitor, ~.=-J 2
= 39.843 J/m3 =40 J/m3
10- 2
Series combination of Inductors Effective capacitance of 0.5 40
series combination vi= 90x =60V 90V
164. Ans. :( c)
ZAB =Z 1 +Z, 60
So total required capacitors Exp. : If dw is the work done or the potential energy
OJLAB =roL 1 + roL, According to voltage division rule
required in moving a charge dq from one point to another
=4x4= J6 Voltage across 40 µF capacitor,
or LAB =L 1 +L, point, then the potential difference between these two
157. Ans.: (b)
Parallel combination of inductors Vz= 90x20 =30V points is defined as the potential energy per unit charge,
Sol. : The circuit may redrawn as follows:
I I I 60
--=-+- So dv= dw
z,
C
ZAB Z2 Total charge, C = C 1 + C 2 dq
0.1µF~0.1µF
I
I I I = 20 X 10-6 X 60 + 40 X 10- 6 X 30
So - - = - - + - -
roL AB roL 1 roL, =2,400µC ' 1 165. Ans. : (d)
Exp. : Energy density due to electric field,
I
or - - = - + -
LAB
I
L1 L 2
I •~
0.1µF~0.1µF

~b When capacitors are

con_nected
•
m. parallel
V' C 20µF
'I
Ct
J40µF WE= .!_&E2
2
f7
eqmvalent capacitance, ~_ _ _ _
. . __ _ _~_
Impedance for inductor is given as d
0 Energy density depends upon the electric field intensity.
C,q =C 1 +C2 as dielectric constant E is constant.
2r. =roL From the circuit shown above it is obvious that it is a
•~:::rb
balanced bridge and therefore it may further be simplified =20+40=60µF For point charge, electric field intensity is given as
Forde currents ro= 0
to Voltage across parallel combination of capacitors,
So Zr_ =0 E=_Q_
So inductor behaves as short circuit to de V' = Total charge 2,400 x 10-6 = 40 V 4ns 0 R 2
So, all the statements (I), (2) and (3) are correct. c,q 60x 10-6 I
160. Ans.: (c) So E~ R2
154. Ans.: (d)
0.1µF 0.1µF Exp. : Energy density in static electric field is given as Due to inflation of balloon R does not change, so E is
Sol. : Equivalent capacitance of series combination is given
as Equivalent capacitance across ab,
C0 b=(O.I IIO.l)+(O.I IIO.l)
WE=-
2
J--
I DEdV=-DE
1
2
same and because of unchanged E, WE remains the same.
166. Ans.: (d)
I I I I I I I
-c,q = -+-+-+-+-+-
c, c2 C3 c4 c, c6 = 0.05 + 0.05 = 0.1 µF 161. Ans.: (c) Sol. : Capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor
158. Ans.: (c) Sol. : It is given that point charges
Since C 1 > C2 > C3 > C4 > C5 > C6 .•• (given) C = &A = e 0 s,A
Sol. : Charges on different capacitors, Q 1 =-lOnCat(-1,0,0) d d
So I I l l I I
-
<-<-<-<-<- Q = !OnCat(l,0,0) ForairE,= J
c,
C2 C3 C4 c, C6 Q 1 =C 1 V 1 = !Ox 10-6x 10= IOOµC 2
1 l Distance between Q 1 and Q 2, r= 2 8.85 X 10-I 2 !()() JQ-6
and Q2 =C2v 2 =5 x 10-6x 5=25 µC So C=EoxA X X
c,. c6 and Q3 =C3V 3 =2 x 10- x 2=4 µC QQ -!Ox 10-9 x IOxl0-
9
d O.l x I0-3
Energy stored = - 1- 2 =
6
or -12
C,q =C6
Capacitor C 2 and C 3 are in series and charges 00 4its0 r 4itx8.854x!O x2 = 8.85 x 10- 12F
capacitors connected in series will be equal. = -449.4 nJ = -450 nJ
~ 2~ )-~;:;te,w ~ .,rn,,,.,~""--· _
'P JI.C
['' Explanations/Solutions To An Integrated Course in Electrical En ,
g111eeri
'?
£/eclfvmagnetic Field Theory 135
f
134 •1
Energy stored in the capacitor,
=qkdi or Hz= __
2 1_5_ .-ax+ __
8 , 185. Ans.: (c)
L . µox6 µox6a, Exp. : As worked out in Q.No.182.
12 2
W = _I_CV 2 = _I_X 8.85 X 10- 100 Using Stoke's theorem
sax + sa.t
X
= H=_!_
2 2
= 4.43 X 10-8] = 44.3 oJ qA di = qcvxA).',l; 4µo 6µo mA/m 11tr
L From above expression for magnetic field H, it is obvious
167. Ans. : (c)
Sol. : Electric field . = qi3 ;Ts 118. Exp. : The direction of magnetic flux in a
Ans.:(c)
that His independent of permeability of medium, µ
It depends only on current carried by the conductor
E =(6a,+8a,.)kV/mm current carrying conductor shown in the and distance of the point from the conductor where H is
= Flu.x through the surface s measured.
Magnitude of electric field, figure (downward) is clockwise·as shown
175. Ans.: (c) in adjoining figure: 186. Ans.: (d)
6
IEI =10kV/mm=10xl0 V/m Sol. : Magnetic susceptibility of alumirtium, Exp. : As worked out in Q.No.183
x,,,=2.lxl0-5 J80- Ans-: (a)
Energy stored in the dielectric Exp. : Since iron is a ferromagnetic
Relative permeability, B=E_
= Energy density x volume material, the iron cylinder provides a 21tr
µ, = Xm +I= 2.1 X 10-S +I= 1.000021 relatively lower reluctance path, therefore, So variation of 1B I with distance r from a very long straight
= I e0 e, IEi-
- ' x Volume the magnetic field lines inside the cylinder conductor carrying current I is correctly represented by
2 Permeability,µ = ~µ,
will bend closer to the cylinder axis to find curve shown in (d).
=4!t X 10-7 X 1.000021
= _l_x 8.85 x 10- 12 x 2x 100 x 10 12 x 0.5x0.5x0.4 a minimum reluctance path. 187. Ans.: (b)
2 = 12.5666 x 10-7 Wm Sol. : Flux density at a distance of 0.1 m from a long
181. Ans. : (a)
= 88.5J =12.6 X 10-7 ff/m Sol.: By Biot-Savart's law straight conductor carrying a current 200 A,
168. Ans.: (b) 41t x 10-1 x Ix 200
Exp. : Energy stored in a capacitor is proportional to ca-
176. Ans.: (c)
Sol. : Magnetisation,
B = _eg_
4H R
fidl B= E.. = µoµ,I
21tr 21tr 21t x O.l
pacitance of the capacitor and capacitance is proportional
!OE M=xmH Since vector magnetic potential =4 x 10-4 Wb/m2
So energy stored in the capacitor, =(µ,-!)NI B = VxA 188. Ans.: (b)
W~E = (1150- I) X 5 X l00 X 0.5 Sol.: H= _!_ = _l_O_ =lAlm
SoA=µIdl 2nr 1nxl.59
So = W2 =3 = 287,250 Alm N = 5T/cm = 5 x J02 T/m 41tR 189. Ans.: (b)
£2 W1 Magnetic moment of the rod,
169. Ans.: (a) 18~. . Ans.: (b) Exp.: H=_!_
m= M x volume of rod Exp.: According to Ampere's law 21tr
Exp.: In 1819 it was discovered by a Danish Physicist,
= 287,250 X 10-3 = 287.25 A-m2
Hans Christian Oersted that an electric current is always
accomplished by certain magnetic effects. = 2.87 x 102 A-m2
4fl .di = I,ndosed or
r=-I __
2nH -
I
2n<l =0.159 m
L
w
170. Ans.: (d) 190. Ans.: (c)
177. Ans.: (c) or Hx2nr=I
Exp. : Charge will radiate electromagnetic waves in free I _ = 1.59 m
Sol. : From given data Sol.: r= 27tH - 2nx I
[H+O
space only when it is either accelerated or deaccelerated. 1
5a, + 8a, 2 or H=--Alm
0,s-
Charge undergoing oscillatory motion are continuously B1 = mWb/m 2,u 191. Ans.: (c)
accelerated or deaccelerated. 183. Ans.: (a) Sol. : Magnetic field strength at the centre due to current
1
µ,.=4 z;,,O MEDIUM!
In an oscillating electric dipole, Exp.: As worked out in Q.167. carrying loop is given as
)'.>
. there is a pair of electric charges that
µ,.=6
µ, =4 and µ, = 6
z<O MEOIUMII
H= _I_A/m H=-
1 e
varies sinusoidally with time such that P
1 2 21tR 1r
at any instant the two charges have equal - Since Bl =sax+ saz and Magnetic flux density or I=Hx2r
magnitude but of opposite nature. Titls
oscillating dipole generates electro- So B, =
1
5a, and Bn =
1
8a, B=µH=~
= I x 10-3 x 2 x I= 2 x 10-3A= 2 mA
magnetic radiation. -0 From boundary conditions 21tR 192. Ans.: (a)
172. Ans.: (b) 184. Ans. : (a) Epx.: According to Ampere's law
Bn, =Bn2 = 8Qz
Exp. : Magnetic flux density B emerging out of a closed
surface is zero because according to Gauss law for H-fields
H,l=H,2
Sol. : For line current, the magnetic vector potential is
given as
fl•dl =Iendosed= Jids
Hx21tr==J1t?
is qBdii=O _ µ, B,1 _ 6
B 12 - -2~
µ~
• _ 15.
- - x Sa - -ax
4 X 2 A= t"Idl
or
or
H= J.r ---~-----JR --
173. An.s.:(c) L 41tR 2
Exp. : Magnetic field intensity is a vector quantity i.e., it Thus, at point 'O', A will be cancelled out owing to
has both magnitude and direction while magnetic B2 = B,2 + Bn, =¥a,+ 8a, opposite branches.
or B =µH= µI.r
2
potential, susceptibility and magnetic flux density are But B=~H From the above expression it is obvious that the flux
scalar quantities. So A =0
density variation inside the conductor at different distances
So B 2 =~µ,,Hz Since, Vx A = B and B" 0 at 'O'
174. Ans.: (a) from its centre is linear.
Sol. : Line integral of the vector potential A around the So ~µ,tt,=.!2;,
2 2 X
+Sa Z
So VxA ,e 0
boundary surface S
- ~ -----...,..~ ~n ·~ ~Vhif;_.__y
 -·l •,·t;1;~n11~~;·;;/);1I~~:l~:l "...- ---·.:-v.:i ~
F
;c,/.J.' • .!.1.:,0 .,JH>·' l 'Jl ::,1/ 11.. { l j !if[!
11m:1:..~,._,11J~ m.1,, umu
•Hlk.:.ltt1111: m, .:11;1111111u
E::'.r•=b•~~
U"1 J1li!;/,!..f1 , 1/!l~ll!lrtf\1 ,, 1lll'i.111intt1ar.m111::191_.
r
11l:,1r;i11ir,1 ir11,,1!i1 1:i1 114 ()t!fil!.~---
~.L.- -
Explanations/Solutions To An Integrated Course in Electrica I Enginee n~g . Freid
£/ecrrornognetrc . Theory 137
P~~:•,~
i: ·I
j l l.J :c
II
136 roe
I =-le =--le
2rif e zo1- Ans-: (bl 205. Ans.: (c)
o cr
193. ADS·: (ti)
Exp. : Here time varying magnetic field is given and
cr
_ 271 X 50 X8.854 X 10-12 X Sol,: ~i-•-l T T
Exp.: Lorentz's force is given as
Fi
= e(iixB)
-...J.
1
frequency of revolution of magnetic field is ro 1 - 58 p q2B @ ql
Induced emf due to varying field (assuming loop at rest) =4.8 x 10-11 A For panicle velocity v to be zero
p
2a . F1 = 0 and therefore, if a particle is at rest, the force
i.e., transformer emf= - oB ...(Faraday law) 197. Ans.: (b) acui:ig on the particle will be zero and no deflection of
01 .
The transformer emf induced is of frequency ro1 because Exp.: Magnetic field, ii = 3ax + 4iiy 1 l particle takes place.
206. Ans.: (d)
differentiation does not cause change in frequency. Force on a current carrying conductor due to magnetic B due to an infinite wire
Due to motion of loop (assuming B to be constant), Exp. : According to Lorentz force equation, the force
field, B µoI.
induced emf will be of frequency Wi (frequency of rotation) = 21tr a~ acting on a moving particle due to combined electric and
Thus overall induced emf has frequency components F = I (IX ii, Xii) magnetic fields is given as
= s[ii, x(3iix +4iiyl] Force on a current carrying conductor in magnetic field
at m1 + roz and Oli - Oli· ._. l=lrn
F= QE+Q(V x ii)
194. Ans.: (c) F= Id/xii
= 5[3iiy -4iix] = -20ax + 15ay Nim In the given question Q is due to electrons i.e., negative
Exp. : Current enclosed at distance r(r< R) Forces on the branches of loop perpendicular to
2 charge.
@
· Ix rrr 2 , 198. Ans.:(a) 0-0 =0 conductor will cancel out each other. .
1enclosed = - - 2 - = Ix 2 Direction of E is negative along x-axis.
71R R . For branches parallel to conductor in loop 1:
Sol.: Sin a.A = -5 H(o.o, si Direction of ii is negative along y-axis.
According to Ampere's law On branchp
2 0-2 Direction of electron + x as e moves against the E,
,.r- - r Sin¾= -5 F=lxax _!:!._ towards conductor
so the velocity of e is + x
'-JH-dl =l,ndosoo= Ix R2 2na
(0, 0, 0) On branchq So force due to electric field E is QE acting along
,2
H x circumference= I x - -2 10A x-direction and force due to magnetic field V x ii
F = l x a x ~ away from conductor + is
R2 Tan '¾ = ..j22 + 52 /
(2, 0, 0) 271(3a)
Q(V x B) acting along- z direction.
,2 Thus net force on loop I
(1-.!.)
Hx2nr= Ix R2 Net effeci of the two forces acting on the electrons is
- = - I [sinaA -tanB1
H •
aH F = µJ2 = 2µ12 (.)
1 in cycloidal motion along the z-axis propagating in the
r2 1 Ir
471p I 271 3 h - •Z direction.
or H=Ix- x - = - - 2
R 2 271r 271R
-2 (.!.-.!.) 207. Ans.: (c)
@ = )]<-iiy)A/m F2 = 2µ12 = µI2 ...(ii)
471x 5 Exp. : The magnirude of force acting·on a current carrying
195. Ans.: (b) 2 2 + 52 . 271 2 3 671
Exp. : Consider an infinite number of From eqs (i) and (ii) we have conductor is given as
concentric circular loops carrying current I I 2 • A/ F = BIi sin 8 newtons
= - x =(-a) m F2 _ µ1 2 /671 _ I
each, bu b alternatively in clockwise and 21t v29 Y where I is the current flowing through the conductor of
anticlockwise directions respectively. = 0.0591(-iiy) Alm = -59.1 iiy mA/m
~ - 2µr2/671 -2 length I placed at an angle 8 with a magnetic field of
Assuming all these loops are localed in Z = 0 plane density B
199. Ans.: (c) or F 2 = !:J.. So the F is independent of cross-sectional area of
ii = ii 1 + ii2 + ii3 + ... Exp. : Force due to current element, , 2
Magnetic flux density at the centre of circular loop of conductor.
F = II x B = IIB (i +]) 202. Ans.:(d);203.Ans.:(c)
radius r is given as 0
Exp. : Force on a charge due to electric field, E 209. Ans.: (a)
ii = µol (±an) = l[l] x B0 (i + ])] i.\ = qE ... (il
Exp.: F = BIi sin 8
2r Substiruting 8 = 0 in above expression we have
=-llB0 k Newton Force on a charge moving with velocity ii due to magnetic
F=O
= ~~[1-½+¼-½+--}n The vector force density is defined as force per unit volume field B
F = q(v x B) ... (ii) by Lorentz force equation 210. Ans.: (d)
=-
µol [
2R
1
1+ -
2 n
µ I•
a = _!La Wb/m 2
3R n
]-I. F
s
= __F _ = -I/Bok = -IB 0 k
Volume al a
2
~o net force on a charge q moving with velocity under the
Exp. : Effective length of half wave dipole is a function of
8 as well as wavelength Aso it is not maximum for 8 = tr/2
influence of electric and magnetic fields, Since effective length refers to the fact that antennas
200. Ans.: (c)
l
196. Ans.: (b) z-axis
Exp.: Given: E =to, µ=!¼ Sol. : Given I= 2 m, B = 0 .05 ax F = i.\ +f. = qE+q(vxB) = q(E+iixBl
2
behave as thougb (electrically) they were taller than their
cr=58mho/m I• 10A physical length.
204. Ans.: (d) Hence statements l, 3, and 4 are correct and statement
le = conduction current Force, F =q(Vxii) Exp. : As explained above in Q.202 and 203, Lorentz's
10 = displacement current
le le/A cr
-F =q (didtxB-) = (dqdtxB-) l force is given as
211-
2 is incorrect.
Ans.: (c)
F= q(E+vx B) Exp, : For circular polarization. the fields should have
i;;- = 10 /A = roe
= (I xB)I Force on unit charge, equal magnitude and s hould differ in phase by :1:90°.
10 = roe
-F = E+vxB
- - -
= (IOiiz x0.05ilx)2
le cr
= (0.5iiy )2 = 1.0tiy N q
- ~~-~
- -~ .V\i•f »-~ • i.u,,aa
•• . - - - . - ' •·-· .-== e ·
i!FF-- ...._,_,-r".l"c·,.-.~ ~-..-~
H, • ' . • -
~:. -:::-. . , ,.·..:;·.- ,, .
-, ~
9
-:..11 1..ll~l .HL l'l' lii..;!' • .:.~ •11 '. j ' . ~ _ _:: _LIi.- -
<
' E. nations/Solutions To An Integrated Course in Electrical En .
rp 1a gineering 139
EfectrO,nagneric Field Theory
138
219. Ans.: (d)
I
H1 '2 d d Volume current density is given as
212. Ans.: (a) Sol. : Relative permeability, or - - - = - - 2
H2 '1 d/2 -
r1 = 2 and rz=d
Sol.: B-fiefd at (0, L, 0) due to wire at y = 2 .!:., <f)x/ _ 2x10-3 x2ox10-2 J, = __I ~ in amperes/m3
or H1 : Hz : : 2 : 1 Volume
µ,=NIµ a - ~
-µol • 0 SounitofJ, =Alm2
H1 =--L-Z 225. ADS·: (b)
=39.8 EXP• : force on each conductor of a 2 conductor transmis- 233. Ans.: (d)
2rrx-
2 sion Jine carrying current I in opposite direction. Exp. : According to Ampere's law "the line integral of the
220. Ans.: (c)
L
Exp. : Magnetizing force at the centre of a coil is given
• as 21 x l -7 2!2
F=--x!O =-xlO-7 Nim
magnetic field around a closed curve is equal to the net
B-fiefd at (0, L, 0) due to wire at Y = - 2, current enclosed by the surface area
d d
H=NIAT/m F oc 12 4H
s
-µol • So dl = l,nclosed
H2=-(3L)z 2a
226, ,\DS,: (c) 234. Ans.: (d)
G
2rr- where N is the number of turns on the coil a
2 Exp. : Due to current by Lorentz Exp. : According to modified, Ampere's law
is the radius of coil and I is the current
Net field at (0, L, 0) = H 1 + H2 equation a force exists which acts
flowing through the coil. V Xii. = l + af> = crE +t aii
-µo I .
= --L-Z +
-µo I . - -4 µo I
z - 3 rrL
z So, magnetizing force at the centre of a
radially towards axis such that it reduces
at at
the cross-sectional area.
2rrx- 2rrx- circular coil varies 236. Ans.: (a)
2 2 227, Ans.: (c)
(i) directly as the number of turns, N Sol. : Magnitude of force experienced by a conductor is Exp.: V-B =0
213. Ans.: (b) (ii) directly as the current flowing through the coil and Above is based on Gauss's law.
Exp.: Magnetic flux density has unit ofWb/m2 or tesla (T) given as
(iii) inversely as the coil radius. 237. Ans.: (c)
214. Ans.: (c)
F = I(dlxB) =ld/Bsin0 ...(i)
Thus, statements(!), (2) and (4) are correct. Exp. : Work done in moving a charge in presence of electric
Exp. : Permeability of magnetic circuit(µ) is analogous to Also, F = q(V x B) ...(ii) field is zero
221. Ans.: (b)
conductivity of electrical circuit (cr) as in magnetic circuit
Exp. : The field at any point on the axis of a current Froce of same magnitude is given by eqs (i) and (ii) 4Edl =0, VxE=O
I carrying coil will be parallel to the axis. and can be converted with each other.
Reluctance, S = µA i.e. curl of field is zero.
222. Ans.: (a) F ocQ,focl So electromagnetic field is conservative.
and in electric circuit
Exp. : An air gap is usually provided in magnetic circuits focV 238. Ans.: (c)
Resistance, R = __!__ to avoid saturation. and focB Exp. : CurlA=VxA=IVIIAI sin0an
crA 223. Ans.: (a) So, only option (3) is ture. Curl A is perpendicular to both V and A
215. Ans.: (c) Exp. : As seen from the figure given below, the magnetic
228. Ans.: (d) So V(VxA) =V(IV11Alsin90°)=A·B
Exp. : Conductance (reciprocal of resistance) of electrical field intensity at point O due to any side is given as
Exp. : The force per unit length between two stationary A and B have phase difference of 90°
circuit is analogous to permeance (reciprocal of
reluctance) of magnetic circuit. • -• parallel wires carrying steady currents 11and Iz and placed So ABcos0=0 0=90°
I 4
216. Ans.: (d) -41ta J sin0d0
n/
distance d apart is given as So div curl A is zero.
Exp. : Reluctance offered by magnetic circuit is given as
4
F= 21;12 x!0-7N/m 239. Ans.: (a)
1 ,~j~a d Sol.: V·B =0
s = _!__ or - - x 2 cos 45° Force on wire I due to current in wire 2 is found to be
µa
41ta ,,,,/ ',,',,,
equal to that which exerts on wire 2 due to current in wire
Magnetic flux density is zero through closed surface.
So it depends upon (i) length of magnetic flux path (ii) I 2 I. The forces act in opposite directions. B =VxA
cross-sectional area of the material and (iii) µ depending
or
41ta·,fi. 1--- 2a --I Also it follows.Newton's third law. So that
upon the nature of magnetic material. Resulting magnetic field strength due to all four sides is So, all the three statements I, 2 and 3 are correct. V.B =V(Vx A)=O
217. Ans.: (b) 229. Ans.: (b) V.H =le+ 10 From 4th Maxwell equation
H=4x _I__ }:__= Alm.
Sol. : Current flowing through the coil, Sol. : Magnetic field along a line
41ta ,fi. 1ta
running parallel to these wire and __ l .____ ... ---. v.ii. = 1
= 50 =5A 224. Ans. : (d)
(vx:J=J
l= midway between them due to both J--
'
R 10 Exp. : Magnetic field due to various current carrying sides wires is equal in magnitude but in
where J =lc+l 0
MMF developed = NI = 250 x 5 = 1,250 of the square of loop will be in the same direction. opposite directions and hence cancelled.
218. Ans. : (a) According to right hand rule, it would be in out of paper 230. Ans.: (c) • VxB = µ01
direction for the given figure. Exp. : Currents I and I' have the sarne direction but would
. NI 150x2 240. Ans,: (b)
Sol. : Magnenc field, H = - = - - - = 1,200 AT/m Magnetic field strength due to finite length wire is be of different magnitudes as there is a difference Ill
I 25x IO-2 Sol.: V .B =0 is Maxwell' s second True for
given as permeability of two mediums.
Relative permeability, any general medium but V. H will be zero or not. it cannot
1 231. Ans.: (a) be said because for inhomogenous medium
<fJ xi NI H = - -[sin a 2 - sin aiJ AT/m Exp. : Surface current density is given as
µ= - - <1>=--- 4rrr - B
. ' NJµ 0a 1/µo µ,a v.B +.!.v.fl H=-
0.3 x rn-3 x 25 x rn-2
Because of symmetry, at and Clz would be sarne for
every section. So,
J = .!. arnperes/m
s A
2
µ -µ µ
-4 - =397.9 2
l50x 2 x 5 x IO x4rrx I0-7 I is same for both wifes
Unit of J, is A/m
H"' .!_
r
- ~ ~j ,if.ES_llj~ ~-?:f?:!f~,i
Ff,f1Ef!1F\!::~u:i,.,..., .;~ ....
I.. J,,•y
.. t ,~
Er:planations/Solutions To An Integrated Course in Electrical E . £/eclroma8netic Field Theory 141
ngineering
140
or Zx-x-Kx=0
So '17-B =0 On closed curve 'C'
241. Ans.: (b) x(2-1-K) =O
While divergence of electric field,
Exp.: gsds=O v-E = Pv
1-K=O or K=l gH-di = 1H-di+1H-di+1H-d/ =1-I+I=I
C I II Ill
According to stokes theorem s ADS,: (a) Here second path direction is opposite direction. So
250-
Jffcv ·B)dV = 0 246. Ans.: (a) EXP•: '17 · B = O ... Maxwell's Equation 1H-d! =-1
Exp. : Due to sheet current, the magnetic field .
So '17-B =0 a _ a _ a _ ][4 _ II
[&ax+ oy a,+ aza, xax +2kyay +8a,] =O
side of the sheet current is on either So
242. Ans.: (b) AB - A -
'i-·dl = 'itt•dl =I
Exp. : According to Gauss's Jaw for magnetic field Ht = !2 x an where K is surface current d .
ens1ty a a a C µO C
- ( 4x) + -(2ky) + -(8)
It: -di\
=0
v.fl =0 i.e. Monopoles do not exist or ax oy Bz
According to divergence theorem
_ 2ax
-2
_ _ _ _
x a, - ax x a, = -a, for (z > 0) or
4+2k+0=0
k =-2
0
=I or \tB·dl\ =~I
gi3-;;i,; =0 K _ 2a or
255. Ans.: (a)
H2=-x-a =--xx(-a)
2 " 2 z 251. Ans.: (d) Sol. : 1n general
Divergence of B = 0
It means that B is solenoidal.
= "x X (-a, )= a, forz<O Exp.: '17-B
Since div ( curl of A) = 0
=0 ...Maxwell's equation
.. .Standard vector identity
-
H
I -
= 21tr a~
247. Ans.: (a)
243. Ans.:(a) B = VxA Given magnetic field at (0, 5, 0)
Exp. : Given: H = 3ax + ?yay + 2 xaz where A is known as magnetic vector potential r=S ''
Sol. : Given: Bt = l.2ax + 0.Bay + 0.4a, J
I
Current density, = VxH
vxH =j '
Tl
- I -
"x ay az
Since Here ' -z
B1 = B,, +BN,
'17 x B = µ 0 j
H = 21tr -a~
B,,
a a a for isotropic medium
= l.2ax + a.Bay - - -1=-2a A/m2
I
axayaz y So '17x('\7xA) = µOJ
Unit vector -a~= ldl X a)'
BN, = 0.4a, I
µ.. = 2 ?y 2x [ :. '-' because -Z]
Magnetic boundary conditions
!
I
1
248. Ans.: (a)
3
or
2
'17('17 -A) - V A = µ 0 j Here Id/ = -ldza,
'-z l14i = -Qz x"iiy = -~,-
Normal component: or -'17 2A = µ 0 j ·: for static fields '17-A = 0
Exp.: -
H(Z, t) = --cos(rot +
I f3z)a,. ...--,,Given)
BN, = BN, Magnetic flux density 61t or vzA =-µoJ H = ~,[-(-a, x a)' )]
µOµr,11N = BN,
is continuous
[·.- B=µH]
Intrinsic impedance, T\ = H(Z,t)
(Z, 1)
Also,
- µ di
A = J_Q_ I - for current element
2
1
= -[-(-ax)]
2 41t R 21tr
- I - I _ E(Z, t) = TJB(Z, t)
HN2 = --BN, = -0.4a, [·: µr2 = I] 252. Ans.: (c) =-a
I -
µOµr 2 µO 21tr X
Tangential component: For free space:
T\=l µr= ], Er= 1 Exp.: JA.-Idv ... (i)
= ~ a =a Alm
H,2 H,,
l
= Electrical energy stored is given as 21tX 5 X X
= [M=
-
H, = -
l\ [·.- B=µHJ v~ v~ WE= ½Jpvdv ... (ii) 256. Ans.: (a)
2 µt Sol.: K = 30k mA/m
= 120 1tO or 377 0
Comparing expressions (i) and (ii) we conclude that the
H,,
- l.2ax
=_ + 0.Ba,.
_::__ _..!.._ 1 Point y coordinate is 20 which exists on right hand side
µOµr 1 E(Z, I) = 120n(- 7t cos(rot + f3Z)) units of JA.J dv are that of energy. Magnetic field due to sheet current,
6
= l.2ax + 0.8ay = -20 cos (CO/+ ~Z) 253, Ans.: (a)
[·: µr, = 2] H =.!..Rxa
2µo For unit vector direction: Exp. : The magnetic field at the centre of a circular coil of 2 "
H2 = H, + HN, = _!_[0.6a, + 0.4a, + 0.4az] Alm Given H = a,
one turn is given as
21 X
-
30k X
-
j "n l_ vector to plane = J
, µo
ExH = -a, - = -I a-
H where a is radius of coil
= \Sk x j = -15i mA/m
244. Ans.: (b) 2a'
-Qx X Qy = -liz
"x
Exp. : From boundary conditions for the magnetic field 257. Ans.: (c)
So IHI=.!_
Bn, = B., ·: Magnetic flux density is continuous E(Z, t) =20 cos(cot + ~Z) R Sol. : Magnetic flux density,
249. Ans.: {b) Magnetic moment of a current loop is given as B = µ 0H
Every magnetic flux density bas tangential well as
normal components as given below Exp.: B = x2a, - xya,. - Kxza, ...(Given) m= IA an =IX area of coil an =IX 1tR2 an and magnetic field intensity Hx • due to wire laid along
B =B,+Bn x-axis.
Point form of Maxwell's equation i.e., moc R 2 - 4 -
Hence option (b) is incorrect. Hx =--(K) Nm
'17-B =O 254. Ans.: (d) 21t.l
245. Ans.: (d)
Sol.: Amperes law: Magnetic field intensity i\.,
due to wire laid along
axx +_i_a
ayY +_i_a)•(x
Exp. : The divergence of magnetic field is always zero as 2 a -xya -Kxza,) = 0
( _i_a Bz' y
magnetic flux forms always a closed path X y-axis
qH-& =I
- · --~ -~ -~ \"~ -?i~ ~.-~ ~£.' -~ ,,.' ·;;:··~,-'-, ""' ·
:rr
Expla11ations!Solutions To An Integrated Course in Electrical En grneen
.
v-- 1.', . .-~ J,...,,, -~~l.w i;1/J.f:JJJ/1,~ r~.,?--
..
I
ng 1 Electronwgnetic Field Theory
142
266. Ans.: (c) 143
Since coil I i~ closed one, current flows through it and
- 2
H =-(-K)Nm
" Exp · •• When a metallic wire in the form of a sqUare 1· therefore, Joule s heatmg occurs but coil 2, being split 279. Ans.: (c)
-" 2n:.2 rotated about a horizontal axis passing through the . s
. · llliddle one, carries no current and so no Joule beating.
Total magnetic field intensity, points of its oppo_s1t~ an_ns ID a ~onsta_nt homogeneo Exp.: xxxxxxx x x ,,
So option (d) is correct
magnetic field po1Dt1Dg ID a vertical direction th Us B
XXXXXXX X
d
X-:r
H =H,+H-" • '))
generated in the square ts osct atory.
' C elllf
275, Ans.: (a} . . XXXXXXX X
= ~K-~K = 2-KA!m 267. Ans. : (a} Exp. : Because o~ ro~tion of circular disc, flux due to --,.
2ll 2ll magnetic field vanes smuso1dally.
2rr Exp. : When a single turn coil rotates in a unifonn magneti Induced emf around closed loop
258. Ans.: (a) field at a uniform sP_Ced ~e induc~d emf in the coil win,~ If the coil starts rotating at an arbitrary angle ~o then
~(t) may be expressed as E= J(iixB)&
Sol. : Magnetic field intensity at point P, sinusoi~al (alternaung) t.e., varymg as the sine function
--- I.I.I. of the ttme angle OJI. ~(I) =BX Acos(Ol1+$o) x=O
H = H1 + H2 = 1ruly+ 2ll,/ = ltlly
268. Ans.: (a) EMF induced across outer rim A is given as I (v<iy +B(-a,)·dra,
= x =d
Exp.:° According to Lenz's law, the induced currents . emf=_ d$(t)
the coils will be such that they oppose the very cause. in = _!!_[BA cos(IDr + $0 )] x=O
dt
269. Ans.: (a)
dt
=BA Olsin (Olt+$o) -_ x=d
I vB dr(-a,)(a,) = vBd_
Sol. : Induced emf in coil at t = 4s is given as 280. Ans.: (b)
259. Ans.: (c)
Exp. : Magnetic field parameters field intensity H,
d~
e=-N-;=-100x
dt
-(t 2 -31) ]
dt
[d
alt=4s

=BX ll,2 X Olsin (Oll+$o)

·: A=ri2 Sol.:lnt.OPQ
PQ2 =Qp2+0Q2
magnetic induction (or magnetic flux density) B and So, the emf generated across outer rim A
=-200 X [21-3) 811 = 4, e oc: B, r 2 , ro -~•
intensity of magnetization (or magnetization) M are
/1_ __>R y
interrelated as below: =-200 x (2 x4-3) =-:1000 mV =-IV Thus, all the three statements (I). (2) and (3) are correct.
OP =OQ=OR= m
B =11o(H+M) 270. Ans.: (b) 276. Ans.: (c) a
Sol. : Induced emf in a coil at 2s is given as =2+2=4m2
260. Ans.: (c) Exp. : In case of the coil C 1, the varying magnetic flux
or PQ=2m
Exp.: According to Faraday's first law: owing to varying electric field is perpendicular to the coil
e = -Nd~ Similarly,
When the flux linking with the coil or circuit changes dt C and thhefore, emf will be induced1,in it.
I
l\l=PR=QR=2m
an emf is induced in it or whenever the magnetic flux is
cut by the conductor an emf is induced in the conductor. = -too[frcr3 -21) X J0-
3
] att=2s
Similarly in case of coil C3, varying l(r) develops
varying magnetic flux passing through the coil C1. So Area of surface formed by PQ, QR, RP
261. Ans.:(c) emf will be induced in it. In coils C2 and C4 magnetic flux A= x a2 = x4 = m2
Exp. : According to Faraday's second law of = -0.1[31 2 -2] att = 2s is parallel to the plane of coils, therefore, no emf will be 4 4
electromagnetic induction: =0.1 (3 x 22 -2) =-1 V induced. EMF induced,
The magnitude of emf induced in a conductor is 271. Ans.: (b) 277. Ans.: (d) e = _..'!_~ = _ _<!_BA
directly proportional to the rate of change of flux Sol. : Induced emf in the conductor, Exp. : When the closed conducting loop is moved with a dt dt
li!ikage. constant velocity 'V' through a nonuniform time-varying
V = B Iv volts = 1.5 x I x 50 = 75 volts = sin 51) volts
262. Ans.: (c) 272. Ans. : (d) magnetic field B, the voltage is induced in the loop due to dt
Exp.: According to Faraday's law both-time varying field as well as motion of loop and = volts
Sol. : Inductance of coil,
therefore is given as
e = d'¥ = -15 cos St volts
L = N2 xµoa J - -
aB- (vxB),dl
dt
A minus sign is required lO be placed before the right I
2
J
- -ds+
Sat C
281. Ans.: (a)
Sol. : Force on a moving uni1 charge in a magnetic field is
hand side quantity of above expression just to indicate 400 X 4ll X 10-? X 16 X 10--4 = 0.3 J7 H
2 given as
the phenomenon explained by Lenz's law, therefore, IX 10-3 where - JaB ds is due to time varying field
expression for induced emf may be written as s a, F = iiB
Current in inductor,
d'¥ In the given case a unit charge on the rod will
e=-- and J<v x B) di is due to motion ofloop.
experience a force along the rod towards the mid point
dt I= = = 230 = 2.28 A
C
263. Ans.: (d) XL 27tfL 2llx50x0.3217 As induced emf is given as
278. Ans.: (a)
Exp. : A quantitative relation between induced emf and 273. Ans.: (a) . , thr h the surface of close E= J(iixB)dl
E xp. : Magnetic flux passmg oug . ed
rate of change of flux linkage is known as Faraday's law Sol. : Energy stored in the coil, 1 EMF at one end is given as
circuit remains constant irrespective of switchi S' ,s c os
E1 = 'JF.dr = Work done/unit charge
Induced emf, e = - d~ 2 or open i.e.
dt W = .!_LI2 = .!_x 0.3217 x 2.28
- 2 2
264. Ans.: (a) d'¥ =0 0
= 0.836 joule dt
Exp. : Lenz' slaw states that the direction of induced emf
Voltage induced is given as = 'JvB dr = 'jBror dr
is such that the current produced by it sets up a magnetic Average force, F = W = 0 -836 = 836 N 0 0
field opposing the motion or change producing it. d Ix 10-3 Faraday's law 2 2
V = - di¥ = Bror = BroL
265. Ans. : (d) 274. Ans.: (d) dt
2 8
Exp. : All the three statements are correct. Exp. : EMFs are induced in both coils due to rate of change =0
of magnetic flux.
- ~
_ ..,....,,~~ ~
-- ...-:-~....i11•111: ,;;;;;;:-.i .
~7, ,..._.,!.-1" t ,IMl/1••..,•hlr._~;~
• - - •'f• l "ilr,'Jl llf"Wl -~# ~
l\f,
._
. . . ·;
.,,.~-- ....___
,T"'?n .--,. .,- -
_;_- a ,-.~~ - ii...,., -
: ,-:--
1
- ,7
=
-~
 -.. , ~
r; 144
Explanations/Solutions To An Integrated Course in Electrical En .
W = Energy stored per unit volume
8lneering £/ecr,r,mo g
netic Field Theory
'!!.. = ':!.. 2• Dot convention: If current enters the dotted terminal

145
Similarly, emf at the other end
=.!.µH2 dt L
2 2 of one coil then voltage induced in second coil due to
Ez = Bror = BroL 2 So lower the self inductance of coil, higher will be rate
mutual induction is positive at dotted terminal.
2 8 286. Ans.: (c) of rise of current and, therefore, smaller the delay in
So the electric potential difference between the ends P 3. Coefficient of coupling is given as
establishing steady cnrrent through it.
l- - l A Wb A Wb
and Q of the rod Exp.: ZJ .A = 2 m2-;;;
or -;;;·~ (In units)
Ans·: (c) K=~
BroL2 BroL2
=E1-E2= _8_ _ _8_ =0 J-- I - l - - l
29Z • EXP• : Inductance of coil is given as M
-JA = -H.B = -H(µH) = -µH2 So, statement (3) is incorrect.
2 2 2 2 L = N2 µOµra
299. Ans.: (d)
282, Ans,: (c) Thus it is the same as magnetic energy density. l
L ocN2 Exp. : Mutual inductance between two magnetically
,Y=:
Exp. : Since circular loop is rotating 287. Ans.:(b) for same medium, length and
coupled coils is given as
about the Y-axis as a diameter in a Sol. : Length of solenoids, cross-sectional area
magnetic field, emf is induced due to M= N1Nzµrµoa
l = 30cm=0.3 m l
time rate of change of magnetic flux So L =L ldx (Nnew)2 =Loldx(2J2=4Lold
Area of cross-section of solenoid, new o Nold So M depends upon permeability of the core material
(i.e. transformer emf) as well as due to
(lloµr), number of turns of coils N 1 and N 2 and cross-
varying magnetic field w.r.t. space 2
0.03) 1t 293, Ans,: (b) sectional area of the common core.
(motional emf) A=1tr2= rrx ( - - = -x00009m2
2 4 . Exp. : Inductance of a coil is given as
=:J___.-;--
300. Ans.: (b)
283. Ans.: (b) Number of turns, Sol. : When the coils are
L = N2µA = N2µ x 1tD2 A= itD2 +M
Sol. : The emf induced in the loop, connected in series such
N=lOOO l l 4 4
def, that their fluxes (or mm!) L, L2
e=-- Current, I = JO A So L ocN2
dt are additive i.e. , in the
Energy stored in the magnetic field of solenoid, and L ocD2 same direction, as shown ...
= _!{_(BA) cf,=BA So, se~ond statement is incorrect. in Fig. I, the equivalent o--
- _________
dt W=.!_LI 2 J
2. 294. Ans.: (c) indu~tan_ce . O~ the Fig. 1 Series Aiding Connections
= -A!{_B = -A!{_(B0 cos rot) Exp. : An open coil has infinite resistance and zero combmatJ.on 1s gt ven as
dt dt. = .!_x µoN2A x 12 L= µ0N2A
inductance. L=L 1 +L,+2M
=abB0 msincot A=ab 2 l l
where L 1 and L, are the coefficients of self induction of
284. Ans.: (a) .!. X 47t X 10-1 (1000)2 0.0009 X .:'_ X 10 2 295. Ans.: (c)
X X coils A and B respectively and M is the coefficient of
Sol. : EMF induced in the loop 2 4 Sol. : Inductance of coil,
mutual induction.
:::J
0.3
::
def, L= N2µ0µra When the coils are
e=-- = 0.148 J = 0.15 J
dt l connected in series in
288. Ans.: (b) such a way that their
= _!{_(BA) (3,000)2 x 4rrx 10-1 x Ix .:'.x (60 x 10-3)2
dt Sol. : Inductance of coil, fluxes (or mmfs) are
3
_4
l,OOOxlxl0- =lH J000 X 10-3 stibtractive i.e.. in
= _!{_(B.rrr 2 ) A=1tr 2 L= N<l>
opposite directions, as
dt I l =3.2x 10-2 H=32mH
. shown in Fig. 2 the
. = -1tBdr2
dt
Energy stored, W = .!.u 2 = .!.x l x
2 2
i2 =0.5joules 296. Ans.: (b)
Sol. : Inductance of coil,
equivalent inductance is
Fig. 2 Series Opposing
given as
289. Ans.: (b) 2 L =L 1 +L 2 -2M
= -rrBx2rx.':!!:. Exp. : Inductance of a coil is given as L = N µOµra
dt l In series aiding
=-rrxO.l x2 x2 x 2 ·: B =0.1 Wb/m 2, L = Nµoµra
l
= N2µoa For non-magnetic core, µ, = l
X,q =jroL, q=jro(L 1 +L,+2M)
l =2XL+2XM ... (i) L1=L2
r=2mand dr =2mls i.e., L oc µr
dt 3002 X 41t X 10-? X 300 X 10-{j In series opposing
On removal of iron, coil becomes air-cored i.e., µr = 1
=0.81tV
290. Ans.: (b) 300 X 10-3 x~. = jroL~.=jro(L1 + L2-2M)
285. Ans.: (c)
Sol. : Inductance of given solenoid = 113.l x 10-{i H = 113.l µII =2XL -2XM ... (ii)
Exp. : Energy stored in a magnetic field of self inductance 297. Ans.: (a) From Eqs (i) and (ii) it is obvious that equivalent
L and carrying current is given as L = N2 µoµra Exp. : Iron cored coil has resistance Rand inductance Lin reactance will be less in case of series opposition
l 2 I series. connections than chat in case of series aiding connections.
l -N µOµra So current, being inversely proponional to reactance. will
2
W = -LI =
2
12 joules (250)2 x 4rrx 10-1 x I x80 x 10-4 298. Ans.: (c)
2 be more in case of series opposition case than that in series
I Sol. : I. Induced emf in second
2 ._. µJorair= I aiding case.
··011[
l (NJ) x al joules coil is given as
= µo µr
2 I =
0.628 x 10-3 H 0.628 mH = dl1
So 1 = x,q = 2(XL + XM)
Since µ0 µr = µ,
NI
=Hand al= volume of magnetic field.
291. Ans.: (d) ez = -M21dt 11 x;q 2(XL - XM)
1 Exp. : Rate of rise of current in an inductive coil is given
Energy density in a static magnetic field, as
. ... --~~ ~-7,11,tMfiu~--;~ -~,,rr.i:i.~
;..,_ ..-"' .-,.- ~"l~ ,_ . _._...
_.,.,.""1'-~ ~ Y;-;l~ ,Jt;,~. r-on. U ~.O:~':::
I
1 inft1;!. ,;. r~, ___
-. , , . _ • ~i , •( ·~•!-Q-., •- , ~,
!_4~!!. , , ,.;,
.1:-•~... _•; .,~. • ... •-'J_.14i&&~
", -. , ..... _ n
 ..._,,. .
~m(Ci-~~~~ ,.,-~ - ; ~~
.. v I;
Explanarions/Solurions To An Integrated Course in Electrical En8U1ee,;ng
. gnetic field Theory
eiecrro""' 147
146
MJS-:(c) . 315. Ans.: (a)
8 XL +XM
e
1 =L1 !!!.+M!!!_
dt dt
=(L 1 +M)
dt 312. • Given input voltage and mput current are in phase
or-=--- so..
1
.
•·.
resonance conu1Uon. . Exp,: According to Gauss's law
10 XL -XM di
dt ,.e., X
or 8XL -8XM = 10 XL+ lOXM
Similarly e2 = (Li+ M)
Xe= L qo-as =~c1-
So the total induced emf in the circuit is given as 1.,etdotatP:
or 18XM =2XL
-jl2=j8+j8+2M or C)D·as = HJP, dv
e = el + e2 =(LI+ Li+ 2 M)
or XM = XL dt l-j121 = \i8+ L2 \
9 In differe'ntial form
or -•- =L1 +½+2M
or jroM = jroL dildt \- jl2 \ = \j8 + j8 + V-D =p, or V·E.E =p,
9 = Total inductance of the circuit, L 12=8+8+16K For homogeneous isotropic medium E is constant
L=L 1 + Li +2M
Coupling coefficient, or
jroL = jro(L1+ L 2+ 2M) K
-4
=l6 =--0.25 So e(V•E) =p, or V•E = £!.
K= = L/9 = !_
M 9
or X = jroL 1+ jroL2 + 2jroM K is '-' so coupling is opposite .
.: . dot must be at point Q and K = 0.25.
316. Ans.:(b)
Exp.: According to Ampere's law
= XL, +XL, +2XM
301. Ans.: (c) cfHdi = len,lo,ed = p.as
1
. 2H .12+
Sol. : Inductance of coil is given as 307. Ans.: (b) 313 Ans.: (b)
Exp. : When all the flux from the current in coil I links the
Sol.:
dl1 dl2 .
V 1 =1-+2- ... (1) +]_[1 By using Stoke's theorem
L= N2µ,~a
I
other coil, the coefficient of coupling K is unity.
308. Ans.: (d)
dt dt
- v, 1H 4H V~
Jvxtt-as = pas
So L ~N 2 V = 4 dl2 + 2 dl1
Sol. : The equivalent inductance of two series connected 2 dt dt VxH = j
or ~=/Li=/M=l coils is The above equation is known as point or differential
V½ VM
·r:
N2 L,q = L 1+Li+ 2M ... (i) in series aiding = 2~+4dl2 ...(ii) form of Ampere's circuital law.
302. Ans.: (c) dt dt
L',q = L 1+ L2 - 2M ... (ii) in series opposing 317. Ans. : (a)
Sol. : Mutual inductance between coils is given as Exp.: Modified Ampere's law is
Substracting eq (ii) from eq (i) we have
M= ...!!!L = 40,000
di1 ldt (4 - 0)/10 x 10--6 4M =L,q-L:q= !6-8=8mH VxH=i+ao
az
40,000xl0- =6.IH
5 M=~ =2mH 318. Ans.: (b)
4
4 309. Ans.: (b) V = L dl1 +L d(I1 +12) Exp.: VxE =-aa
303. Ans.: (c)
Sol. : From given data a dt
1 c dt a,
Exp. : Inductance per unit length is proportional to Integrating on both the sides on a surface ds we have
L 1 =IOmH; L2 =15mH,L,q=40mH
separation between the strips. So on reducing separation = (L + L ) dl1 + L dl2 ... (iii)
to half, inductance L will become half of the original In series aiding
Leq =L 1+L2 +2M
a
dl 2
c dt
d
c dt
-
JvxE-ds
1-
a B •ds
= -i)r ...(i)
.mductance 1.e.,
. LH/m. V2 = Lb dt + L, dr(l 1 + 12) s
2 40 = JO+ 15 +2M But according to Stoke's theorem
304. Ans.: (b) = L d/1 + (L + L ) dl2 ...(iv)
Sol. : Mutual inductance between two coupled coils is
or M= 40-10-15 =7.5mH 'dt b 'dt qe-dl = Jcurl E-ds = JvxE•ds ... (ii)
2 From eqs (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) we have s
proportional to product of turns on the coils i.e., M N 1 In series opposing From Eqs (i) and (ii) we have
L.+L,=l
N2
So Mi = M x Product of turns of new coils
L:q =L 1 + L2 -2M L,=2H a
'iEdl = -iJr B·ds
,.r- - 1- -
1 = 10+ 15-2 x7.5 =l0mH So L 0 =1-2=-1H s
Product of tyms of old coils 310. Ans.: (b) and Lb+L,=4 319. Ans.: (c)
-- M l X 2N1 xN2/2 -M -l0mH Sol. : Coefficient of coupling Lb+ 2 =4
- 1- ..., ap, . . . .
N1 xN2 Exp.: v •J = - - 1s current conunuauon equat10n
305. Ans.: (d) K-~ M=KM
or Lb =2H a,
Exp. : Mutual inductance between two coupled inductors - 314. Ans.: (c) - ai'i .
VxE = - - 1s Maxwell s equauon
, .
is given as
_ 16 _16_04
Exp. : Si~ce the magnetostatic fields have no source or a,
smk
M= - -40 - • V-E = - ai'i is not a Maxwell's equations
where K is coefficient of coupling which may be unity or v .fl =0
but a,
311. Ans.: (a) In option (c) .
less, so 320. Ans.:(b)
M Sol.: Given: L = [ : ~] __ llax - +al
2
+az2)1 p
Exp. : .ii ds = 0 means that net current entering a node
L
V.B = -
306. Ans.: (d) ax ay i)z is equal to the net current coming out of the same node.
Figure II: L 1 =5H,L2 =7H,M=L 12 =L21=- 4 This is Kirchhoff's current Jaw for direct current.
Exp. : For the series aiding connections, the total emf =2x+2y+2z;t0 f
induced in each of the coils L 1and L2 is due to coil's self- L,Q = L 1+ L 2 - 2 M = 5 + 7 - 2(-4) . r the proper1y o
So, option (c) does not salts Y
inductance and the emf induced by the other coil. So =5+7+8=20H magnetic flux density.
~ ~ °'4'11 •: :-- --•,. '.ll°'lt-,1', .f:~
- ~= . . ~ . ... . .
;(' ?":ittttfl '" T
1.. , 1, •~ J~~. Aw,,,..- - • ~ - ~~ ',::'!
rfr
"
.'f /
./I
' ~,\•~~.!~
'y
Explanations/Solutions To An Integrated Course in Electrical En .
.I 148 8lneen11g £/ecffrJ,;,agnetic Field Theory 149
331. Ans.: (b)
p~:•
321. Ans.: (c)
/'/II Exp. : A uniform plane wave is a transverse in natu . H = 10 sm
. (3 nx 108 t-nz)ay
,
J, + af>
so 1 377 µ,µo = 1201t =377
,,1/
Exp.: VxH =
cr=O
ot
... (Given)
space is a perfect
elecaic and magnetic fields lie in the transverse
332. Ans.: (d) .
Bi= 10cos(3nxl08t-nz)tly
Media(l) E,=8; µ,=2
Er X Eo "~ v-;;
dielecaic medium Sol. : B= VxA
Edi, = ay, propagation direction = a,
1,=crE=O
Tt 1 = 377)¾ = 188.5 n
a,] Hdi! =-ox ·: oy x(-ox)=o, So
ax
and v xii = af> for free space ay Media(2)
a a E,=1, µ,=9
I
81 a ffi = ..!Q..cos(3nx108 t-nz)(-ox)
= ox
i
377
322. Ans.: (b) a;-~ Tt 2 = 377i = 1131 '1
Exp.: F = Q(E+vxB) Ax sin(wt -13z) 0 0 So H=H 1 +ffi= ; ; sin(3nx108 t-ni:)ay
7
is Lorentz eqaution, not Maxwell's equation
Media(3) E,=4, µ,=4
323. Ans. : (a)
-
= tlx(0-0)- ay[-¾<Ax sin(oot -Pz>] +..!!.cos(3nx 108 1-ni:)(-ilx)Mn
377 rt,= 377t =377'1
Exp.: VxE = -as
- or B = Ax[-cos(wt-f3z)](-13)oy 336, ADS-: (d) 341. Ans.: (b)
or = Ax 13 cos(wt -13z) x ay Exp. : When an EM wave falls on a perfect dielecaic it is
is derived from Faraday's law ofelectromagnetic induction partially transmitted and partially reflected. Sol.: E(z,t) =50cos(O)!-~z)ax Vim
VxH = J + af> oB
a1
= -Axf3[-sin(wt-l3z)Jwtly When an EM wave falls on a perfect conductor, it is
-
H(z, t) =
5
cos(oot- llz)oy Alm
a1 fully reflected.
1211
is generalized form of Ampere's law = Axl3 wsin(wt -13z)tly When an EM wave is incident from a more dense
Poynting vector,
V-B =0 We know that medium to less dense medium at an angle equal to or
is Gauss's law for magnetic fields exceeding the critical angle. P = !ciixfi)° = !x5ox..2... =3.3157
324. Ans.: (d)
VxE = - oB
a1 = -Axl3wsin(wt-l3z)a
, e >9critical 2 2 127!
Total average power crossing through surface witb
Exp. : In a static electromagnetic field, 9> sin- 1
V.B =O
E = f--dz
8B
Of
Axl3w
= ---cos(wt
13
- Rz)a
•• I' X
v~ r=,/24m
Pavg = Px area = 3.3157 X1t x 24= 250 W
VxE =0 =-mAX C0S(~-jlz)'1X
cnu
•
9 · ·ca1=Slfl -1Jf2 -
Si 342. Ans.: (c) -
gs.di =11t,I 333. Ans. : (d)
Sol.: FromAmpere'slaw, gHdl =l
or VxH =1 Sol: Power, P =E 2 Here Ei >£i
2-
2
8 A - So P= Ke-
2'16 cos 2(001-f) So total internal reflection occurs.
337. Ans. : (c)
From divergence tbeorem, VxH = J
V A-µe- =-µJ For time dependent fields
ot 2 2,c __ c
In static case, the above equation reduces to I+ cos(2wt -
2
z) Sol.: 13 = -
A.
= Uh/µE
-
VxH =1c+J 0 =crE+
- - af>
81
v2A = -µJ
)
= Ke-2zl6 x - - - 6_
2 or A.=-1- = crE+eaii
325. Ans. : (a) .F, ot
V=f'"-
Exp.: Maxwell's equations are extension of the works of = crE + jooeE ·: = jw
Gauss , Faraday and Ampere help in studying the ro' 21t or A.free space - Sr dielectric a1
or - = f'- A. - ---
application of electromagnetic field and can be expressed 13 13 dielectric Sr free space 343. Ans.: (a)
in integral as well point form.
(2) Exp. : Tangential component of electric field on tbe con-
2 2
326. Ans. : (d) or 2w
13
=J'= 2n
13
or E . _
rdtelectric-Srfreespacex - - -
space ) ("-free ==lx - =4 ductor surface is zero. Because of this, charge is induced
"-dielectric l on tbe conductor surface at regular intervals. Charge in-
Exp.: Phase velocity, v = _£ duced on tbe conductor surface gives impression tbat tbere
P cos9 So frequency,/'= cycles/second 338. Ans.:(a)
rt exists an image charge on tbe other side of tbe cdnductor.
Since cos 9 cannot exceed I, Sol. : Angular velocity, Image theory is applicable to problem involving
Vp>C 334. Ans.: (b)
W=vpxl3 electrostatic fields only, usually for determination of the
327. Ans.: (b) Exp. : A wave guide allows propagation of electr0mag·
= 3 x I 08 x 4 =· 12 x 108 radians/second 8 field on a conductor surface (normal component).
Exp.: The components ofH and E (H, E) and direction of netic waves only for frequency exceeding the cutoff fre·
v is fr.; space velocity = 3 x 10 mis
quency J,. Similarly high-pass filter provides the output 3 · and = 4 radians/m 344, Ans,: (dJ
propagation of electromagnetic waves, all of these three P
only for frequency exceeding cutoff frequency fc• So wave SoL : We know tbat
are peIJJendicular to each other. 39. Ans.: (b)
guide behaves like a high-pass filter, and therefore, can be Vx('ilx A) = -µ 0 J
328, Ans.: (a) considered to be analogous to a high pass f'tlter.
Exp. : When a plane wave propagates in a dielectric
Exp. : Depth of penetration, med!um, (neglecting losses), average electric energy or 'i7('i7·A)-('i72A) = -µ 01
335. Ans. : (a) density and average magnetic energy density will be equal.
O= I = I = I For static field, 'il· A = 0
W=2rtf Sol.: E 1 = 10sin(3rtx l0 8t-1tz)ox
a .jw µcr/2 .jnfµcr 340, Ans.: (c) 2- 8 A
2
-
or o~ ft oc./f ·: f= .!.
A.
Edir = ox , propagation direction = a,
Hdir = tly
~ol. : For all mediums cr = O i.e., lossless and intrinsic
impedance for lossless medium is given as
'i7 A-•µeat2 = -µJ
-- ----~ ,...
---- ~ n ~l":'9r, ....
 t·.-,rr
r rr11
i·,·»,·
;· ·-"-- =~~-~ - ~ •'.JJ.f..J...., .:.. · ,{
'"'-•I Explanations/Solutions To An Integrated Course in Electrical E, __
ngJtteering -ngnetic Field Theory
£,/ectrv"-
150 151
! Comparing eqs (iii) and (iv) we have The ratio of conduction current density to the displace
345, Ans, : (d) 362. Ans.: (c) I
3x108
_
7 108
Sol.: Given: H(z, 1) = 0.10 cos(4 x 10 1- Pz)a, Alm .
current i;;-
density (Jc) ·IS termed as loss tangent as well as
/2 __
This wave is travelling in z direction and H has the 3= F, Exp.:
I
Skin depth, 6 = -;;: = v;;er - f,ifµcr
dissipation factor.
direction a,. or £, = (3 X 3)2 =81
355, Ans,: (b) I
Edirection X Hdirection == 0z 350. Ans. : (d) or Ooc ,Jcr
-Q)'x a,. == az Exp. : For a good conducting medium. Sol. : The intrinsic impedance for lossless media (cr = 0) is
given as 363. Ans.: (a)
For free space intrinsic impedance
Exp. : Inside a perfect conductor electric and magnetic
a=~ fields at any distance from the surface are zero.
Tl = E. = =·1201t (or) 377 !l Tl= 1201t ~ . asexplainedinQ.312
v-;-;
H V~ Phase velocity, vP =
0) 0)
I\ = ;;:
364. Ans.: (d)
E = ~H Exp. : For free space, cr = 0 and characteristic impedance
T]OC I&_
= T] x 0.10 cos(4 x 107t- Pz)(-iiy) ·: for good conducting medium p= ex So
.v-;; 2c = jroµ = u;: = 1201t
=-377 x 0.10 cos(4 x 1071- Pz)ay v- 00 _(2;_2fiif er+ JOlE V¾
=-37,7 COS (4 X 1071-jk)iiy
So
p- -v~ - v~ So
T12 = lµ..,xt~ =
Tl1 vµ~ xt..,
[4<l =.!.
V~ 2
So 2c is independent of frequency.
Velocity of EM wave in free space
346. Ans.: (d) 351. Ans.: (c) or ll2 :T]l =l :2
= /I =3 x 10
v"
8
Exp. : Angle of incidence is not given in the question, so mJs
Exp. : Conductivity of a lossy medium, cr is involved in the 356. Ans,: (b)
magnetic field intensity cannot be determined.
Sol. : Phase constant, So, V c is independent of frequency.
347. Ans.: (d) aE 11· 1s· responst'ble for the attenuation
tenn µcr~, · of the
365. Ans.:(b)
Exp. : Polarization is due to transverse nature of EM wave. wave. p= = Exp. : For good conductor a.=
Polarization means the orientation of electric field in EM
region which is always perpendicular to the direction of 352. Ans.: (c) S.o poc.[r; Skin depth for good conductor,
Exp. : Intrinsic impedance, I I I 1c
movement of EM wave. 357. Ans.: (b) 0--------
a. 2nf/,, 21t
348. Ans.: (c)
Sol.: E(t) = [E1cos rot ii, -E2 sin rot ay ]e-jkz 366. Ans.: (b)
Exp.: VSWR=lvmax I= l+ITI T]=v~=v~ Exp. : Gauss's law is useful in determination of field and
and wave is travelling in Z-direction
Vrnin 1-ITI ·: For lossless dielectric,µ,= I, cr=O potential distribution about bodies having symmetrical
·: ~o·=t
Considering the wave at Z = 0
So VSWR. being the ratio of similar quantities, is a geometry as it is convenient to determine Gaussian
scalar quantity
2
Reflection coefficient, T = L - 20
=~= F E(O, r) = E1 COSOll
E =E,+Ey
a, - E2 sin rot ay surface.
So, statement (2) is incorrecL
ZL +Zo 1201t Magnitude of Ex= E 1 367. Ans.: (b)
or 601t= r;:- TJ 0 = 120n
is a scalar quantity as Zo and~ are scalar quantities. Gain ,it, Magnitude of Ey = E 2 Exp. : Poyntiog vector, being the ratio of power to area,
is vector as it has direction. So *
E 1 E 2 and phase difference is 90° has unit of power density.
349. Ans.: (d) So £ = (1201t)2 = 4 elliptically polarized 368. Ans.: (a)
Sol. : E field is given as ' 601t
358. Ans.: (a) Sol.: P=i2R= 12 _1_ = 12.!._!_wans
353. Ans.: (b) era errr},2
E = 5 cos(I09r + 30z)il, ... (i) Exp. : The angle of incidence at which there is no reflection
Exp. : In conduction medium, electric field decreases due when the wave is parallely polarized or vertically
Standard equation of EM wave travelling in z-direction Poynting vector = Power, P
to exponential tenn in magnitude given as 21th/
polarized
E =Acos(Oll+Pz)il, ... (ii) Elmag =Boe-az
= 12.!._!_x_l_ = _1_2_
Comparing the two equations (i) and (ii) we have and e-az decreases in magnitude as z value increases. 88 = Tao- 1
and
Ol = I09 radians/second
P =30 ··
In a conducting medium with finite conductiJ ity an v~ /;:
er nb2 2nb/ 2erit2 b3
Direction = Current direction x radial direction
EM wave penetrate into the conductor. 359, Ans.: (b)
9 Exp. : When elliptically polarized wave is incident at == ;8 xi+ = -ir
. ro 10 108 ... 354. Ans.: (b)
Phase velocity, vP = - = - = -mis ...(Ill) Brewester angle, there will be no T component in the So the Poynting vector
30 p3 Exp. : The conduction current density is given as
but vP is also given as Jc =crE ... (i)
reflected wave, therefore, reflectea wave is linearly 12
= - - - - i W/m
. 2
polarized. 2ern2 b3 r
I 3 x 10 8 The displacement current density is given as
V -~===--- 360. Ans.: (c)
369. Ans.: (bl
p - -
JD= ao =jOlD=jOl£E ... (ii) Exp. : The distance through which the amplitude of the
Sol.:Given: E(Z,r) =601tcos(Olt-~z)ll, V/m
ar wave falls to a factor e- 1(or 1/e) is known as skin depth.
3x 108 . p I IEil
... (iv) Dividing eq (i) by eq (ii) we have
= F, 361. Ans.: (b) Poynung vector, = - -
2 11
Jc crE cr cr=O
for non-magnetic medium µ, = I =--=-- Sol. : The skin depth • o= _!_
v;;a =
00
=
Jo jrotE jrot a.
_ _,_...,.......-r.-~ G •...-.,,...,.~, . i..=~ ~ ~:i •~ ''i l ..-.- ,~i~~ -=.2..
, ~, :>
;}fj}fjh/M 1!f?i;ii.'ii!;,;:1;,Ji~:~ ;;1~~r.itn=·;~ " ····........... ~ • _
Explanations/Solutions To An integrated Course in Electrical Engrneering
.

v;~
-ngnetic Field Theory
,;1,ctro"- 153
I 152
y=a+jp
...(i) 382- i\JJS•: (b) 3. Displacement current density is given as
Also y = 0.15 x 10-3 + jl.5 x 10-J , Sol. : Reflection coefficient,
i! y;;
ForfreespaceT] = {µ;; = !201t ... (ij)
V X fl = ao (not E H)
Comparing Eqs (i) and (ii) we have t X
r
p = ZL -Zo = 100-50 _
'I /3 = f.5 X 10-J ar
p = _!__ 60rr x 601t = 15lt watts/m2 ZL +Zo 100+50 - 3 386. Ans.: (c)
2 !20rr Wavelength of travelling wave, Exp. : Characteristic impedance of a transmission line is
370. Ans.: (b) 383, Ans, : (a) also called the surge impedance and natural impedance.
11.= 2rc = __2_"-m Sol, : Ch~acteristi_c impedance of an EM wave in a lossless
Sol.:Given: E(z ,t) =120rrcos(m-Pz)a, V/m p 1.5x 10-3 transmisston medium 1s given as 387, Ans. : (b)
1 !20rrx!Z01t =607t Sol. : Characteristic impedance of line,
Poynting vector, P = .!.~ = 376. Ans.: (a)
Z =
2 TJ 2 1201t Sol. : Reflection coefficient,
C Eo&,
Poynting vector direction: + Qt. r= zL -Z 0 = 200-50 = I For free space, E, = I and µ, = 1
P= 60rra, W/m 2 ZL + Zo 200 + 50 5 388. Ans.: (d)
So, characteristic impedance in free space,
371. Ans.: (a) Magnitude <;>f reflected voltage, Exp. : For a line to have a purely resistive characteristic,
z
Sol. : Given: H =0.5 exp[-0.lx]sin (106 t-2x)ily
Direction of propagation is +x(a,)
= r x signal voltage= Ix 10 = 6V
5
C
=
v~ condition is
R G
377. Ans.: (d) 384. Ans.: (a) L C
Comparing the given equation with the standard equation or GL=RC
Sol. : Standing Wave Ratio Exp. : For lossless transmission line, both its conductor
a=O.l, P=2, co= 106
and dielectric losses must be zero i.e., R = 0 and G = O 389. Ans.: (b)
6 1+.!.
Velocity of wave, v = = .!.Q... = 5 x 1()5 mis Characteristic impedance, Exp. : An Ideal multiconductor transmission line with
= l+lrl = _ _3 =2
p 2 propagation along the z-axis -a,.
and wave is travelling in the x-direction
1-lrl 1 _.!_
3 Zo=Ro=~ Since, at the conductor electric field is zero
Propagation constant, cr =(a+ jp) = (0.1 + j2)m- 1 E, =0; H,=0
Wave polarization is determined by the direction of ·.- r = --I I
=- or 1n =-I 385. Ans.: (a)
Exp. : l. Characteristic impedance is given as 390. Aus.: (b)
electric field 3 3 3
Exp. : For lossless transmission line,
aE = OH X aK = a)' X ax = -al. 378. Ans.: (c)
Tl= E:.fr; for dielectric medium Characteristic.,impedance,
Wave is polarized along -Z or -a, Sol.:
1
VSWR=IVmax =i=2
H
IV,n;n I 2 In case of free space e, = 1 and therefore,
So option (a) is incorrect.
372. Ans.: (a) 379. Ans.: (c) Tl = E:. and phase velocity,
H
Sol. : ,Reflection coefficient Sol. : VSWR = 3 ... (Given)
2. Power flow density is given as I jC 1 /1
RE = Reflected electric field, E, = ZL - z, So l+lrl =
3
Yp= ../Le =..;LxVc2 = ZoC
Incident electric field, E;
ZL + z, 1-lrl E x fi (not v' x H)
·: 2v or z, is self-impedance of conductor or lrl=.!_
2i_ = 22 and z, = Z ... (Given) 2
E, -R _ 22-Z _ I ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
So - E------ and r= ZL -Zo
E; 2Z+Z 3 ZL +Zo OF
)
or E; =3 .!_ = ZL -Zo
E, So ASSERTION (A)/REASON (R) TYPE QUESTIONS
2 ZL +20
H, I
-
H;
=RH=-RE= --
3
or =320 =3 x 75 =225 n
380. Ans.: (c) 1. Ans. :(c) 1Hdl =I
So ..1::!L. =-3
H,
Sol. : Reflection coefficient, Exp. : The electric field around a positive charge is Jf<V-H)-ds = 41 ds
374. Ans.: (a) I I = Zc - ZL = 150 - j50 = 1
p Zc + ZL 50 + }50
I outward because electric field lines are outward due to
positive charge. So A is true.
or VxH=J
Thus A is true.
Sol. : Propagation coefficient, R is incorrect because according to Gauss's law But R is false because magnetic flux leaving closed
VSWR = 1 +lpl = .!...:!:.!_ =oo
electric flux coming out of a closed surface is equal to the surface is zero i.e., it does not satisfy flux law.
p = w,/µoeo = = 2rrxl0xl09 1-lpl 1-1 net charge enclosed by it.
C 3 X 108 3. Aos.:(a)
381. Ans.: (c) 2· Ans.:(c)
J =OE
·: C0=21tf=21tx !Ox IQ9 Hz Exp.:
Sol. : Reflection coefficient, Exp.: v'-B =0
= 209.4 rad/m E=_!_=..!_=0
Net flux leaving any closed surface is zero or
-- z
Zo cr oo
375. Ans.: (b)
z -z 0
rL = _R_-0 = ~2_ _ = -31 i.e., 1B ds = 0 ·: magnetic monopole does not exist Thus both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A.
Sol. : Propagation constant of a transmission line is given
85 ZR +Zo Zo +Zo
According to Ampere law:
2
~ - - ~ -~ •..... !. ·-~ --~ 7:10'\ : , .....
r"( )J.tJ'-::iri,_;._;~ ~ tJll ; ~1f'l.'...I! ~:_.a, ·-.q;y
_. ~, , ~- ·- ---...:__. .~ -- ~ - ~ ~':::"-""' ~ ~:,. •-- _,._,;,i_.;_
Explanations/Solutions To An Integrated Course in Electrical En . agnetic Field Theory
8ineenng
£/ectrom 155
154
I 2 17• ADS·: (a) . .
4. Ans- : (a) H(27tr) = 2 r 23. Ans.: (a)
a EXP• : Whe~ an altema~ng field 1s applied 10 a dielectric
Exp.: Since V = Edi f From above expression it can be said that enclo the dielectnc const~nt is_ no longer real quantity. It h~ Exp. : The velocity of electromagnetic (EM) wave is the
So ldvl = IE lid/I cos 8 both real as well as 1magmary parts. same as the velocity of light in a particular medium and
current I' increases as the square of the radia] d. SCd
electron and photon moves (travels) with the same
dv = 0 for 8 = 90° while the perimeter increases only as radial distan::nce ;. fo=E'o-JE, velocity.
It means voltage is constant (equipotential surface) i.e., }E, part (imaginary part) of E, is owing to power loss in
electric field and equipotential surface are petpendicular 11. Ans.:(b) So A and R, both are true and R is correct explanation
Exp. : Magnetic field intensity is given as dielectric. of A.
to each other. On applying ac field to dielectric, E becomes com lex
So A and R, both are true and R is correct explanation of A 24. Ans.: (a)
H =-Wm quantity as a result of power loss in dielectric. p
5. Ans. :(a) Exp.: Skin depth is defined as the distance in which wave
So VxH =-Vx(VVm) 19, Ans,: (d) amplitude decays to lie, so after travelling 10 cm distance
Exp.: VxH = Jc+ JD
Exp. : Electric field intensity is defined as the force per . bee I
omes -V/m. After travelling total distance of 20
The above is applicable for time varying fields where Jc is or Jc+JD=-Vx(VVm) ·:Vxii=Jc+J 11
unit charge (not any val~e of charge) and the test charge
conduction current and is due to static electric field - D cm (i.e., anoilier IO cm) it becomes
whereas JD is due to variation of electric flux w.r.t. time. or Jc =-V x (VVm) ·: for static fields J- should be too small to disturb the field being measured.
. • D =O , I I 1
To justify flow of current through capacitor on applymg So scalar magnetic potential can be defined So A is false but R is true. 1.e., -x- = -V/m
e e e2
ac field, JD must be present. if Vx(VVm) =0 i.e., Jc =0 20. Ans.: (b) So both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation
JD is due to time rate of change of electric flux. Exp. : Capacitor has the capacity of storing charge as of A.
So A a~d R, both are true but R is not the correct
6. Ans.: (d) excess of electrons on one plate and deficiency on the 25. Ans.: (a)
explanatiOn of A.
Exp. : When there is no charge in the interior of conductor, other and is constituted by two metal plates (conductive
12. Ans.: (a) Exp. : Skin depth for good conductor,
the electric field intensity, according to Gauss's law, is plates), separated by an insulator.
zero, not infinite. So A is false. Exp.: Vx(VxA) = µ 0 J So A and Rare both correct but R is not correct explanation Ii=_!_=_!_ a.=13
... (Given) a f3
R is correct because electric flux leaving any closed surface
Using vector identity of A.
is equal to net charge enclosed. ~I
7. Ans.:(a) V(V-A)-V 2 X A = µOJ ...(i) 21. Ans.: (c) =v~=
where A is magnetic potential and J is current density. Exp.: Uniform plane wave is a transverse electromagnetic
Sol. : afi refers to displacement current through the
at In de (or) slowly varying current is
wave but cannot physically exist for it extends to infinity So Ii~ J1I
in two dimensions at least and represents infinite amount
dielectric medium. Presence of this term in the Faraday V2A = µOJ ... (Given) So with the increase in frequency Ii decreases, so
· of energy.
law conforms to the principle of conservation of charge. electromagnetic wave cannot pass through conducting
For slowly varying currents
Thus both A and R are true and R is correct explanation 22. Ans.: (b) sheet if frequency exceeds certain frequency and therefore
of A. V-A =0 gBd.i =O Exp. : In case of internal reflection, reflected and incident a thin sheet of conducting material act as low-pass filter.
8. Ans.:(d)
Exp. : Test charge cannot have any value. Test charge
SofromEq.(i)
V 2 A =-µ 0 J ...(ii)
waves meet in phase or out of phase or in between to form
standing wave. Ii~ F is reason for A
should be small so that it should not disturb the field Thus both A and R are correct but R is not correct So A and R, both are true and R is correct explanation
Equation (i) is correct in de fields only.
being measured. explanation of A.
So A and R, both are true and R is explanation of A. of A.
So, A is false and R is true.
9. Ans.:(d) 13. Ans.: (b)
Exp. : Magnetic vector potential is defined as
Exp.: Maxwell' s equation JB ds =0 i.e., net flux leaving VxA =B
, ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
closed surface is zero. ' So B can be determined if A is known. So A is true.
For open surface
OF
V · A = 0 is also true but cannot be correct explanation
fBds = 1jl weber for A. STATEMENT TYPE QUESTIONS
14. Ans.: (c)
Tubes of magnetic flux have no source or sinks as right hand rule (not by left hand rule) but Statement II is
Exp.: For steady state current, the current density, Jc will
there is no magnetic monopole.
be constant vector as magnitude of current is constant and 1. Ans.: (a) true.
So A is false but R is true.
cross-sectional area of conductor is also constant. Exp.: According to Ampere's law 3. Ans.:(c)
10. Ans.: (a)
So its divergence (constant) is zero. Exp. : When the coils are tightly coupled (i.e., ideal
Sol. : The magnetic field intensity inside a current carrying
So the current density Jc is solenoidal. . . <J H ·Ji = 1enclosed coupling) i.e., when flux due to one coil links with the
cylindrical conductor, is given by
Reciprocal of resistance is conductance, not conducllVIIY· or Hx2itr= _J_ x1tr2 wherer<R other coil completely ( I 00%) then coefficient of coupling
- I
H = --ra, Alm So A is correct but R is incorrect. itR 2 k is unity, So statement A is true.
2na 2 • 15. Ans. : (d) So both statements I and II are individually trUe and Self induced emf in a coil is given as
So, H=r Exp. : Since at skin depth electric field reduces to 'fl% statement II is the correct explanation of statement I. e = -L!!}_ i.e., e~ L
According to Ampere's law (not increases to 37%) of its original value. 2- Ans.: (d) dt
qtt.dl =I' 16. Ans.: (a) ~xp. : Statement I is false because direCtion of dynami_callY So statement II is false.
Exp. : Displacement current is due to variation of elec~c induced emf
in a conductor is determined by Flellllng's
H gdi = _I_ x nr 1ta2
2
flux with time. It is due to time rate of change of eJectrtc
flux.
- -~ ~ ,.....-; ~·: ~~-..:.- en=---
··r :::::S-,,c)-:W-r· -.rrr,-•,..,...,1'.....~
;:...~.~ !',.: ,.___,,.,..?:::: r>-t-1:».~ ,. _
;_;;;. .,,.
Explanations/Solutions To An Integrated Course in Electrical Engineenng
. pfectromagnetic Field Theory
157
156 2
I . p. HeJrnholz's equation V E+KlE=o ...(2)
~li Ans-: (a) i.e., [;oc fJ where Ko= roWo
So reflection coefficient
~ . : Depth ofpenettation is given as
It means that with the increase in frequency th d
r = 'le - 'lA _ 8071 - 6071 _ 1
1 8. J\PS.: (b) +TJA - 801t+6071 - 7
ll = as explained in Q.25 of Answers and penettation will reduce. ' e eptb of ~B
EKP· : J. Curl of static field is always zero i.e., work done Transmission coefficient,
efµcr in moving charge ( closed loop) in electric field is zero.
Explanations ofAssertion (A)/Reason (R) 'fype Questions.
z. Curl of time-varying electric field is never zero as T= = 2x8071 = _!
- i!B 'lA +T]e 601t+801t 7
vxA = - -
i!t So matching pairs are
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
3 . Divergence of steady magnetic field is always zero as A-2, B-3, C-4 and D-1
OF the magnetic flux leaving is equal to flux entering. Hence option (b) is correct.
9. An5.:(b) 10, Ans.: (b)
MATCHING TYPE QUESTIONS Exp. : Electric field is Exp. :P- Stoke's theorem is
E = 100 cos (rot- 6nx) i ff(v' x A) · ds = qA·dl ··············<4)
5. Ans.: (b)
1. Ans.: (a) So phase shift constant of medium A,
Exp. : Curl F = O means that vector F is not rotational Exp. : Continuation equation is Q-Gauss' s theorem is <ff D · ds = Q ··············(l)
13 =67t R-Divergence theorem is
(i.e., irrotational) v.J = - op, Instrinsic impedances of material,
Div F=O means that vector F is solenoidal i!t JffCv'·A)dv = <f!A·ds ..............(3)
Div(Gradq>)= V•(V q>)= V2q,=0 Ampere's law is
llA -
- jroµ
cr+ jroE
=
v~
{7ro;; ·: cr=O and S-Cauchy's integral theorem is
i.e., Laplace equation - - afi
VxH = J+- qt(z)dz =0 ··············<2)
Div (Div q,) = O is not defined because div q, is a scalar i!t
=toµ, =12011
quantity and div of a scalar quantity is not defined.
Thus correct matching pair are
Displacement current is
t 0 E, V¾ = 120V4[ =601t So correct matching pairs are
P-4, Q--1, R-3 and S-2
- afi
A-2, B-3, C-1 and D-4 J =- So option (b) is correct.
i!t 11 8 = 1201ti =801t
So option (a) correct. and Faraday's law is
2. Ans.:(c) - = --
afi
VxE
--
Exp. : Magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit corresponds to i!t
electric current, MMF corresponds to EMF; Reluctance
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Hence matching pairs are
to resistance and permeability to conductivity.
So the correct matching pairs are
A-4, B-1, C-2 and D-3 OF
So option (b) is correct.
A-2, B--4, C-1 and D-3 TRUE (T)/FALSE (F) TYPE QUESTIONS
6. Ans. :(c)
So option (c) correct.
Exp.: Gauss'slawis V·D =P. 18. Ans.: (F)
3. Ans.: (a)
Exp. : Joule is unit of work, volt per meter is unit of electric Ampere's law is VxH = le
- - + ao ' 4. Ans. : (F)
Exp. : The operator 'del' (V) is a vector space function.
Exp, : Time varying magnetic fields can induce currents
field sttength. Weber is unit of magnetic flux and Ampere 81 in closed conducting loops.
per meter is unit of magnetic field slrength. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is .7. Ans. : (F) 21. Ans-: (F)
Exp. : Electric field lines and equipotential lines are always Exp. : The polarity of a solenoid can be determined by
So matching pairs are - afi
)
VxE = - - orthogonal. Helix rule or compass needle.
A-4, B-3, C-2 and D-1 i!t
8. Ans.: (F) 23. Ans- : (F)
So option (a) correct. Exp. : The charge on an isolated conductor resides at the
Poynting vector is S = Ex A Exp. : Electrostatic field is conservative.
4. Ans.: (b) surface of the conductor.
So matching pairs are 9. Ans.: (F)
Exp. : A. Force a unit north pole due to current : Force
A-1 , B-5, C-2 and D-3
Exp. : Tangential component of the electric field on a 24. Ans- : (F)
Exp. : An eleciromagnetic field is said to be conservative
between magnetic elements ... (4)
perfect conductor will be zero.
B. Flux density-intensity relatian in a m a gnetic So option (c) is correct. when curl of the field is zero.
11. Ans. : (F)
material : Magnetic polarization ... (!) 7. Ans.:(c) Exp.: Both of the Laplace's and Poisson' s equations are 25. Ans- : (F)
Exp. : Currents cannot be induced by static magnetic fields
C. Force of attraction between .current carrying -p ... (3) linear. in closed conducting loops, because to induce currents .
conductors : Maximization of magnetic lines of force. Sol.: A. Poisson's equation : v24>=- induced voltage is required and according to Faraday ' s
Eo 17. Ans.: (F) ·
... (2)
B. Lapalce equation v24>=0 ...(0 Exp. : With the insertion of an iron core into the coil, ~e law
D. · Identically zero magnetic field outside a coaxial reluctance of the iron path decreases because relauve emf induced, e = _ dcj,
cable : Work done along a closed path is equal to the ...(4) permeability of iron is very large and reluctance ,s dt
C. Joules equation dP -Uj =El
total current flow. ... (3) inversely proportional to penneability of the meJi.;.,,.
dV
...__.z:r: Ss , . . .""t'I(. ~ -:r-;;;p
 Explanations/Solutions To An Integrated Course in Electrical Enginee...: netic Field Theory 159
158 ·••g e;1,c1romaK
the emf induced e is zero as the flux <I> is constant. So, the 31. Ans.: (F)
Exp.: Toe VSWR of the line is~ as worked out in Q
r.,fagnitude of E Dielectric strength of air is 30 kV/cm while dielectric
induced current will also be zero. .351_ 2 strength of glass is 300 kV/cm. V AB should be such th~t
IEI = +1 = =2.24V/m
29. Ans. : (F) none ~f the capac_itors C 1 and c 2 breaks down. Since a.tr
Exp. : As worked out in Q. 379 the load impedance can ,\OS·: (10) capacitor C 1 is likely to break down first. so V AB should
only be 225 n. 11· • The dielectric constant of glass, be such that C 1 should not break down
1
So.·
£ = Electric field produced in glass =
10 ±v
5 AB
Electric field produced in air So Smm <30kV/cm(or3kV/mm)
ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS
,\ns.: (I I. 11 pF) -
18• S • C=41te e,.R=41tx8.854xI0- 12 xix!OxI0-2 or VAB < 3 x 5 x 5 or 18.75kV
OF O1•• 0
=11.11 pF 21. Ans.: (2.53)
4
FILL IN THE BLANK TYPE QUESTIONS
19- ,\ns.:(10) . . . . Sol. : PIATE AREA ... PLATE AREA 'P.
Sol. : Toe capacitance for coaxial cyhndrical capacitor-I
I '7-mh dl d/21 r - -AJR- - -
1. Ans. : (I 39)
= Jcs1 2 + 111 3)dr c, = - -, -b- AA~
d/2 J DIELECTRIC (&r)
Sol. : di' = dxi + dy} + dzk 0
log,-;;
(st+ J:
Fig. I Fig.2
grad/= .!!..._(2x 3 +3/ +4z)i _ 21te 0 (2)h
dx = i~• Capacitance of air-filled capacitor (Fig. I) is given as
- log,(;)
+ .!!.....(2x 3 +3/ +4z )] Ct= eoA F=60x 10-- 12F ...(,)
dy 53 4m 0 h d
= ~+.!..!. = =4.4167
3 4 12 Capacitance of composite capacitor (Fig. 2) is given as
+ .!!.....(2x3 + 3/ + 4z)k =log(;)
dz 3. Ans.: (45) _ e0 A
C2 - - - --
Capacitance of coaxial cylindrical capacitor-2
grad/= (6x 2)i + (6y)} + (4)k Sol.: uA = (x 2 + y 2 + z2) (2xi + 3y} + 4zl<) d-r+.!...
&,
31t)
) ( - 2 eo(2h)
So grad/ dr =Wdx+ 6ydy+4 dz -e
7t
2 0e,, h
= (2x 3 + 2xy 2 + 2xz2)i e0 A d
C2=~~---+---
fgradfdr = f6x 2dx+ f6ydy+ f4dz /=-
2
+ (3x 2 y+3y3 +3yz2)] log,(;) log,(;) d-<!_+~
C
2 2£,
e,,]
Applying the limits we have
=, -,-
+ (4x 2 z+4lz+4z3)k
60x 10- 12
Jgradfdr = [
J6x
2
2
-3
dx+ J6ydy+ f4dz
2 ]
div (uA) = .!!..._(2x 3 + 2xy2 + 2xz2)
dx

= ~[3+
Jog,(;)
2
or 86 x 10-t2 = e 0A
d(.!.+_!_
2 2£,)
I -+-
2 2&,
Since C2 = 2C 1 ... (Given)
2 2 6 2 ] + .!!.....(3x 2 y + 3y3 + 3yz2) From Eq. (i) eoA = 60 x 10-- 12
+ f6x dx+ f6ydy+ f4dz
[
2 -3 2
dy
+ .!!.....(4x 2 z+4lz+4z )
3
So ~[3+
2
e,,J =2[~]
60
d
2 6 -1 ] Jog,(;) Jog,(;) or 1+2.. =
+ f6x 2 dx+ f6ydy+ f4dz dz e, 43
[
2 6 2 = (6x2 + 2/ + 2z 2) + (3x2 + 9/ +'3z2)
or 3+~ =8 or _.!._=60_,=_!2
3 +(4x2+4y2+12z2) 2
= [<2x ):3 + 0 + 0] + [<3/)~3 + 0 + 0] £, 43 43
div (uA) at(!, 1, 1) or e, = (8- 3) x 2 = 10
+ [0+0+(4z)i] = (6 + 2 + 2) + (3 +9 + 3)+(4+4+ 12) 20. Aris.: (18 .75) 43
or £ = =2.53
= [2(8 + 27)) + [3(36-9)) -f [4(-1-2)) Sol. : A capacitor is made as shown in figure. ' 17
r
= 10+ 15+20=45
= 70+ 81-12= 139 Capacitance of a parallel plate 22. Ans.: (4.72)
8. Ans.: (2.24) capacitor is given as Sol. : Capacitance of the arrangement shown in the figure
2. Ans.: (4.4167) T
s
Sol. : Electrostatic potential,
1m c,
t:r=1
is given as
Sol.: E = 5xzi + (3x 2 + 2y)} + x 2 zk C = Ae 0 s,
<I>= 2x.jy volts d - -CtC2
C- - - + C3
= fFdr Si_nce, area and width of both Jm c2 Ct +C2 .
Electric field intensity, c,=4
C
= f sxz dx + (3x 2 + 2y)dy + x 2 zdz E =-grad(<l>l=-v'<I>
capacttors Cl and C2 are same, so
5
i r B = £0£1 Nd X £0£2 Aid + £0£3 N2
£ot 1 Nd+ tae 2 Nd d
o<l> c o<l>c]
£
C d<l>c Capacitance, C 2 = x C 1 = 4C 1
x=t, y=r, z= t, and t=0to I =.- [ dx 'x + 8y 'Y + oz 1' e,, --&o Nd[-E1E2
- - +£3]
-
dx = dt, dy = 2t dt and dz = dt e1 + £ 2 2
So if voltage applied is V AB·
I =-[2.jytx+ FYiY+o] -_ 8.854x0.2x0.2[1x2 41 -_ 472
So fFdr = fsr2dt+(3t +2t )2dt+r3dt
2 2 4
Vc=-VAandYei = 5AB .!.v --+-
0.2
. pF
I +2 2
C 0
I 5
E(l,l,O) = c-2tx+tyJ
fi n < .:.,;. . >II ,t},;:r• ;,=<.,,,Z·' ~ ~~ 7!'1.~~~~Jl,..,,__.:7~,~Jhr,:~~I~;, -~ r:~
 '<i'iV: i;~ ,.__, ,!j;~ 1..o...._:._ .,',.;,;;:.1"~:J,>.1, J:t~:;y,i, ;;;,~·,,.,{ :
Expla11ations!Soh1tions To An Integrated Course in Elect . ncal Enginee,tng 'I'" fj/ectro,nagnetic Field Theory
160
2 161
24. Ans. : (14) L1L2 L I 48- ,\PS·: (51.10)
Lcff=--=-=-L
L1 +L2 2L 2 O.=a ! Sol.: or
v = I mis
Sol. : Equivalent capacitance of parallel connected
capacitors, For differential connection
2
where v, velocity = Angular velocity x radius of path
SO V =:=O)r
\.
C,q =C 1 + C2 +C3 =2+4+ 8 = 14µF Lcff=0
25. Ans.: (20) So minimum value of a is zero. or
Sol. : Energy stored,
w = .!..cv2 = .!. x 10 x 10--6 x c2000)2 = 20 joules
45. Ans.: (35)'
Sol. : Effective inductance for additive series connection
Lcff =L 1 +½ +2M=380 µH .'

Velocity in 11Jm
ro = .". =
N=

r I
= I rad/second
= ~ =9.SSrpm
I
2 2 211 211
Effective inductance for differential series connectio~-(t) 9
52. Ans.: (138.63)
26. Ans.: (10.03)
L,ff = L 1 + Li-2M = 240 µH
Sol. : After burst ...(il) 11 = 2-(p-p)
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq (i) we have 22 Sol.: M= ). = N$
4 itR2a = .±itr3 4M = 380-240= 140 µH Output voltage,
1 1
3 Since N = I andl=2A 2A
M = 140 =35µH V0 u, =jroMI 1
Radius of soap drop or
4 ... (Given)
= (3R2a)1 13 = (3 X I X 3.3 X 10--4)!/3
Im
3
46. Ans.: (l/9) So 7.3=21tx!OOxl0 xMx("ii)
= 0.09966 cm M=L.!.JB.ds
Sol. : Let the inductance of each coil be L henries and 7.3x 22 2 2
;, New potential on so~p drop,
V= .9_ = 4 uoR = _ l _ = 10.03 V
mutual inductance be M henries
For additive series connection
or M =
21tx!0 5 x5
=51.lOµH
Assuming B at a distance
xfrom wire wherexvaries from
~m I.--,
C 4,u; 0 r 0.09966 1,,ctJ=L 1+L2 +2M 49. Ans.: (0. I 93) I and 2 (covering the circular loop ends).
40. Ans.: (100) V Sol. : Induced emf,
Since B = µol for infinite long wire
µo µr ro x Smaller value of current drawn 2ru:
Sol.: Binsidc - B~llo E = - d~ = _!!__(Bx A)
BoulS;dc - µo µI 2 dt dt l x =2 I
or Ol(2L + 2M) = 00 = 25 0 So M=- J.!:L.1,1x
8 = _!!__[0.25 sin rot x 10 x 10-2 x 5 x 10-21
II'l'I. iI = .&_ = 100 or Ol(L+M) = 12.5 0 ...(i) dt
2 x=I 2ru:
µI For differential series connection
'I'! I = _!!__[12.5 x 10--4 sin rot] = µolxr~
1:;11 · 41. Ans. : (0.69) LctJ=L 1 +L 2 -2M dt 41t x=I X
Sol. : Flux density at point P, V = -12.5 X 10- 4 0l COS Olt
11 ,I
[111 ro x Larger value of current drawn
= E;,,_, = 411 X ,0-1
X 2 lo• 2
'11 I B = µol (sin 81 + sin 82)
4nd
For each segment of hexagon (1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) or Ol(2L- 2M) =
200
= 20 n
p
av R
41t l=Je
= 2 X 10-7 X 0.69315 = 138.63 nff
10 1 T
So Net flux density = - J(12.5 x l001txl0--4)2 xcos2rotd(rot) 58. Ans. : (1.732 x 108)
or Ol(L-M) = 10 0 ...(ii)
0.40 Sol. : Velocity of propagation of EM wave is given as
a . al From Eq (i) and (ii) we have
Lh.
6µoI(.
B =--sm
. 4nd 1 +sm 2 (12.5it x 10-2)2 x .!._ I
125 10
= 11.25 n
v=---
roL = + ------=-2 = 0.193 W µoµ,EoE,
® 2 0.4
I I
and roM =
12 5 10
· - = 1.25 n 50. Ans. : (248.05)
- M
---x--
H-
2
and coefficient of coupling Sol.: V max= q(V x B) ·dl = q(rroa$ x µHa)-dl =3xlQ
8
X
I
MM Ml.251 L L
K=--=--=- =-=-
L 11.25 9 =qrroµHadl = X J0
8
=1.732 X 108 m/S
47. Ans.:(8) = rroµH( 2;r) 59. Ans.: (1/2)
6 x 4it x 1~7 x \sin 300 + sin 300) Sol.: VSWR- l+lrI
=roµHitr2 Sol.: Since -1-·1n
41tx- L1=4H 7
=2it><4!tX 10-7 x i0 x1t(l)
2
2
r
A ~
i+Irl
M12=2H = 248.05 volts So 1-lfl =
3
·: d = I= x1= m
M13=1H ,~
/a61 L2=4H 51. Ans.: (9.55)
2 2 2 lfl = !_
Sol. : Voltage induced= I V or
=0.69 x 10--6T L3=4H ~,.1-'1-~ 2
B
So induced electric field,
44. Ans. : (0) 60. Ans. : (2)
Em=lV/m
Sol. : Effective inductance for series connection, Effective inductance,
VSWR = IVmox I 4 2
L,ff=L 1 +L2 =2L Soa=2 Leff= L 1 + ½ + L 3 - 2M 12 + 2M 23 -2M31
Since Em = ii x B Sol.: \Vm;nl =2 =
=4+4+4-(2 X 2) +(2 X 1)-(2 )( 1) Em=~ andB= IT
Effective inductance for parallel connection
= 12-4+2-2=88
IV = iixl Tesla
m
m ODD
=-.... ii,, -
;i7'• -.i:fi~r::~ -~~s~~~¾i-:· ·-~"'C'.li~:--
' , . . . - , ., ,,,. . ~ ,., - · _..,.,,.. , . _ _ ~
•- ·.;-,·: ~
,._';_'.'1'.1-, """'- -' .lPt,.,. ,...._
, ,, ,., ~ ·'..