INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SKILLS

Hanzalah Azam
Computer Science Lecturer
Lecture no 04

1. Parts of Computer System

2. Data Processing Life Cycle
Parts Of The Computer System

➢Computer Systems have four parts

✓Hardware
✓Software
✓Data
✓User
Parts Of The Computer System
I. Hardware is the physical parts of the computer. The user can see and touch the hardware. Keyboard and mouse
are examples of hardware.

➢ Hardware cannot perform any task without software.

➢ Hardware can be seen and touched.
➢ Hardware is made of physical materials or components.

II. Software is set of instructions given to the computer to solve a problem.

➢ Software is also called program.

➢ Different softwares are used to solve different problems.
➢ A computer works according to the instructions written in software.
➢ Software instructs the hardware what to do.
Parts Of The Computer System
III. Data is a collection of raw facts and figures about an object. The word raw means unprocessed items and
object can be a person or anything about which data is collected.
➢ Data is collected from different resources.
➢ Data is collected for different purposes.
➢ Data may include text, numbers, images, audio, and video.
➢ It is nearly impossible to reproduce data.
➢ Data is input of data processing cycle.

IV. Users is a person who utilizes a computer or network service. Users of computer systems and
software products generally lack the technical expertise required to fully understand how they work.Power
users use advanced features of programs, though they are not necessarily capable of computer
programming and system.
➢ People operating the computer
➢ Most important part
➢ Tell the computer what to do
Data Processing Life Cycle
Steps followed to process data
➢ Input
❑ Computer accept data from some source i.e.,
keyboard, Mouse
➢ Processing
❑ Computer’s processing components perform actions
on the data.
➢ Output
❑ Computer display the results of its processing. The
results may appear as text, numbers or graphics on
screen.
➢ Storage
❑ Computer permanently stores the results of its
processing on a disk, tape or some other kind of
storage medium.
1B-7
Lecture no 05

1. Components of a Computer
System
Components of a Computer

➢Computers Hardware is categorized into Five types:

✓Input Devices
✓Output Devices
✓Processing Devices
✓Storage Devices
✓Communication Devices
Input Devices
Anything given to the computer such as data or instructions is called input. Input devices are
used to input data and instructions into the computer. These devices send this data to the
processing unit. Most commonly used input devices are keyboard and mouse.

➢ Allows the user to interact

➢ Input devices accept data
Output Devices
The data processed into useful information is called output. Output devices are used to display
the result of processing. The most common output devices are monitor and printer.

➢ Output devices deliver data

➢ Allows the user to interact
Processing Devices
The processor is used to process data. It is also called central processing
unit (CPU). It is the brain of the computer. It consists of electronic circuit.
CPU interprets and executes program instructions. All computers must have
a central processing unit.

✓The procedure that performs raw data into useful information.

✓Brain of the computer
✓Carries out instructions from the program
✓Manipulate the data
✓Most computers have several processors
✓Central Processing Unit (CPU)
✓Processors made of silicon and copper
Memory
Main memory is used to hold data and instructions being executed by the CPU. It also
holds the results of the processing. It keeps data and instructions temporarily. The main
memory is closely connected to CPU but it is separate from it.

➢ Random Access Memory (RAM)

❑ Volatile Memory: It loses its content when the
computer is shut off or if there is power failure.
❑ RAM holds data and program instructions as
❑ processor works on them.
❑ It is like an electronic scratch pad inside the computer.
❑ More RAM results in a faster system.
Storage Devices
Storage usually refers to the secondary storage. The storage devices are used to store data,
programs and information permanently. The most common storage devices are hard disk drive,
USB flash drive and optical discs such as CDs and DVDs etc.

➢ Hold data and programs permanently

➢ There is two types of computer Storage:
1. Magnetic storage
❑ Floppy and hard drive
❑ Uses a magnet to access data
2. Optical storage
❑ CD and DVD drives
❑ Uses a laser to access data
Diff Between Storage & Memory

❑There are three major distinctions between storage & memory

1. There is more room / space in storage than in memory.

2. Contents are retained in storage when the computer is turned off, where
as programs or the data in memory disappear when you shut down the
computer.
3. Storage devices operate much slower than memory chips, but storage is
much cheaper than memory.
Communication Devices
A communications device is any type of hardware capable of transmitting data, instructions,
and information between a sending device and a receiving device. One type
of communications device that connects a communications channel to a sending or
receiving device such as a computer is a modem.
Lecture no 06
1. Input Devices (01)
In computing, an input device is a piece of equipment used
to provide data and control signals to an information
processing system such as a computer or information
appliance.
Keyboard
A keyboard is an input device that contains keys users press to enter data and instructions into a
computer
➢ Most common input device.
➢ Buttons on the keyboard are called keys.
➢ The arrangement of the keys on keyboard is called Keyboard layout.
➢ Most popular keyboard layout is QWERTY.
Sections Of Keyboard
 Sections Of Keyboard
Function Keys
Across the top of a keyboard are a row of Each key is keys called the
Function Keys. composed of the letter F and a number, ranging from F1 to F12. Each
of the Function Keys performs a specific operation based upon what software is
being used.

Numeric Keypad
Many larger keyboards have an extra section to the right that contains the Numeric
Keypad. This consists of the numbers 1 through 9, an asterisk, a slash, a dash, a plus
sign, an enter key and a period. There is also is a "Num Lock" key, which is used to
turn on and off the Numeric Keypad.
SECTIONS OF KEYBOARD
Special Keys
Other keys include the Alt and Ctrl keys (used for specific functions), the Tab key (used to insert the
cursor) and the Shift key (used to make capital letters or symbols that are located on the number
keys).

Typewriter Keys
The center of the keyboard, which contains the largest amount of keys, includes letters and numbers.
Most typing is done with these keys.

Navigation Keys
The Navigation Keys, also called the Direction Keys, are used to navigate through documentsand
websites. Examples of Navigation Keys are the up, down, left and right arrows.
Pointing Devices
Pointing Devices are hardware input devices used to control the cursor on computer
screen. It is a device through which we can control the movement of pointer to select
the items on screen.

➢ Mouse.
➢ Trackball.
➢ Touchpad /Trackpad
➢ Pointing stick.
Pointer is a small symbol that
➢ Joystick.
appears on the screen.

A pointingdevice can be used to select text, graphics and other objects such as:
Buttons Icons Menu Commands
Mouse
It is a device that control the movement of cursor or pointer on display screen. As we move the
mouse, the cursor on display screen moves in the same direction.

Mechanical Mouse
➢ A mechanical mouse is a computer mouse that
contains a metal or rubber ball on its
lower side.

➢ When the ball is rolledin any direction, sensors

inside
the mouse detect this motion and
move the on-screen mouse pointer in the same
direction.
Mouse

OPTICAL MOUSE
➢An optical mouse is a computer
mouse which uses a light source,
typically a light-emitting diode.
➢ It contains no ball inside it.
➢It is more expensive then
mechanical mouse.
 Trackball
A trackball is a different kind of computer mouse. It is a plastic containing a ball on the top
that moves a computer cursor around on the screen. The user can move the ball with their
thumb or fingers, and sensors inside the case detect which direction the ball is moving.

Advantage
➢ The Trackball Is Stationary So It Does Not
Require Much Space .

➢ You Can Place A Trackball On Any type of

Surface, Including Your Lap.
Touchpad / Trackpad
A touchpad or trackpad is a pointing device featuring a tactile sensor, a specialized surface that
can translate the motion and position of a user's fingers to a relative position on the operating
system that is made output to the screen.

Touchpads are a common feature of laptop

computers as opposed to using a mouse on
a desktop, and are also used as a substitute
for a mouse where desk space is scarce.
Pointing Stick
It is a pressure-sensitive device. A pointing stick isa small joystick used as
a pointing device typically mounted centrally in a computer keyboard.It
requires no additional space cleaning like mouse.

➢A pointing stick can be used by

pushing with the fingers in the general
direction the user wants the cursor to
move.

➢The velocity of the pointer depends

on the applied force so increasing
pressure causes faster movement.
Joystick
A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a
base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling.

Joysticks are
often used to control
video games, and usually
have one or more push-
buttons whose state can
also be read by the
computer
Lecture no 07
1. Input Devices (02)
In computing, an input device is a piece of equipment used
to provide data and control signals to an information
processing system such as a computer or information
appliance.
Touch Screen
A touch screen is a touch sensitive display. The user can touch
different parts of the screen with fingers or stylus to input data and
issue commands. The Screens are sensitive to pressure a user
interacts with the computer by touching pictures or words on the
screen. Many touch screens today are multi-touch.
Uses
➢ Trade show displays .
➢ Mobiles, tablets, display screens etc.
➢ Point-of-sale terminals .
➢ Industrial process controls
➢ World Wide Web access kiosks
➢ Home automation systems
➢ Computer access for the physically disabled
Scanner
A scanner is an input device that scans documents such as photographs and pages of text. It is
a light sensing input device. It reads the printed text or images and stores them in computer in
digital form. When a document is scanned, it is converted into a digital format.

Advantages
➢ The scanners have added advantage in
terms of increased efficiency and
functionality at home or workplace.

➢ It does not need to type a document.

➢ Quality of scanner is measured in

resolution. The resolution indicates
sharpness of scanned image. Its unit is dpi.
Digital Camera
A digital camera is a similar to a traditional film-based camera, but it captures images digitally.
Instead of saving the picture on analog film like traditional cameras, digital cameras save photos in
digital memory. Some digital cameras have built-in memory, but most use an SD or Compact
Flash card.

Advantages
➢ Inexpensive and fast.

➢ Does not require any film processing.

➢ Quality of image depends on resolution.

➢ Resolution of digital camera is measured in megapixel.

➢ Since the images are captured digitally, unwanted images can

be deleted directly on the camera.

➢ These cameras usually include an option to record video as well.

Microphone
A microphone is a device that captures audio by converting sound waves into an electrical signal. This signal
can be amplified as an analog signal or may be converted to a digital signal, which can be processed by a
computer or other digital audio device.
Web Cam
A webcam is a video camera that feeds or streams an image or video in real time to or through a computer to
a computer network, such as the Internet. Webcams are typically small cameras that sit on a desk, attach to a
user's monitor, or are built into the hardware.

➢ Capture videos and still images.

➢ Add live images over the internet.
➢ Make video telephone calls on the internet.
➢ Most notebook computers have built-in webcams.
Bar Code Reader
Barcode readers are electronic devices for reading printed barcodes. These are optical
machine-readable representations of data relating to the object to which they are
attached. They define these objects.

➢ Barcode readers consist of a light source, a

lens and a light sensor that translates optical
impulses into electrical ones. It analyzes the
barcode’s image data provided by the sensor
and sends the barcode’s content to the
scanner’s output port.
➢ UPC (Universal Product Code).

Barcode are the vertical lines of different widths and spaces.

A Barcode contains data about the products.
Pen input
The mobile users usually input data and instructions using a device like a pen. The
user can write and draw on a flat surface to give input. A pen can be used for
pointing and also for gestures, simple text entry, and capturing free-form thoughts
in digital ink.

The pen used for input has a fine,

smooth tip that supports precise
pointing, writing, or drawing in ink. The
pen may also have an optional pen
button (used to perform right-clicks)
and eraser (used to erase ink). Most
pens support hover.

➢ Stylus
➢ Digital Pen
➢ Graphic Tablet
Stylus
A stylus is a small input devices that is similar to a pen. It can be used to, write
draw and select the objects on the touch screen that supports pen input

➢ It can also be used to enter the

handwritten signatures using the
signature capture pad.
Digital Pen

➢ A digital pen is an input

device that captures
handwriting or drawings and
coverts it into digital format.

➢ It is larger then a stylus.

➢ The handwriting recognition

software is used to translate
handwritten letters or
symbols.
Graphic Tablet
➢ A graphics tablet is a computer
input device that enables a user
to hand-draw images,
animations and graphics, with a
special pen-like stylus, similar to
the way a person draws images
with a pencil and paper.

➢ These tablets may also be used

to capture data or handwritten
signatures.
Lecture no 08

Output Devices (01)

Output
The data that has been processed into useful information is
called output. The output is of two types:

➢Soft Copy: The output shown on display screen is called soft copy.
It is not tangible.

➢Hard Copy: The output printed on paper is called hard copy.

Output Devices
The hardware components that are used to receive information from the
computer are called output devices. Output devices take information from the
computer and convert it in a from that is understandable by the user.

➢Display devices
➢Printers
➢Plotters
➢Speakers
Display Screen
Display devices or display is an output devices that displays text, graphics and videos. The output
displayed by a display device is called soft copy. The display for a desktop typically is a monitor
that is separate physical devices. The screen is a part of monitor that also includes a housing for
its electronic components.
Features of Display screen:
➢ Size and aspect ratio
➢ Color
➢ Resolution

Types of Display Screens:

➢ CRT Monitor
➢ Flat Panel Display
Cathode Ray Tube Monitor
Stands for "Cathode Ray Tube." CRT is the
technology used in traditional computer
monitors and televisions. The image on a CRT
display is created by firing electrons from the
back of the tube to phosphors located towards
the front of the display. Once the electrons hit
the phosphors, they light up and are projected
on the screen. The color you see on the screen
is produced by a blend of red, blue, and green
light, often referred to as RGB.
 Cathode Ray Tube Monitor
Flat-panel displays are thin, lightweight, provide better linearity and are capable of higher
resolution than typical consumer-grade TVs from earlier eras. The highest resolution for consumer-
grade CRT TVs was 1080i; in contrast, many flat-panels can display 1080p or even 4K resolution.

Advantage
➢ Require less power - Power consumption varies greatly with different
technologies.

➢ Smaller and weigh less - An LCD monitor is significantly thinner and lighter
than a CRT monitor, typically weighing less than half as much.

➢ More adjustable - LCD displays are much more adjustable than CRT displays.
➢ Liquid Crystal Display
➢ Less eye strain - Because LCD displays turn each pixel off individually, they do ➢ Light Emitting Diode
not produce a flicker like CRT displays do. ➢ Gas Plasma Display